Pharmacognosy And Plant Chemistry Worksheet 2024 PDF

2024 MODULE 2 Pharmacognosy And Plant Chemistry WORKSHEET Page 1 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Compiled by: Clarrie Gaye P. Garcia, RPh Instruction: Use your previous notes on Pharm 223 and complete the table below. T...

2024 MODULE 2 Pharmacognosy And Plant Chemistry WORKSHEET Page 1 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Compiled by: Clarrie Gaye P. Garcia, RPh Instruction: Use your previous notes on Pharm 223 and complete the table below. TIP: Distribute the tasks to the whole class; you may use google docs in order for everyone to be able to edit the file and enter the needed information. Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Derivatives Substance Sources (If applicable) Any significant information Uses Scientific Name – Family Name (Common name) (If applicable) SUGARS Sucrose (aka Saccharum, sugar) Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae (Sugarcane) Most common disaccharide, which is Pharmaceutic necessity (syrups), Beta vulgaris, Amaranthaceae (Sugar beet) composed of the monomers glucose Demulcent, Nutrient, Bacteriostatic and Acer saccharum, Sapindaceae (Sugar maple) and preservative fructose. Dextrose/D(+)-glucose/Blood Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae (Grapes) Aka ∝ -D-glucopyranose Nutrient Sugar Zea mays, Poaceae (Corn) Ingredient in: dextrose injection, alcohol Triticum aestivum, Poaceae (Wheat) and dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection, etc. Fructose/Levulose/ D(-) Malus domestica, Rosaceae (Apple) Aka B-D (-)-fructopyranose, B-D (-) – Food for diabetic patients, Infant feeding fructose/Fruit sugar Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae (Grapes) fructofuranose formulas, Fluid, nutrient and electrolyte replenisher Lactose/Milk sugar Bos taurus, Bovidae (Cow) Aka Nutrient, Pharmaceutic necessity: Inert Capra aegagrus hircus, Bovidae (Goat) β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose diluent for other drugs, Tablet diluent, Provides substrate for lactobacilli: Page 2 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Lactulose (BN: Chronulac, Lactose fructose and galactose Decreases blood ammonia Cephulac, Duphalac) concentration in portal systemic encephalopathy, Laxative Xylose/Wood sugar Zea mays, Poaceae (Corn cobs) Not metabolized by mammalian Sweetener, Diagnostic agent to observe Oryza sativa L., Poaceae (rice straw) enzymes malabsorption hard wood PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYTIC AND OXIDATIVE METABOLISM Malic acid, citric acid, lactic Malic acid Citric acid Citric acid acid, tartaric acid Source: Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae (Cherry) - Readily soluble in water and alcohol - Used in buffering systems Citric acid Lactic acid - Acidulants in effervescent Source: Citrus limon, Rutaceae (Lemon); Citrus - Miscible with water, alcohol, and formulations aurantiifolia, Rutaceae (Lime); Ananas comosus, ether Lactic acid Bromeliaceae (Pineapple); Fermentation of Tartaric acid - Acidulants in Infant feeding formula sucrose - Soluble in water; freely soluble in and feminine wash Lactic acid alcohol Tartaric acid Source: Sugar - Used as a substitute for citric acid in Tartaric acid buffer systems and effervescent Source: Wine formulations Cherry Juice Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae (Cherry) aka Succus cerasi Preparation of cherry syrup, a flavored Chemical Constituents: Malic acid (1%) vehicle that disguises agent in pharmaceutic mixtures Alcohol/Ethanol N/A Product of fermentation 70% w/v: anti-infective Undergo the process of distillation to the Ethanol 5-10% and dextrose(5%) IV: concentration of the alcohol content to increases caloric intake and replenish 40-55% fluids PRODUCTS OF REDUCTIVE METABOLISM Mannitol Fraxinus ornus Linne, Oleaceae (Manna) AKA D-mannitol – Manna: Laxative Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) Fungi, fresh – Hexahydric alcohol – Diagnostic aid Page 3 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  mushrooms, tree bark and most fruits and – White, crystalline, odorless powder, – Osmotic diuretic vegetables sweet tasting – Orthorhombic prisms or aggregates of fine needle Sorbitol/D-glucitol Sorbus aucuparia Linne,Rosaceae (Ripe Berries of – Crystalline and soluble – Ingredients in: toothpaste; chewing Mountain ash) – Compatible with syrup, alcohol and gums and dietetic products Glucose other polyols – Dietetic beverages: in conjunction with saccharin because it acts as osmotic laxative – In combination with mannitol for urologic irrigation POLYSACCHARIDES (HOMOGLYCAN) Starch Zea mays, Poaceae (Corn); AKA Amylum thickening agent, stabilizing agent, Triticum aestivum, Poaceae (Wheat) It consists of Amylose and Amylopectin. binding agent, and an emulsifying Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae (Potato) agent. Inulin Inula helenium, Asteraceae (Elecampane) It belongs to a class of dietary fibers D-fructan used in culture media Eupatorium cannabinum, Astaeraceae called