PHA 010: Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Module 3 PDF

# PHA 010: PHARMACOGNOSY AND PLANT CHEMISTRY ## Module #3 Student Activity Sheet **Name:** **Section:** **Schedule:** **Class number:** **Date:** ## Lesson title: CARBOHYDRATES ### Learning Targets: At the end of the module, students will be able to: 1. Discuss the biosynthesis of carbohydrates. 2. Recognize the different classifications of carbohydrates, their specific sources and pharmaceutical importance. 3. Classify some local sources of carbohydrates in the Philippines. 4. Identify the scientific name, family name and uses of the local sources of carbohydrates. ### Materials: SAS, Book, pen and notebook, laptop ### References: * Tyler, V.E., Brady L.R., Robbers, J.E. Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, latest ed. * Evans, William Charles. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy, Edinburgh: W. B. Saunders, latest ed. * http://www.pharmacy180.com/article/biosynthesis-of-carbohydrates-98/ * Galvez-Tan, Jaime. Medicimal Fruits and Vegetables. QC: The Natural Shelf, Latest Ed. * https://www.google.com/search * www.stuartxchange.com * www.loopnewsbarbados.com * www.britannica.com * www.healthline.com * https://food.ndtv.com/health/ ### A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Review the previous lesson being discussed last meeting. Ask the students if they have some verification or clarification about the previous topic. If no more questions, then start introducing the new topic which is "Carbohydrates". * Biosynthesis of carbohydrates * Drugs/Plants containing carbohydrates * Simple Carbohydrates * Oligosaccharides * Polysaccharides * Local Sources and Uses of Carbohydrate ### B. MAIN LESSON The instructor should discuss the following topics or ask the students to read, review and understand the outline of this topic. Then, tell the students to answer the check for understanding activity after the discussion or after reading the main lesson. ## BIOSYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATES ### Production of Monosaccharides by Photosynthesis Carbohydrates are products of photosynthesis, a biologic process that converts electromagnetic energy into chemical energy. **In the green plant, photosynthesis consists of two classes of reactions.** * **One class comprises the so-called light reactions that actually convert electromagnetic energy into chemical potential.** * **The other class consists of the enzymatic reactions that utilize the energy from the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into sugar. These are referred to as the dark reactions.** **The results of both of these types of reactions are most simply summarized in the following equation:** $2H_2 O + CO_2 + light \xrightarrow{chlorophyll} (CH_2O) + H_2O + O_2$ **The pathway of carbon in photosynthesis, as worked out primarily by Calvin and coworkers, is presented in the following figure:** [Diagram of photosynthesis pathway, which includes: CO2 -> Metabolic pool -> Photosynthesis -> Pyruvate -> Glucose -> Glucose-6-phosphate -> Hexose-6-phosphate -> Pentose-5-phosphate -> Aldose-1-phosphate -> UDP-Sugar -> Disaccharides -> Oligosaccharides -> Polysaccharides -> Glycosides ] ## CARBOHYDRATES * Are compounds which are either **polyhydroxyaldehydes** or **polyhydroxyketone** or a compound which yields either both of these upon hydrolysis. ### CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES: **A. Monosaccharides - compounds that cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars** 1. **Trioses** - glyceraldehydes, dihydroxyacetone 2. **Tetroses** - erythrose, threose, erythrulose 3. **Pentoses** - ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, xylulose 4. **Hexoses** - allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, fructose 5. **Heptoses** - mannoheptulose 6. **Octoses** - manno octulase **Hexoses** * Are the most important monosaccharides found in plants. * They are the first detectable sugars in plant **glucose and fructose - occur in free state in plants, sweet fruits, honey and inverted sugar (came from the hydrolysis of sucrose yielding equimolar quantities of glucose and fructose (reducing sugars)** **Other Names:** * Sucrose - table sugar * Maltose - malt sugar * Glucose - blood sugar * Fructose - fruit sugar **B. Oligosaccharides** 1. **Disaccharides - yield 2 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis** * sucrose - glucose and fructose * maltose - glucose and glucose * lactose - glucose and galactose * cellobiose - B - D glucopyranose + ẞ - D glucopyranose 2. **Trisaccharides - yield 3 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis** * raffinose - fructose and glucose and galactose 3. **Tetrasaccharides - yield 4 monosaccharides molecules on hydrolysis** * stachyose - fructose and glucose and 2 molecules of galactose **C. Polysaccharides** * More complex, high molecular weight * starch, inulin, cellulose * hydrolyzed to a component * **NAMING POLYSACCHAREIDES:** * hexose is termed as hexosan * starch yielding glucose is termed as glucosan * starch yielding fructose is termed as fructosan ### Differences between sugar and starch: | | Sugar | Starches | |-----------------|------------------|----------------| | Physical state | crystalline solid | amorphous solids | | Taste | sweet | tasteless | | Solubility in H₂O | soluble | slightly soluble to insoluble in cold H₂O | | | | soluble in hot H₂O - gel | ### SUGARS AND SUGAR CONTAINING DRUGS: * **Sucrose** * Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) * Also known as saccharum or sugar * It is obtained commercially from sugar cane, sugar beets and sugar maple * **Plant Part Used:** Production **The juices is obtained from sugar cane by crushing the stems between a series of heavy iron rollers. It is boiled with line to neutralize the plant acids.** **A.I: molasses → residual dark-colored syrup** - It is obtained from sugar beets in a somewhat different manner. The beets are washed and sliced into small limp silver known as "cossettes". ### USES OF SUCROSE: * pharmaceutic necessity for syrups * **used as a demulcent and a nutrient** * Demulcents- are agents used to soothe and protect mucous membrane * in sufficient concentration in aqueous solution sugar is Bacteriostatic and used as a preservative * simple syrup conc → 85% w/v * Sugar masks disagreeable tastes of troches and tablets and retards oxidation in certain preparations. **Dextrose** * a-D (+)-glucopyranose or D-glucose * is a sugar that occurs naturally in grapes and other fruits * it is usually obtained by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch ### Uses of Dextrose: * sweetening agent * substitute for sucrose * tablet binder * coating agent * dextrose is a nutrient and may be given by mouth, by enema, by subcutaneous injection or by intravenous injection as required. * ingredient in **dextrose injection** * used as an **anticoagulant for the storage of whole blood** ### Dextrose Excipient * is a crystalline dextrose monohydrate that has undergone less rigorous purification; it is intended for use as an agent of **pharmaceutic necessity** ### Dextrates - a purified mixture of saccharides (not less than 93% dextrose), also prepared by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. * It is used industrially as an agent of **pharmaceutics necessity**. ### Liquid glucose - is a product obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch.. * It is used as an agent of **pharmaceutic necessity** ### Calcium gluconate - is the calcium salt of gluconic. Gluconic acid is obtained by the oxidation of dextrose. ### Calcium gluceptate and Calcium levulinate * Are sodium salts of 7 and 5- carbon acids that are prepared semi-synthetically from readily available carbohydrates. * The salts are **calcemic** and are used parenterally to obtain the therapeutic effects of calcium. ### Glucoheptonic acid - is prepared from glucose via a **cyanohydrin intermediate**, and **levulinic acid** can be prepared from starch or cane sugar by boiling with HCL. ### Ferrous gluconate - is the ferrous salt of gluconic acid * It is classed as a hematinic and is employed in iron deficiency anemia. * The usual prophylactic dose is 325 mg a day and the usual therapeutic dose is 325 mg 4x a day. * It causes less gastric distress than inorganic ferrous salts. ### Fructose * D- fructose, levulose, ẞ- D(-) - fructopyranose, or fruit sugar * is a ketone sugar that occur naturally in most sweet fruits (hence, the name naturally in most sweet fruits) * it is usually obtained from an enzymatically prepared high- fructose syrup, but it may also be obtained by the hydrolysis of inulin ### USES OF FRUCTOSE: 1. Used as a food for diabetic people and may be of particular benefit in diabetic acidosis because when given parenterally, it produces less urinary secretion than glucose. 