GEC 002 Module 2: Readings in Philippine History PDF

GEC 002 Readings in Philippine History First Semester, S.Y. 2024-2025 Intended Learning Outcomes 1. Compare the brief summary of Magellan’s voyage written by Antonio Pigafetta to other contextual analysis of selected primary sources. 8/23/2024 GEC 003...

GEC 002 Readings in Philippine History First Semester, S.Y. 2024-2025 Intended Learning Outcomes 1. Compare the brief summary of Magellan’s voyage written by Antonio Pigafetta to other contextual analysis of selected primary sources. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 2 Topics Content/ Contextual Analysis of selected primary sources A Brief Summary of the First Voyage Around the World by Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 3  Historical Context Contextualizing in history 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 4 Historical context Historical context is an important part of life and literature, and without it, memories, stories, and characters have less meaning. What is Historical Context? 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 5 Historical context Historical context deals with the details that surround an occurrence. In more technical terms, historical context refers to the social, religious, economic, and political conditions that existed during a certain time and place. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 6 Contextualizing In History Contextualizing a historical source involves paying attention to the people who produced it, the time in which they worked, what was going on during that time, and how what was going on may have influenced the production of the source. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 7 Contextualizing In History It also involves understanding how the source's language, concepts, and terms were used within that historical context, since meanings change over time. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 8 Contextualizing In History In short, contextualizing a source increases a writer's credibility since it demonstrates the writer’s willingness to understand the source and its time period on its own terms 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 9 Contextualizing In History Context adds specificity to your reading of historical events and directs your attention to a particular train of thought. Thus, avoiding, to a certain extent, unwanted interpretation. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 10 Questions to Consider in doing Historical Context Analysis Who produced the historical source? What is the genre of the source? How might this genre shape its content and viewpoint? 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 11 Questions to Consider in doing Historical Context Analysis When was it produced? How does the timing of its production relate to other events? How might political, social, religious, or economic events occurring at the same time have influenced the production of the source? 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 12 Additional Tips Consider the impact of colonialism: The Philippines was a colony of Spain for over 300 years and a colony of the United States for over 40 years. The impact of colonialism is still felt in the Philippines today. By considering the impact of colonialism, we can gain a better understanding of Philippine history. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 13 Additional Tips Identify the different perspectives on historical events: There is often no single, objective view of Philippine history. Different people will have different perspectives on the same event, depending on their own experiences and biases. By identifying the different perspectives on historical events, we can gain a more 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 14 Additional Tips Be aware of your own biases: Everyone has biases, which can influence our interpretation of Philippine history. It is important to be aware of your own biases and to try to overcome them. By being aware of your biases, you can make more informed judgments about Philippine history. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 15 Consider the following examples: The Philippine-American War The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines The Martial Law Years 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 16 The Philippine- American War The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines The Martial Law Years  Analyzing The Historical Context Of Pigafetta's Account Of Magellan's Arrival In The Philippines 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 20 Antonio Pigafetta ▪ also known by the name of Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta ▪ Venetian scholar born around 1491 in Vicenza, Republic of Venice (modern Italy) and died in 1531 in the aforementioned place. ▪ belonged to a rich family in his city of Vicenza in northeast Italy. ▪ studied astronomy, geography and cartography. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 22 Antonio Pigafetta ▪ Italian explorer and scholar that became part of the expedition under the order of the prince of Spain, King Charles I. ▪ Duringthe voyage, he served as Ferdinand Magellan’s assistant. ▪ He kept a journal accounting everything that seemed fascinating and foreign to him. ▪ He was one of the 18 men who completed the trip, returning to Spain in 1522, under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 23 First Voyage Around the World ▪ This was written on board one of the five ships that was first to circumnavigate the world during an expedition led by Magellan and after his death during that voyage, by Juan Sebastian Elcano. ▪ Pigafetta’s journal written during their expedition in 1519-1522 became the basis for his 1525 travelogue entitled The First Voyage Around the World. ▪ Officially published after Pigafetta returned to Italy. Consists of 203 pages. (Google Books, 2007) 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 24 First Voyage Around the World ▪ This document is about Magellan’s travels. ▪ It is the trail of the so-called Magellan route heading to the Spice Islands, attempting to sail around the world and discovering various possible routes. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 25 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 26 First Voyage Around the World ▪ It is an accurate ethnographic and geographical account of the first circumnavigation of the globe. ▪ Here, Pigafetta describes the people, countries, goods, and even the languages that were spoken in the journey in the pre-colonial Philippines. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 27 First Voyage Around the World ▪ Upon arrival in Europe, he presented copies of his account to several high personages, including Pope Clement VII and Mother of King Francis I of France 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 28 First Voyage Around the World ▪ His original diary was lost, and it is not known in what language it was written. ▪ However, an account of the voyage, written between 1522 and 1525, survives in four manuscript versions: one in Italian and three in French. ▪ This is one of the most important primary source. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 29  Why Was It Written? 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 30 Why Was It Written? ▪ To discover, research, and achieve knowledge about nautical technology, cartography and astronomy, as well as other fields related to the exploration about the world, Antonio Pigafetta came upon with this document. ▪ He wanted to record details and information during the expedition which caused him to join the voyage and served as an assistant to Magellan. 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 31 Why Was It Written? ▪ Magellan desired to prove that the world was round and through his investigation, he proved it. He also wanted to find a western trade route to the Moluccas 8/23/2024 GEC 003 | College of Arts TIP-QC 32 A Brief Summary of the First Voyage of the World ▪ Magellan’s encounter with local leaders, his death in the hands of Lapu-Lapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan, and in the departure of what was left of Magellan’s fleet from the islands. ▪ Examining the document reveals several insights not just in the character of the Philippines during the pre-colonial period, but also on the fresh eyes of the Europeans regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people, and culture. A Brief Summary of the First Voyage of the World Ladrones Islands “Islands of the Thieves” -presently the “Mariana Islands” ▪ The place where he wrote his firsthand observations and general impressions in the Far East, including their experiences in Visayas. ▪ These islands are located south- southeast of Japan, west- southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of Philippines. A Brief Summary of the First Voyage of the World ▪ Since Magellan and his crew crossed the International Dateline, there is one day added to the original dates that Antonio Pigafetta wrote in his book. ▪ There was a translator named Enrique throughout the expedition, from Malacca and a slave of Ferdinand Magellan. A Brief Summary of the Firstof the of Voyage First the World ▪ On March 17, 1521 (originally March 16, 1521) -They arrived in Zamal (Samar). -The island was called Humunu (Homonhon). -Magellan and his men called it Aquada da li buoni Segnialli (The Watering-place of Good Signs). A Brief Summary of the Firstof the of Voyage First the World He met two kings. The first king was Rajah Siagu and the other king was Rajah Calambu, king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua). A Brief Summary of the Firstof the of Voyage First the World ▪ On April 1, 1521 (originally March 31, 1521) -Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a mass by the shore of Mazaua (Limasawa). A Brief Summary of the FirstofVoyage the First of the World After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crowns in place. A Brief Summary of the Firstof the of Voyage First the World ▪ On April 8, 1521 -Magellan and his men encountered some struggle when first entering the port of Zubu (Cebu). ▪ On April 15, 1521 -A mass was held with Rajah Humabon and his people attending the ceremony. -Pigafetta showed the wife of Humabon a very beautiful wooden Sto. Nino and a cross. A Brief Summary of the Firstof the of Voyage First the World Magellan, as a sign of friendship, made a blood Raja Humabon, the king of Cebu A Brief Summary of the FirstofVoyage the First of the World ▪ On April 27, 1521 (originally April 26, 1521) -The Chief of Mactan, Cilapulapu (Lapu- Lapu) refused to obey the King of Spain. Magellan’s troops Vs Lapu-Lapu’s troops A Brief Summary of the Firstof the of Voyage First the World ▪ When the body of Magellan was recovered by the warriors, Humabon ordered him to return the bodies of Magellan and some of his crew who were killed, and they would be given as much merchandise as they wished. Lapu-lapu refused. ▪ Magellan was succeeded by Juan Sebastian Elcano as commander of the expedition, who ordered the immediate departure after Humabon’s betrayal. Few of the customs and traditions mentioned 1. Socio-cultural significance The culture of the Filipinos during that period is heavily mentioned. In the other islands, the locals treated them with food and shelter as an act of friendship. 