Fructans and it consists of a chain as fermentative (Hemp-agrimony) of fructose molecules linked by β (2,1) diagnostic agent for evaluation Cynara scolymus, Asteraceae (Artichoke) bonds, with a terminal glucose unit. of glomerular filteration Carpesium cernuum, Asteraceae (Carpseium) Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae (Pot marigold) Aretium lappa, Asteraceae (Burdock) Dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, It is a complex branch of polysaccharide Used as plasma expander (6% and the dental plaque-forming species made up of glucose units, and it is solution) Streptococcus mutans synthesize dextran from synthesized by certain lactic acid sucrose. bacteria such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Streptococcus mutans. Page 4 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Cellulose Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae (Cotton) Glucose monomers linked by For surgical dressing- - purified cotton β-1,4-glycosidic bonds mechanical protection to - powdered cellulose absorb blood,mucus or pus. - microcrystalline cellulose Source of pure cellulose in the manufacture of cellulose acetate Diluent Disintegrating agent Glycogen Glucose (Glycogenesis) It is a multi-branched polysaccharide of Main storage form of glucose in animals glucose that serves as a form of energy and humans and is used as/in: storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. Energy reservoir Blood Glucose Regulation Honey/Mel Various species of bees: Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Appearances: Pale yellow to reddish Sweetening agent, demulcent, nutrient Apis indica, Apis mellifica (Apideae) brown viscid fluid for infants, elderly persons and Odor: Pleasant and characteristic convalescing patients Taste: Sweet, Slightly acrid On prolonged storage it usually turns opaque and granular due to the crystallization of dextrose and is termed as 'granular honey' POLYSACCHARIDES (HETEROGLYCAN) Common Name Scientific Name/Family Name/Other Common Constituents (if applicable) Uses Name Tragacanth/Gum Tragacanth Astragalus gummifer, Fabaceae 60 to 70% bassorin, 30% Tragacanthin - Suspending agent for insoluble powders in mixtures, emulsifying agent for oils and resins, adhesive, employed in cosmetics as demulcent and Page 5 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  emollient, cloth printing, confectionery (binder and emulsifier in lozenges production to bring cohesion to the tablet and better release of the flavor) - The most resistant of the hydrocolloids to acid hydrolysis and thus is preferred for use in highly acidic conditions Acacia/Gum Arabic Acacia senegal, Fabaceae Arabin (complex mixture of Calcium, - Emulsifying agent, Suspending Magnesium and Potassium salts of Arabic Agent, Demulcent, Emollient, acid) Adhesive, binder, Emollient Karaya gum/Sterculia gum Sterculia urens, Sterculiaceae, Indian tragacanth Galactose, Rhamnose, Galacturonic - Bulk laxative, Agents forming acid emulsions and suspensions, dental adhesives - Used extensively in skin lotions, textile and printing industries and food productions - Found in Movicol® (Laxative) Algin Macrocystis pyrifera/Lessoniaceae β-d-mannuronic acid and α-l-guluronic suspending agent, tablet binder and aka Sodium alginate acid residues thickening agent Agar/Japanese Isinglas Gelidium cartilagineum, Gelidiaceae Agarose and agaropectin Microbiology culture medium Bing agent, Laxative Electrophoresis,Wound healing Carrageenan Chondrus crispus, Gigartinaceae Galactans with sulfate: κ-carrageenan, Microbiology culture medium Kappaphycus alvarezii, Florideophyceae ι-carrageenan, λ-carrageenan, Wound dressing Dietary fiber Thickener Page 6 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Danish agar Furcellaria fastigiata/Furcellariaceae Mannuronic acid (major component), Gelling agent and suspending agent Sodium salt of alginic acid (a polymer of L-glucoronic acid and D-mannuronic acid). Plantago seed/Psyllium seed Plantago psyllium/Plantaginaceae 10-30% hydrocolloid (localized in the cathartic outer seed coat) Guar Gum/Guaran Cyamopsis tetragonolubus, Fabaceae Galactose and mannose Thickening agent, Emu,sifier, Gluten substitute, Binder, Viscosity modifier Dietary fiber Blood sugar control Locust Bean Gum Ceratonia siliqua, Fabaceae Mannose and galactose Thickener, stabilizer Cydonium/Quince Seed Cydonia vulgaris/ Cydonia oblonga, Rosaceae Citric, ascorbic, malic, quinic, shikimic, Demulcent, Laxative, oxalic, and fumaric acids Anti-inflammatory Stabilizer Wound healing Xanthan gum Xanthomonas campestris branched, partially acetylated Emulsifying and suspending agent polysaccharide (d-glucose, d-glucuronic acid, d-mannose) Pectin Citrus grandis, Rutaceae (Pomelo) D-Galacturonic Acid (Polygalacturonic protectant and suspending agent, Citrus nobilis, Rutaceae (Dalanghita) acid/Pectic acid) antidiarrheal formulations Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae (Ponkan) Citrus aurantium, Rutaceae (Orange) As colloidal solution it has the property to Citrus microcarpa, Rutaceae (Calamansi) conjugate