2. Fructose is about half again as sweet to the taste as glucose. This is of interest to caloric individuals, and the use of high-fructose sweeteners is expanding. ### High - Fructose sweeteners * Are prepared by controlled enzymatic isomerization of glucose. * Glucose isomerase from a streptomyces species is immobilized and a glucose containing solution (derived from starch) is exposed to the enzyme. High- fructose corn syrup containing up to 90% fructose are available commercially. ### Lactose * Cow's milk- is the fresh unpastuerized or pasteurized milk of Bos taurus Linne. (Bovidae) * cow's milk is a white, opaque liquid that is an emulsion of minute fat globules suspended in a solution of casein, albumin, lactose and inorganic salts * when churned, the fat globules unit form butter, leaving a liquid known as buttermilk. * The milk left after separation of the cream is known as skimmed milk which if treated with rennin forming a coagulum. Upon proper treatment this coagulum is made into cheese. ### WHEY- the liquid separated from the coagulum ### Condensed milk - is prepared by partial evaporation of milk in a vacuum and consequent sterilization in hermetically sealed containers by autoclaving. ### Malted milk- is prepared by evaporating milk with an extract of malt. ### Lactose or milk sugar - is a sugar obtained from milk ### Milk- is a nutrient * it is a source of lactose, yogurt and kumyss (fermented milk) ### Casein and sodium caseinate are employed in culture media ### Uses: * lactose is a tablet diluent * it is used, therefore, as a nutrient in infants foods; it also has a minor role in establishing the intestinal microflora because it provides the preferred substrate for lactobacilli. ### Lactulose - is a semisynthetic sugar prepared by alkaline rearrangement of lactose * it yields fructose and galactose upon hydrolysis ### Xylose - (D-xylose or wood sugar) * is a pentose obtained by boiling corn cobs, straw or similar materials with dilute acid to hydrolyze to xylan polymer ### Uses: * used as a diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal absorption ### Diseases: * Sprue - deficient absorption of food due to disease of the small intestine * Crohn's disease a condition in which segments of the alimentary tract become anflammed, thickened and ulcerated * Pellagra - a nutritional disease due to a deficiency of niacin (vit. B3) ## DRUGS CONTAINING COMPOUND METABOLICALLY RELATED TO SUGARS: ### Ethanol and citric acid * especially glucose. * certain important pharmaceutics products produced by the cellular respiration of carbohydrates, * In the 2nd series of reactions, pyruvic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to yield acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl Co-A ar "active acetate"), which can be utilized in a variety of reactions, including the acetylation of aromatic amines and alkaloids or the biosynthesis of fatty acids or steroids. However, most of the acetyl Co-A undergoes condensation with oxaloacetate to form citrate thereby entering the TCA cycle, where it is ultimately oxidized to CO2 and H2O with the liberation of energy. ### 1.) Cherry juice or succus cerasi * is the liquid from the fresh ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae) * the cherries are washed, stemmed but not pitted and coarsely ground to break the pits w/o mashing the kernels. **How to test for protein?** * add 1% benzoic acid and allowed to stand at room temperature. * this test indicates that pectin in the juice has been destroyed by enzymatic action and that the juice or the syrup made from the juice can be used in medicinal preparations w/o causing cloudiness owing to the presence of alcohol. **Formula of Malic Acid:** $COOH-CHOH$ $CH_2COOH$ ### USES: * used in the preparation of cherry syrup * **flavored vehicle that serves as a pleasant distinguishing agent in pharmaceutic mixtures, especially those of a acidulous nature.