2. Political significance A lot of the political customs was about the kings of the islands. The kings were treated with loyalty and superiority by its people. 3. Economic significance The man and women are both responsible for work either outside or inside. The Filipinos of that time also had a lot of resources and also participated in trade with each other and even other countries before the Spaniards were already there. Facts About The First Voyage about Around the FirstThe World Voyage ▪ The chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the most cited documents by historians who wished to study the pre- colonial Philippines. ▪ Being the earliest detailed documentation, it was believed that Pigafetta’s writings account for the “purest” pre-colonial society. Antonio Pigafetta was a Venetian scholar who had served the emissary of the Pope and joined the Magellan expedition out of a thirst for adventure. He was assigned the role of a chronicler, the one who was to keep a record of the voyage. Because of his notes, we are able to reconstruct the world in which our ancestors moved and had their being. How did Pigafetta saw our ancestors? Let us analyze and contextualize Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s arrival of the Philippines Pigafetta's travelogue, when published in Europe in 1535, became a worldwide sensation. Situated during the time when Europe, known as the Old World, is actively seeking for lands to discover and conquer motivated by Gold, Glory, and God (Three Gs). Facts About The First Voyage Around The World Take note of the social, religious, economic, and political conditions that existed in Europe in analyzing and contextualizing the observations of Antonio Pigafetta. "The men of this country go about naked, with nothing but a cloth about their waists. The women, however, wear a garment reaching from the waist to the knees, which is open in front." Why would Pigafetta describe early Filipinos as naked people? What do you think are the prevailing circumstances for Filipinos to wear such clothes? Visayan Warriors called “Pintados” by the Spaniards. Source: Boxer Codex (Formerly “Manila Manuscript”), Lilly Library of Indiana University Take Note According to the Boxer Codex, not all Filipinos were dressed like those described by Pigafetta. Consider the following slides as examples. Tagalog maginoo (noble class) wearing blue (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife. A Lady from the Cagayan Valley (Possibly Ibanag) Native common women wearing simple clothes and headscarves (likely Muslims from Maynila in the 1500s) A Native Binukot Lady (Possibly Visayan) Visayan kadatuan (royal) couple Visayan kadatuan (royal) with his wife wearing red, the distinctive color of their class. A Pintado (Possibly Cebuano or Waray) couple of the timawa or tumao "The men of this country are very warlike. They are always ready to fight, and they are very cruel to their enemies. They are also very treacherous. They will often pretend to be friendly, but then they will attack you when you are not expecting it.“ Why would Pigafetta describe early Filipinos as treacherous and warlike people? What do you think are the customs of the early Filipinos? There are a few possible reasons why Pigafetta might have described early Filipinos as treacherous and warlike people. Cultural differences: Pigafetta was a European explorer, and he came from a very different culture than the Filipinos. He may have been surprised and even shocked by some of the things he saw and heard, and he may have misunderstood some of the Filipino customs. For example, he may have seen the Filipinos' willingness to fight as a sign of treachery, when in reality it was simply a reflection of their culture and way of life. Conflict with the Spanish expedition: Pigafetta was part of the Spanish expedition that arrived in the Philippines in 1521. The Spanish expedition was met with hostility by some Filipino groups, and there were several battles between the Spanish and the Filipinos. This conflict may have colored Pigafetta's view of the Filipinos, leading him to see them as more warlike and treacherous than they actually were. Personal biases: Pigafetta may have had personal biases against the Filipinos. He may have seen them as inferior to Europeans, and he may have been prejudiced against their culture and way of life. This prejudice may have led him to interpret the Filipinos' actions in a negative light. Magellan ordered his men to compel the people of Zubu (Cebu) to burn their idols, and instead convert themselves as Christians. The natives who continued to worship other idols were called “those heathen”. Why would Magellan consider early Filipinos as “heathen” (uncivilized)? What standard did he used to make such description? There are a few reasons why Magellan might have considered early Filipinos as "heathen" or uncivilized. Religious differences: Magellan was a Catholic, and he would have seen the Filipinos' practice of animism as a form of paganism. In his view, the Filipinos were not following the true religion, and therefore they were uncivilized. Cultural differences: The Filipinos had a very different culture from Magellan's own European culture. This difference in culture would have made it difficult for Magellan to understand the Filipinos, and he might have seen their customs as strange or barbaric. Power differences: Magellan was a member of a powerful European expedition, while the Filipinos were a relatively isolated people. This power difference would have made it easy for Magellan to see the Filipinos as inferior. Pigafetta seemed to be very preoccupied with the ways our ancestors looked. Most of his entries consisted of vivid descriptions of “ornately adorned” men. He took notice of tattoos, gold earrings, and gold armlets. The chiefs wore “a cotton cloth all embroidered with silk.” Some had “teeth appeared as if bound with gold.” Pigafetta’s accounts were full of description of islands being abundant of gold. Our ancestors first made contact with the Spaniards at the island of Homonhon in Guiuan, Eastern Samar on March 18, 1521. Pigafetta described them as very welcoming, giving “signs of joy because of [their] arrival.” His account also narrates how our ancestors gave them fish, wine, bananas, and coconuts in exchange of Magellan’s trinkets. What’s important in this encounter is that the showcase of generosity of our ancestors to foreigners who were still suffering from hunger and scurvy. Not only were our ancestors hospitable, but they were also promise-keepers as well. They gave them word that they would return, and they did get back with additional food “in two boats with coconuts, sweet oranges, a jar of palm wine, and chicken.” Later, Pigafetta would pertain to the Cebuanos as “people [who] live in accordance with justice... they love peace, ease, and quiet.” Why our ancestors received the foreigners in such a way? The fact that our ancestors were accustomed to seeing foreigners in ships may be one of the reasons why they welcomed foreigners in a friendly manner. This is because international trade was already happening in our islands during that time. The exchange between Magellan, Rajah Humabon, and the Moorish merchant shows that the Philippines was already a cosmopolitan market before the Spanish arrived. Rajah Humabon was aware of international affairs and knew that Magellan and his men were powerful. The Moorish merchant also knew of Magellan's reputation and advised Rajah Humabon to avoid a conflict. The presence of a Thai trader on the island further proves that the Philippines was already a trading hub with connections to other parts of Asia. Take note Without validating, critiquing, and contextualizing historical sources, we might fall prey to historical biases. "To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open the book that tells of her past." (The Philippines a Century Hence, 1888) Aside from the discussed "Questions to Consider in doing Historical Context Analysis", what else can you consider to increase your credibility as a writer? and why?  Is this document credible? ▪ According to scholar Theodore Cachey Jr., the travelogue represented “the literary epitome of its genre” and achieved an international reputation. ▪ One of Pigafetta’s patrons, Francesco Chiericati, called the journal “a divine thing,” and Shakespeare himself seems to have been inspired by his work. ▪ Cachey points out that its intent is on marveling at what it encounters—and therein lies much of its appeal. It is a work that is intent on wonder. ▪ First Voyage is a great gulf between what Pigafetta sees and what Pigafetta knows.  Is this document credible? ▪ For us, “student-historians,” the First Voyage Around the World is credible since this is what remains as the sole reliable source of the pre-colonial Philippines. ▪ Nevertheless, there needs to have a more nuanced reading of the source. ▪ As students of history, we should recognize certain biases accompanying the author and his identity, loyalties, and the circumstances that he was in, and how it affected the text he produced.  Relevance of the document ▪ This journal is used as a reference for many history related works. ▪ The book served as an evidence that the world is round and not flat. ▪ Magellan discovered the Mar Pacifico “peaceful sea” (Pacific Ocean). ▪ He proved that there was a way to the east by sailing west. ▪ Opened many doors for Spain together with many other different countries around the world due to different discoveries from this expedition. Contribution in understanding the Philippine History ▪ It paints a somewhat accurate picture of the native way of life prior to Spanish colonization. ▪ It helps us understand how the Filipinos of the past lived. ▪ It was a proofof the rich governance and independence in our country in the pre-colonial era. ▪ We came to know who discovered the existence of the Philippines. ▪ We also discovered what religion Filipinos used to have, until they became Christians.  Contribution in understanding the Philippine History ▪ It showed how Filipinos coped when Magelllan and his men came to the Philippines and how they delayed Spanish occupation for years. ▪ This journal is a vital piece not only of the Philippine History, but also of the World History. ▪ This book aids the researchers and the students of today in understanding the context and content of the Magellan expedition. Sources http://ia804703.us.archive.org/34/items/firstvoyageround00piga/firstvoyageround00piga. pdf https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_First_Voyage_Round_the_World/Pigafetta%27s_Acco unt_of_Magellan%27s_Voyage