toxins (through adsorption) Citrus paradisi, Rutaceae (Grapefruit) and enhance physiologic functions of Citrus limon, Rutaceae (Lemon) the digestive tract Malus domestica, Rosaceae (Apple) Kaopeptate is a preparation consisting of Kaolin + Pectin (antidiarrheal) Page 7 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Glycosides Common Name Scientific Name/Family Name/Other Common Constituents (name of glycoside present) Uses Name ANTHRACENE (ANTHRAQUINONE) GLYCOSIDES Cascara Sagrada/Rhamnus Rhamnus purshianus, Rhamnaceae aka Chrysaloin, Cascarosides Cathartic, correction of habitual Purshiana Chittern Bark constipation Buckthorn Bark Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnaceae aka Alder Franguloside A and B Cathartic, correction of habitual Buckthorn constipation Aloe Aloe barbadensis, Liliaceae Barbaloin Excipient for benzoin tincture preparation, cathartic, treatment for burns, abrasions, and skin irritations, moisturizer and emollient Rhubarb Rheum officinale; R. palmatum, Polygonaceae Rhein anthrone, Chrysophanol Cathartic Senna Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria senna) Active constituents: Cathartic Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly senna) Dimeric Glycosides Caesalpiniaceae Sennosides A & B Aglycones: Sennidin A & B Sennosides C & D Chrysarobin Andira araroba, Fabaceae Chrysophenolanthrone Keratolytic Agent Treatment of psoriasis, trichophytosis, and chronic eczema Danthrone/Chryszin Xyris semifuscata, Xyridaceae 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone Cathartic Intermediate in the manufacture of anthralin and Page 8 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  alizarin SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES Glycyrrhiza/licorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae Glycyrrhizin (50x as sweet as sugar) Demulcent, Expectorant, Flavoring Agent to mask bitter taste, Surfactant Dioscorea/Yam Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscoreaceae Diosgenin Source of Cortisone/Corticosteroid Drugs Ginseng Panax ginseng; Panax quinquefolius, Panaxosides, Ginsenosides Treatment of Anemia, DM, Gastritis Araliaceae CYANOPHORE/CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES Wild Cherry Prunus serotina, Rosaceae Prunasin, Prulaurasin Flavored vehicle in syrup form (cough remedies), sedative expectorant Almond Prunus amygdalus(bitter), Prunus dulcis(sweet, Amygdalin, Emulsin Cough remedy Rosaceae) Apricot pits Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae Laetrile, Amygdalin Cough remedy ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES Black mustard Brassica nigra, Brassicaceae aka sinapis Sinigrin, Myrosin Local irritant, Emetic, Rubefacient, nigra; brown mustard Hydrolysis: Vesicant, Condiment (commercial) Sinigrin + H2O [Myrosin] → allyl isothiocyanate White mustard Brassica alba, Brassicaceae, aka Sinapis alba Sinalbin, Myrosin Emetic, Diuretic, Anti-infective, Hydrolysis: Sinalbin + H2O [Myrosin] → acrinyl Antispasmodic isothiocyanate Garlic Allium sativum, Liliaceae Alliin Antibacterial, Antihyperlipidemic FLAVONOL/FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES Page 9 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Hesperidin/Cirantin Citrus sinensis (Ponkan), Rutaceae Rutin, hesperidin, citrus bioflavonoids Prevention and management of Citrus aurantium (Bitter orange), Rutaceae (hesperidin, hesperitin, diosmin, naringin) capillary fragility, Used together with Citrus limon (Lemon), Rutaceae Vitamin C to minimize capillary fragility Citrus medica (Citron), Rutaceae Passiflora/Passion fruit Passiflora incarnata, Passifloraceae Harmaline Sedative, Antioxidant ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES Salicin (Willow bark) Salix purpurea, Salicaceae (purple willow) Constituents: Saligenin Anti-rheumatic (1g) Salix fragilis, Salicaceae (crack and brittle Pla Analgesic willow) ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES Bourbon Vanilla/ Madagascar Vanilla planifolia, Orchidaceae Vanilla Flavoring agent vanilla Tahiti vanilla Vanilla tahitensis, Orchidaceae LACTONE GLYCOSIDES Sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Poaceae) Coumarin Banned by FDA for its former use as Sweet clover (Melilotus albus, or Melilotus officinalis, flavoring agent Fabaceae) Sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum, Rubiaceae) Red clover (Trifolium pretense, Fabaceae) Tonka beans (Dipteryx odorata, Fabaceae) sweet yellow clover Melilotus officinalis (Fabaceae) Dicoumarol/bishydroxycoumarin Anticoagulant Sweet clover Melilotus indicus (Fabaceae) Warfarin (BN: Coumadin) Anticoagulant Cantharides/Spanish Cantharis vesicatoria, Meloidae Cantharidin (0.6% to 1.0%) Irritant, Vesicant, Rubefacient, Hair Flies/Blistering flies growth stimulant, Wart removal *causes priapism and hematuria Page 10 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Babchi Psoralea corylifolia, Fabaceae Psoralens/Methoxsalen Anti-psoriatic, antimutagenic, Bishop flower/Queen Ammi majus, Apiaceae antibacterial against oral pathogens Anne’s lace