** ### 2.) Acids * Plant acids ### a. Citric Acid * $CH_2COOH$ $HO-C-COOH$ $CH_2COOH$ * was first isolated in crystal form from lemon juice by Scheele in 1784. * it is present in many fruits and plants and is obtained commercially from lemons, limes or pineapple, but mostly from fermentation of sucrose. ### USES: * Useful in buffering system * Used as an acidulant in effervescent formulations and in a variety of other products . Used as an anticouagulant ### Effervescent: Alka-seltzer, Tums, Puritabs ### Use of CO₂→↑ palatability ### b. Lactic Acid * Formula: * $COOH$ * $CHOH$ * $CH_3$ * From Fumaric acid → $CHCOOH$ $HOOC - CH$ ### USES: * Used as an acidulant, especially in infant feeding formulas * **sodium lactate injection** - is an electrolyte replenisher and is used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis * **calcium lactate** - is a calcium replenisher, the usual oral dose is 1 to 5 g 3x a day ### c. Tartaric acid * Formula: * $CHOH-COOH$ * $CHOH-COOH$ * is a dicarboxylic acid obtained as a by-product of the wine industry. ### USE: * Used as a substitute for acetic acid in buffer systems and in effervescent formulations. ### Ferrous fumarate -- is a hematinic agents that is comparable to ferrous gluconate. The usual therapeutic dose is 200mg 3 or 4 a day. ### Alcohol or Ethanol - is a liquid containing not less than 92.35 by weight corresponding to 94.9% w/v soln. ### Use: local anti-infective > by distillation brandy (from wine), whiskey (from fermented malted grain), and rum (from fermented molasses) are produced or a commercial basis. ### USES: . wine is sometimes used medically as a mild stimulant and tonic * Brandy and whiskey are properly classed as CNS depressant. ### Fermentation of Sucrose: $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}\xrightarrow{Zymase} C_6H_{12}O_6 + C_6H_{12}O_6$ $C_6H_{12}O_6 \xrightarrow{inverted} CH_3CH_2OH + 2CO_2$ * Red wine - anti-cancer ### Alcohol is dangerous, why? $CH_3CH_2OH [O] > CH_3CHO[O] > CH_3COOH$ $1^o RCH_2OH [O] > RCHO [o]> RCOOH$ Alcohol aldehyde acid $2^o R-CHOH[o]> $ $R$ $3^o R-C-OH$ no oxidation $R$ Acetaldehyde → toxic ### 1.) Mannitol or D - mannitol * is a hexahydric alcohol obtained by reduction of mannose or by isolation from manna * manna is the dried saccharine exudates of " _Fraxinus ornus_ " (SN) Fam. Oleacea ### USE: - laxative diagnostic acid and as an osmotic diuretic ### STRUCTURAL FORMULA: $CHOH$ $HO-CH$ $HD-CH$ $Hс-он$ $нс-он$ $CHOH$ ### 2.) Sorbitol or D-glucitol * is a hexitol that was originally obtained from the ripe berries of the mountain ash. * SN: _Sorbus aucuparia_ * Fam: Rosaceae * sorbitol is a well-known hexahydric sugar alcohol that has received wide acceptance in pharmaceutic and commercial fields. ### USES: * Useful ingredient in toothpaste, chewing gums and various dietetic products. * Acts as an osmotic diuretics, * Used for urologic irrigation.elcdaloz-zeni ### STRUCTURAL FORMULA: $CH-OH$ $HC-OH$ $HO-CH$ $HC-он$ $HC-OH$ $CHOH$ ### 3.) Dulcitol - obtained from the reduction of galactose babaito ### STRUCTURAL FORMULA: $CH_2OH$ $OH$ $H$ $HO$ $H$ $HO$ $H$ $H$ $OH$ $CH_2OH$ ### HUMECTANT - agent that retain moisture or keep the product moist ## POLYSACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDE-CONTAINING DRUGS: ### 1. STARCH: ### Sources * cassava, corn (95% of starch) wheat, rice, potato * can be distinguished from each other by using microscopic mixture of evaluation of starch by: observing the different striation, shapes, sizes of your starch ### Chemistry and Properties: * a mixture of 2 substances: * amylase * amylopectin (which gives rise to chemistry and property/ies of starch but they are 2 different substances:) ### DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AMYLOSE & AMYLOPECTIN: | Criteria | Amylase | Amylopectin | |---|---|---| | component | 250-300 D-glucopyranose units | 100 or more glucose units | | structure | linear | branched | | linked by 2-1,4 glucosidic linkage | | | | helix-like shape | | | | solubility in water | more soluble | less soluble | | color reaction in I₂ | deep blue complex | blue violet | | percentage | 25% | 75% | ### Other Properties of Starch: 1. Starch may be hydrolyzed by: * A. action of enzyme * 2 enzymes: * 1. a-amylase * an enzyme present in pancreatic juice and saliva, hydrolyzes starch by a random splitting of 2,1-4 - glucosidic linkage * 2. β-amylase * produces its effect by removing maltose units from the non- reducing ends of polysaccharide molecules * B. Hydrolysis of starch by mineral acid identified by I₂ test ### SERIES OF PRODUCTS OF HYDROLYSIS OF STARCH: | | I₂ TEST | |---------|---------| | STARCH | blue | | Soluble starch | blue | | | blue | ### Amylodextrin | purple | ### Erythrodextrin | red | ### Achrodextrin | colorless | ### Maltose | colorless | ### a-glucose | colorless | ### C. They generally form colloidal sols than true solutions * starch suspension + boiling water → sol, If more concentration → settles to form jelly exhibits "Thixotrophy" ( cannot come back to its original composition) ### SOURCES OF STARCH: ### A. Corn (mature grain) * SN: _Zea mays_ (Poaceae) ### B. Wheat * SN: _Triticum aestivum_ (Poaceae) ### C. Potato (tubers) * SN: _Solanum tuberosum_ (Solanaceae) ### Glutens - tacky proteins (eliminated) ### USES OF STARCH: * ingredient in dusting powder * pharmaceutic aid * tablet filler, binder & disintegrant ### Pregelatinized starch - is a starch that has been chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules in the presence of water ### Hetastarch (hydroxyethyl) * is a semi-synthetic material that is prepared in such a manner that it is approximately 90% amylopectin & 7-8 hydroxyethyl substance are present for each 10 glucose units ### USES: * plasma expander * adjunct therapy in treatment of shock caused by hemorrhage, burns, surgery, sepsis or other trauma ## II. INULIN OR HYDROUS INULIN * Obtained from the subterranean organs of members of the family Compositae ### 1. Absorbent bulak cotton | Gossypium hirsutum | Cellulose | Surgical dressing | |---|---|---|---| | | | | Serves as a mechanical protection to absorb blood, mucous or pees | ### CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES: 1. Methylcellulose - is a methyl ether of cellulose containing not less than 27.5% and not more than 31.5% of methoxy groups ### Uses: * Bulk laxative * Suspending agent 2. Ethylcellulose - is an ethyl ether of cellulose containing not less than 44% and not more than 51% of ethoxy groups ### Uses: * Tablet binder * Film coating 3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose - is a hydroxyethyl ether of cellulose ### Uses: * Thickening agent * Ingredient in some formulations for artificial tears 4. Hydroxypropyl cellulose - hydroxypropyl ether of cellulose ### Uses: * Stabilizer * Thickener in liquid preparations * Binder & film coating in table formulations ### 5. Hydoxypropyl methycellulose- is the propylene glycol ether of methylcellulose in which both hydroxypropyl & methyl groups are attached to the anhydrous rings of cellulose by ether linkages ### PYROXYLIN OR SOLUBLE GUNCOTTON * is a product obtained by the action of a mixture or nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton. It is a mixture of cellulose nitrates * a pharmaceutic used in the preparation of collodion & flexible topical protectants ### CELLULOSE ACETATE PHTHALATE ### Use: * is a reaction product of phthalic anhydride and a partial acetate ester of cellulase * enteric coating of tablets ### SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE- is a sodium salt ### Use: Suspending agent ### Local Sources and Uses of Carbohydrates: * Carbohydrates as major source of energy in the diet comprise around half the total calories and are manufactured mainly by plants. * The family of dietary carbohydrate includes simple carbohydrates such as honey and sugars, and complex carbohydrates such as starches and dietary fiber. * Simple carbohydrates are quickly absorbed in the small intestine that result to an increase in blood sugar and provide a quick boost of energy. * Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, take longer to break down which means that there is no rapid spike in blood sugar. * Healthy sources of carbohydrates include whole grains such as brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain pasta and cereals; fruits like citrus fruits, melons, bananas; root crops like potatoes, camote, ubi, gabi and corn | # | Absorbent cotton | Other names | Scientific name and Family name | Carbohydrate/s yielded | Use/uses | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | bulak | Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) | Cellulose | | Surgical dressing Serves as a mechanical protection to absorb blood, mucous or pees | | 2 | kasuy | Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) | starch | | For nutrition Antibacterial Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | | 3 | Kamoteng kahoy | Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) | starch | | For nutrition Antibacterial Anti-tumor Decrease alcohol toxicity Diuretic | | 4 | Mais | Zea mays Poaceae | Starch, sucrose | | Stomach complains Emolient for jaundice Astringent Diarrhea Appetite loss Asthma Ulcers Antihepatotoxicity | | 5 | Java plum, Lumboi | Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) | Starch, dextrin, pentosan | | For nutrition Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | | 6 | Aba, Taro | Colocasia esculenta Linn. (Araceae) | starch | | For nutrition | | 7 | Ubas | Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) | fructose | | For nutrition For wine making For skin and eye disease | | 8 | Soursop, Guanabana | Annona muricata (Anonaceae) | Sucrose, saccharose | | Sedative Rheumatism Helps lower fever, spasms, heart rate and blood pressure Relieves pain, inflammation and asthma | | 9 | Star apple, milk fruit, star plum | Chrysophyllum cainito Linn. (Sapotaceae) | Dextrose | | For nutrition Anthelmintic Diabetes Tonic for diarrhea and fevers | | 10 | Silk cotton tree | Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) | cellulose | | For inflammation in laryngitis and pneumonia angina Antifungal Adsorbent Anti-inflammatory | | # | Palay | | | | Use/uses | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | 15 | | Oryza sativa (Poaceae) | starch | | Improve brain health Helps calm you down For nutrition Emollient Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | | 16 | Tubo | Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) | Sucrose | | For nutrition Antioxidant For dehydration Boost immunity Treat common colds and other infections Fight fever as it boosts the body’s protein level Diuretic Helps treat UTI, kidney stones and ensure proper functioning of the kidney | | 17 | kamote | Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) | Starch | | Antioxidant Support helthy vision Enhance brain function Support immune system | | 18 | Asiatic yam, Chinese yam, Lesser yam | Dioscorea esculenta Lour. (Dioscororeaceae) | starch | | For nutrition Rheumatism Diuretic Used for beriberi Tuber paste applied to boils, ulcers and abscesses Treatment of menopausal symptoms and other genital organ disorders Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Antibacterial | ### CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING: Answer the following questions accordingly. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided. 1. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? * A. Ribose is an aldopentose * B. Maltose is a ketohexose * C. Glucose is an aldohexose * D. Galactose is an aldohexose Ans. 2. Milk contains 2.5-5% fat is called ister? * A. Butter * B. Kumyss * C. Cheese * D. Milk sugar Ans. 3. This polyglucan is used as plasma expander and is formed from sucrose by the action of transglucosylase enzyme? * A. Inulin * B. Gelatin * C. Dextran * D. Hetastarch Ans. 4. Polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants? * A. Cellulose * B. Starch * C. Inulin * D. Levulose Ans. 5. Glucose is stored in the liver as? * A. Glycogen * B. Starch * C. Cholesterol * D. Sucrose Ans. 6. Used for the treatment of cystitis: * A. Blumea balsamifera * B. Zea mays * C. Sorbus aucuparia * D. Saccharum officinarum Ans. 7. This is a mixture of protein - digesting enzyme and milk clotting enzymes obtained from the juice of _Ananas comosus_. * A. Chymopapain * B. Bromelain * C. Papain * D. Chymotrypsin * E. Cromolyn Ans. 8. Also known as soluble gun cotton obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid on cotton? * A. Oxidized cellulose * B. Powdered cellulose * C. Pyroxylin * D. Purified rayon Ans. 9. is a purified carbohydrate product obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the rind of citrus or from apple pomace? * A. Pectin * B. Xanthan gum * C. Locust bean gum * D. Dextran Ans. 10. Purified cotton is which is also referred to as Absorbent Cotton is chemically almost pure? * A. Dextrin * B. Amylose * C. Cellulose * D. Glycogen Ans. ### **C. LESSON WRAP-UP** Teacher directs the student to mark (encircle) their place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do. This tracker will be part of the student activity sheet. You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress. | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | |---|---|---| | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | 19 20 21 22 23 | ### Thinking about Learning: MINUTE PAPER 1. What was the most useful or meaningful thing you have learned from this session? 2. Do you have any questions before we this session? This document is the property of **PHINMA EDUCATION**

PHA 010: Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Module 3 PDF

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