PHENOL GLYCOSIDES Uva-ursi/Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Ericaceae Arbutin (hydroquinone + sugar) Astringent, Diuretic, Whitening agent Poison ivy/ Poison oak Toxicodendron radicans, Anacardiaceae Urushiol Induces contact dermatitis -> type 4 hypersensitivity reaction CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES (STEROIDS) Woolly Foxglove leaf, Austrial Digitalis lanata Digoxin (BN: Lanoxin) Anti-arrhythmic, mild to moderate heart Digitalis failure; abortifacient Foxglove, Purple foxglove; Fairy Digitalis purpurea, Scrophulariaceae Digitoxin Congestive cardiac insufficiency, gloves arrhythmias and heart failure. Convallaria/Lilly of the Valley Convallaria majalis, Lilliaceae Convallatoxin, Convallatoxol Congestive heart failure, paroxysmal root atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation Apocynum/Black Indian Apocynum cannabinum; A. androsaemifolium, Cymarin Congestive heart failure, paroxysmal Hemp/Dog Bane Apocynaceae atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation Adonis/Pheasant’s Eye Adonis vernalis, Ranunculaceae Adonitoxin, Cymarin, and K-strophanthin Heart failure, irregular heartbeat Cactus grandifloras/Night Selenicereus grandiflorus, Cactaceae Cacticin AntI-angina, Cardiotonic, Bladder Blooming Cereus infections Black hellebore/Christmas Rose Helleborus niger, Ranunculaceae Hellebrin Heart failure, anti-nausea, kidney infections, abortifacient Strophantus Strophanthus kombe, Apocynaceae K-Strophanthoside Used by native Africans in preparing Page 11 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  arrow poisons Ouabain Strophanthus gratus, Apocynaceae G-Strophanthin/Ouabain Cardiac stimulant Acokanthera schimperi , Apocynacae Antiulcerant Squill Urginea maritima, Liliaceae Glucoscillaren A = Scillarenin + Rhamnose + Expectorant Glucose + Glucose Emetic Scillaren A = Scillarenin + Rhamnose + Diuretic Glucose Cardiotonic Proscillaridin A = Scillarenin + Rhamnose Red Squill Urgenia maritima, Liliaceae Scilliroside A Diuretic, Stimulant, Emetic Oleander Nerium oleander, Apocynaceae Oleandrin, Odoroside A Abortifacient, Heart Failure, Cancer, Anti-epileptic Tannins Common Name Scientific Name/Family Name/Other Common Constituents Uses Name Hamamelis Leaf/Witch Hazel Hammamelis virginiana, Myrtacaea, Witch Hazel Hamamelitannin Astringent and anti-inflammatory Leaf Anti-itch, antibacterial and wound healing, Antioxidant, it prevents moisture loss from the skin Nutgall Quercus infectoria, Fagaceae, Dryer’s oak Gallotannic acid, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid Astringent, skin tanning, ink manufacturing (Dyeing industry) Japanese Cranesbill Geranium thunbergia, Geraniaceae, Japanese Geranion (dehydroellagitannin) Intestinal disorder geranium, thunberg’s geranium swamp she-oak Casuarina glauca, Casuarinaceae, swamp oak, Pedunculagin (hydroellagitannin) Shelterbelts Page 12 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  grey oak, river oak Windbreak shingles Kamatsile (Manila Tamarind) Pithecellobium dulce, Fabaceae Tartaric acid, acetic acid, and succinic Astringent acid Anti-inflammatory Plant Exudates Name Scientific Name/Family Name/Other Common Constituents Uses Name RESIN Rosin/Colophony Pinus palustris, Pinaceae, Gum Rosin 90% resin acids known as abietic acid Stiffening agent, Manufacture of 10% as Resene printing inks and adhesives, Varnish, and for waterproofing Podophyllum Podophyllum peltatum, Berberidaceae, Podophyllotoxin, a-peltatin, and B-peltatin Cathartic, caustic for warts, for Mayapple antimitotic tumors Jalap Epomoea purga, Convolvulaceae (Exogonium Glycosidal resin, mannitol, sugar, Stimulant laxative, diuretic purga) phytosterin, ipurganol, starch, calcium oxalate Mastic Pistacia lentiscus, Anacardiaceace, Lentisk alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, myrcene Relieve abdominal discomfort, pain, and inflammation; antibacterial, antifungal Kava Piper methysticum, Piperaceae (Ava, Intoxicating Pyrones, kavain, dihydrokavain, yangonin, Muscle relaxant; Natural mood Pepper, Kava-kava) methysticin, and dihydromethysticin elevator; For the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and related nervous disorders Cannabis/Indian Cannabis sativa, Moraceae Resin - Hashish Sedative in equine colic Hemp/Marijuana/Pot Cannabinol, cannin, cannabol, Severe ot long term pai tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, N&V due to chemotherapy cannabichromene, dronabinol Page 13 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Painful muscle spasms Eriodictyon aka Yerba Santa Eriodictyon californicum, Boraginaceae, Bear’s Flavanones and flavones; sterburin, eriodictyol Reduces spasms, expels phlegm weed/Consumptive’s weed/Mountain Balm and homoeriodictyol and lowers fever OLEORESIN Gum turpentine/Gum Thus Pinus palustris, Pinaceae Turpentine oil, Rosin (Colophony Resin) Anti-parasitic, treatment of myiasis, & solvent in paints Capsicum/Cayenne pepper Capsicum annum, Solanaceae (chilli pepper, red Oleoresin capsaicin Remedy for stomach problems, chillies, hot pepper) Red coloring principle known as capsanthin poor appetite and circulatory problems Ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae Volatile oil, 1.23-3%-gingerol, zingerone, Flavoring agent, carminative, (Luya) zingiberone, cineol, borneol, phellandrene, aromatic and stimulant to citral, zingiberene, linalool, geraniol, chavicol, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) vanillyl alcohol, camphene; resin White pine Pinus strobus L., Pinaceae Vitamin C, terpenes, monoterpenes, Needle decoctions and chewing (Eastern White Pine, Western White Pine, sesquiterpenes, resin, starch of pea-sized pitch promote Weymouth Pine, Soft Pine expectoration and mucus thinning from the lungs. Used for cough, colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and croup. Balsam of copaiba Copaifera officinalis, Fabaceae (Copaiba Sesquiterpene and Diterpene hydrocarbons, For bronchitis, hemorrhoids, Balsam; Copal; Balsam capivi; Jesuit’s Balgar) beta-caryophyllene constipation, diarrhea, and UTI As a stimulant, diuretics, expectorant Aspidium Dryopteris filix-mas, Polypodiaceae Albaspidin, flavaspidic acid and filicic Anthelmintic, specifically a (Male fern) acid taenifuge Page 14 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  For the expulsion of tapeworms OLEU-GUM-RESIN Myrrh Commiphora molmol, Burseraceae, Gum Myrrh Resin (25%-40%), gum (57%-61%) and volatile oil Antiseptic that is utilized in tooth (7%-17%) powder and mouthwash. Topically astringent to mucous membranes. Used as carminative in incense and perfumes. Asafetida Ferula assafoetida, Umbelliferae (Asant, Devil's Volatile oil, gum and resin Common condiment and dung, Food of the Gods, Gum Asafoetida) flavoring agent Resin: notannol, asaresinotannol Seldomly as an antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant and laxative BALSAMS Storax Liquidambar orientalis; L. styraciflua, Circa and Cinnamic Esters Ingredient in benzoin tincture, Hamamelidaceae protect wounds, treat scabies. Peruvian Balsam Myroxylon pereirae, Fabacea Cinnamein, resin esters (composed of Local protectant, rubefacient, (Peru Balsam/Balsam of Peru) peruresinotannol cinnamate, benzoate), parasiticide in certain skin disease, vanillin, cinnamic acid, peruviol antiseptic, vulnerary, and treatment of hemorrhoid for its astringent property Tolu Balsam Toluifera balsamum, Papilionaceae Benzyl, cinnamyl esters of benzoic and pharmaceutic aid for (Opo balsam resin, balsam tolu cinnamic acid (benzyl benzoate, benzyl compound benzoin tincture; as cinnamate) expectorant; flavoring agent in syrups, confectionery, chewing gum and perfumery; mild 70 to 80% resinous fraction, comprised Page 15 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  mainly of cinnamic and benzoic esters antiseptic and expectorant of a resinous oil known as toluresinotanol (C17H18O5) Benzoin Styrax benzoin Sumatra benzoin Sumatra benzoin S. paralleloneurus, Styraceae, Sumatra benzoin - free balsamic acids (cinnamic, - used in pharmacy S. tonkinensis, Styraceae, Siam benzoin benzoic, esters), triterpene acids, Siam benzoin vanillin, phenylpropyl cinnamate, - used in perfumery cinnamyl cinnamate, phenylethylene General Siam benzoin - antiseptic, stimulant, - coniferyl benzoate, free benzoic acid, expectorant, diuretic triterpene siaresinol, vanillin properties Benzoic Acid Synthetic product 32.34% benzoic acid, 67.66% water Used as preservatives of food, drinks, fats, pharmaceutical First obtained by sublimation from Styrax benzoin, preparations Styracaceae Medicinally used as an antifungal CN: Benjamin tree, Sumatra benzoin tree, loban, agent kemenyan, onycha Lipids Name of the oil Source Constituents or type of major fatty acids Uses (Scientific Name/Family present Name/Common Name) *If the substance is obtained via synthetic process, please indicate FIXED OILS Coconut oil Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae Major FA: Lauric and myristic For soaps and Shampoo, ingredient for Page 16 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Acylglycerols of caprylic acid (8:0) balanced dietary supplement for enteral and capric acid (10:0) nutrition therapy Palm oil Elaeis guineenss, Arecaceae Triacylglycerol: Saturated and Shortening, margarine and frying fat. Unsaturated FA Castor Oil Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae Ricin, Ricinine Stimulant cathartic, emollient, lubricant, stiffening agent. Olive Oil Olea europaea, Oleaceae Palmitic acid 7 to 20% Demulcent, emollient, laxatice Steariec acid 0.5 to 5% Palmitoleic acid 0.3 to 3.5% Peanut Oil/arachis oil Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae Fixed oil, protein, protein, thiamine Lubricant, solvent for IM inj. Rapeseed Oil Brassica campestris Triacylglycerol Shortening, margarine, frying oil Brassica juncea Brassica napus Brassicaceae Soybean Oil Glycine max, Fabaceae 50–60% linoleic, 20–30% of oleic, Ingredient in parenteral nutrients as 6–10% of palmitic source of lecithin and stigmasterol 5–10% of linolenic acids Cotton Seed Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae Mixture of triacylglycerol Solvent for a number of injections Substitute for lard (hydrogenated cottonseed oil), manufacture of soap Sesame oil/teel oil/benne/oil Sesamum indicum, Pedaliaceae Fixed oil: Oleic, Linoleic, Palmitic, Stearic Used as a solvent for intramuscular Proteins, mucilage injections. It is also used as a fragrance, Sesamol occlusive, emollient, and may be added to hair conditioners and hair masks, Page 17 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Almond oil Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae Mixture of glycerides (Oleic, linoleic, Emollient palmitic, stearic) Used in cosmetics Persic oil/Apricot kernel Prunus armeniaca, P. persica, Rosaceae Oleic Acid (Omega-9): 58-74% Vehicle, pharmaceutic necessity oil/Peach kernel oil Linoleic Acid (Omega-6): 20-34% Palmitic Acid: 4-7% Stearic Acid: 0.5-3% Palmitoleic Acid: Trace amounts Corn oil Zea mays, Poaceae Triacylglycerol Solvent for injection, solvent for irradiated ergosterol, ingredient in high-caloric dietary supplement (Ensure®), used as a margarine (hydrogen.) Safflower Carthamus tinctorius, Asteraceae Triacylglycerols (unsaturated fatty acids) ▪Used in paints and varnishes ▪ As cooking oil, salad oil, hydrogenated fat, margarine, mayonnaise ▪ Ingredient in emulsion used as orally administered high-caloric dietary supplement ▪ Ingredient in products that are balanced dietary supplements for enteral nutrition therapy Sunflower oil Helianthus annus, Asteraceae Triacylglycerols (unsaturated FA) Alternative to corn oil and safflower oil for culinary ▪ Ingredient in specialty dietary supplements Linseed oil Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae linolenic acid (48-60%), Production of paints, printing inks, oleic acid (14-24%), linoleum, varnish, and oilcloth linoleic acid (14-19%), palmitic acid (6-7%), Page 18 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  stearic acid (3-6%). Additionally, it contains alpha-linolenic acid (51.9-55.2%), palmitic acid (about 7%), stearic acid (3.4-4.6%). Cod liver oil Gadus morrhua, Gadidae omega-3 fatty acids, Food supplements, immunity booster eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Ethiodized oil Lipiodol iodine combined with ethyl esters of fatty used as a diagnostic radiopaque acids of poppy seed oil medium or, labeled with I-131, as an antineoplastic agent used formulations in USA: Doxorubicin and mitomycin or doxorubicin alone. FATS Theobroma oil/Cocoa Butter Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae FA Oleic, stearic, palmitic, linoleic Suppository base, chocolates, ointments, cosmetics Hydrogenated vegetable oil Olives (Olea europaea) Oil found in olives, sunflowers, soybeans Cooking oil sunflowers (Helianthus annus) which underwent hydrogenation soybeans (Glycine max) Lanolin/hydrous wool fat Ovis aries, Bovidae Fatty acids esters of cholesterol, Ingredient in skin creams and cosmetics lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, aliphatic as moisturizer, lip balm, treatment of skin alcohols conditions Anhydrous lanolin/Wool fat Ovis aries, Bovidae Purified Lanolin with NMT 0.25% water Used as an emollient, water-absorbable steroids, triterpenoids, and aliphatic ointment base alcohols. Page 19 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  FATTY ACIDS Stearic Acid, Ca/Mg Stearate n/a n/a Manufacture of hard soaps Oleic Acid n/a n/a Emulsifier, activator, lubricant and surfactant. Linoleic and linolenic acid n/a n/a Neuronal membrane phospholipids Precursor of prostaglandins Undecylenic acid n/a n/a Fungal or yeast infections of the skin Sodium Morrhuate n/a n/a Varicosed veins WAXES Spermaceti Physeter macrocephalus, Physeteridae cetyl palmitate Emollient, ingredient in cold creams esters of other fatty acids, lauric, myristic stearic1,2 Jojoba Oil/ The Liquid wax) Simmondsia chinensis, Buxacea Eicosenoic acid Emollient, agents of pharmaceutic Docosenoic acid necessity Yellow Wax/ Beeswax Apis mellifera, Apidae Alkyl esters of fatty and wax acids: Stiffening agent, base for creates and Myricyl acetate, myricyl cerolate, myricyl plasters, manufacture of candles and hypogaeate, ceryl 2-hydroxypalmitate, , cosmetics fatty waxy acids (cerotic acid and homologs) White Wax CERA ALBA Gadoleic Acid (Eicosenoic Acid) Employed pharmaceutically in ointments Erucic Acid, Oleic Acid, and cold Palmitic Acid, creams Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Page 20 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Behenic Acid, Vitamin E, Vitamin B Complex. Carnauba Wax Copernicia prunifera, Arecacea myricyl cerotate;free ▪Manufacture of candles, wax varnishes, monohydric alcohols, lactone leather, furniture polishes resin ▪ Substitute of bees wax PROSTAGLANDINS (EICOSANOIDS) PGE1/Alprostadil N/A Analog of PGE1 neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and congenital heart disease PGE2/Dinoprostone N/A Analog of PGE2 termination of second trimester pregnancy 15S-methylprostaglandin N/A Analog of PG2Fa termination of second trimester F2a aka carboprost pregnancy PGE1 Methyl ester aka N/A Analog of PGE1 for patients at high risk for misoprostol developing ulcers during NSAID therapy Volatile Oils Name of the oil Source Constituents or types of major volatile oils Uses HYDROCARBON Turpentine Oil/Spirit of Pinus palustris, Pinaceae a-pinene Stimulant to mucous membranes Turpentine B-pinene Expectorant in the form of elixir Terpenes ALCOHOL Peppermint oil Mentha piperita, Lamiaceae Menthol Flavorant (Pharmaceutic Page 21 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Menthofuran aid, confectionary, Menthyl acetate toothpaste, mouthwash, Menthone and chewing gum) Carminative Cineone Stimulant Counterirritant Cardamom oil Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae Linalool (Coriandrol) Carminative, anti-flatulence Coriandrol acetate Stimulant Limonene Antispasmodic Camphor Diaphoretic Geranoil Flavouring agent Coriander Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae inalool Flavorant Limonene Carminative α-pinene γ-terpinene p-cymene Camphor Rose oil Rosa gallica, R. alba, R. centifolia, Rosaceae Geraniol, (-)-citronellol, nerol Perfumery Orange Flower oil Citrus aurantium. Rutaceae Linalool, alpha terpineol, geraniol, Perfumery geranyl acetate, beta-pinene, linalyl Flavorant acetate, limonene Juniper oil Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae 70% alpha-pinene, beta pinene, alpha Flavorant terpineol, borneol, geraniol Diuretic (odrinil) Pine oil Pinus palustris, Pinaceae a-terpineol, methyl chavicol, and Disinfectant related phenol esters, borneol, fenchol, Deodorant menthol ALDEHYDE Page 22 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024 Cinnamon Oil Cinnamomum loureirii, Lauraceae (Saigon Cinnamic aldehyde/cinnamaldehyde Flavorant Cinnamon) Carminative Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Lauraceae Antiseptic (Ceylon Cinnamon) Cinnamomum cassia, Lauraceae (Cassua cinnamon) Citronella Cymbopogan winterianus, C. nardus, Poaceae (-)-citronella, geraniol, (+)-citronella Perfume, insect repellant Lemon oil Citrus limon, Rutaceae (+)-limonene, beta-pinene, Flavoring agent, stimulant, carminative, gamma-terpinene, citral, neryl and stomachic geranyl acetates Orange Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae linoleic, palmitic, oleic, linolenic, stearic, Flavorant palmitoleic, and myristic acids. Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana, Hamamelidaceae gallic acid and tannins. Astringent in OTC anti-hemorrhoidal preparation KETONE Camphor Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae Carvone rubefacient Borneol counterirritant antipruritic & anti infective (topical) carminative Spearmint oil Mentha spicata, Lamiaceae Carvone Flavoring agent Caraway Carum carvi, Apiaceae Carvone Flavoring agent Buchu Barosma betulina, Rutaceae or B. crenulate & B. Diosphenol Diuretic serratifolia Wormwood oil/Absinthe oil Artemisia absinthium, Asteraceae Camphene, phellandrene Counterirritant Cedar leaf oil Thuja occidentalis, Cupressaceae (+) - thujone, (-) - fenchone Counterirritant (Vicks Vaporub®) Page 23 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  PHENOL Clove oil Eugenia caryophyllus, Myrtaceae Linoleic and Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Flavoring agent, toothache remedy, Palmitic acid antiseptic, counterirritant, carminative Creaosote Fagus grandiflora, Fagaceae polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Disinfectant, Toothache drops, (PAHs), phenol, and creosols Expectorant Juniper Tar Other name: Cade oil etheric oils, triterpene, and phenols Cough and cold preparation, superficial wounds, small cuts and burns Myrcia oil Myrcia spp., Myrtaceae Eugenol, Myrcene, Chavicol Diabetes, diarrhea, hemorrhage, high blood pressure Pine tar Other name: Archangel tar turpentine, resin, guaiacol, creosol, Antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, Source: High-temperature carbonization of wood methyl creosol, phenol, phlorol, toluene, antibacterial, and antifungal from Pinus species, Pinaceae xylene, and other hydrocarbons Thymol Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae linalol, myrcene, camphor, borneol, Antifungal, Antibacterial β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, thymyl methyl ether, carvacryl methyl ether, limonene, α-terpinol, γ-terpinol, and sabinene hydrate PHENOLIC ETHER Nutmeg oil Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae sabinene, a-phinene, b-phinene, Flavorant, Condiment, Carminative limonene Anise Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae trans-anethole, isoanethole, Flavorant caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene Anise oil Chinese anise/star anise Illicium verum, Magnoliaceae trans-anethole, limonene, chavicol, Flavorant anisaldehyde Page 24 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Fennel oil Foeniculum vulgare, Apiaceae anethole, fenchone Flavorant, Carminative OXIDE Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtaceae Cineole, Pinene, Limonene, Globulol, Astringent, Rubefacient, Antispasmodic, Citronellol Expectorant, Diaphoretic ESTER Gaultheria oil/Wintergreen Gaultheria precumbens, Ericaceae Methyl salicylate Pain and inflammation oil/Betula oil/Sweet birch oil (Sweet birch) Betula lenta, Betulaceae Lavender oil Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae Major volatile oils: Linalool, Linalyl Aromatherapy improves sleep acetate, Lavandulol quality, relaxation, as well as, Others: cineole, limonene, and stress and anxiety relief camphor, contributing to its Topical application: for minor skin fragrance profile irritations and wounds Ingredient for soaps, creams, and lotions Pine needle oil Pinus sylvestris, Pinaceae α-terpineol, linalool, limonene, anethole, Fragrance, disinfectant, lubricant, caryophyllene, eugenol sanitizer, antimicrobial, insecticide, and organic herbicide Mustard oil Brassica juncea, Brassicaceae allyl isothiocyanate Rubefacient Alkaloids Name Source Constituents Uses (Scientific Name/Family Name/Common Name) PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE Nicotine Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae Nicotine CNS stimulant Page 25 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  Smoking cessation Areca Areca catechu, Arecaceae Arecoline(aka Arecaidine methyl ester) Anthelmintic in veterinary practice; Arecaidine( aka N-methyl guvacine) vermicide; taeniafuge; most abundant Guvacine (aka tetrahydronicotinic acid) Guvacoline (aka Guvacine methyl ester) Tannin Lobelia Lobelia inflata, Lobeliaceae Lobelline,Norlobellanine, smoking deterrent Lobelanolanidine, Radicamine TROPANE Belladonna leaf Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Atropine Used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of peptic ulcer; functional digestive disorders, including spastic, mucous and ulcerative colitis; diarrhea, diverticulitis, and pancreatitis. Anticholinergic, Narcotic, Sedative, Diuretic, Mydriatic, and used as anodyne and to check secretion. Acts as a parasympathetic depressant, relieving spasm of gut or respiratory tract. Also used as an antidote in Opium and Chloral Poisoning. Hyoscyamus Hyoscyamus niger, Solanaceae (Henbane) alkaloids, saponins, lignans, ▪ Has CNS depressant activity: used as a coumarinolignans, flavonoids, and some treatment of motion sickness; employed other nonalkaloidal compounds for pre-anesthetic sedation and obstetric amnesia in conjunction with analgesics scopolamine, atropine, hyoscine, and ▪ Anticholinergic, Antispasmodic, Page 26 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  hyoscyamine Antisialogogue; Mydriatic and cycloplegic antidote for cholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine and organophosphate insecticides ▪ Anticholinergic; Used in parkinsonism Stramonium Datura stramonium or D. metel, Solanaceae Atropine, scopolamine (hyoscine), The vapor is used for the treatment of (Jamestown weed, Talumpunay, or Thorn apple) hyoscyamine, tannins, flavonoids, caffeic asthma acid derivatives, coumarins, and essential oils Mandragora Mandragora officinarum, Solanaceae Tropane Alkaloids: Hyoscyamine, Was used for soothing, analgesic, Scopolamine, and Atropine anesthetic, and aphrodisiac purposes. Currently, used by substance abusers for its hallucinogenic properties. Coca Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylaceae Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Scopolamine Psychomotor stimulant with a strong aka Hyoscine abuse potential; Vasoconstrictor QUINOLINE Cuprea Bark Remijia purdieana; R. pedunculata, Rubiaceae quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and Antiarrhythmic cinchonidine, quinicine, cinchonidine Anti malarial hydroquinone, hydrocinchonidine and Antipyretic homocinchonidine Relieve muscle cramps Cinchona bark Cinchona succirubra; C. calisaya, Rubiaceae Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine, Anti-malarial (quinine, cinchonine, Cinchonidine, Cinchotannic acid. cinchonidine) Preparation of tonic water (quinine) Antiarrhythmic (quinidine) ISOQUINOLINE Ipecac Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Rubiaceae Emetine or methylcephaeline Emetic Page 27 of 31 cgpgarcia 2024  used in the emergency treatment of certain kinds of poisoning (acute) by inducing emesis Sanguinaria Sanguinaria canadensis, Papaveraceae A native spring wildflower that is often Expectorant and emetic (Bloodroot) found in semi-shaded, light-wooded Used for the treatment or prevention of areas with moist, acidic soil. The plant’s gingivitis distinctive characteristic is its white flower with a yellow center. Bioactive components: Sanguinarine (primarily), Chelerythrine, Berberine, Oxysanguinarine South American Arrow Poison Strychnos castelnaui; Strychnos toxifera; Tubocurarine ▪ Employed as IM or IV skeletal muscle Chondrodendron tomentosum, Menispermaceae Tubocurarine HCl relaxant prior to surgical procedures (Tubocurarine, Curare) without deep anesthesia ▪ Control convulsions of strychnine poisoning and tetanus ▪ Adjunct to shock therapy ▪ Used in diagnosis of myasthenia graviS Hydrastis Hydrastis canadensis, Ranunculaceae Hydrastine and Berberine astringent in inflammation of mucous Canadine membrane Opium