Pharmacognosy Module 2 Worksheet
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Questions and Answers

What is the main storage form of glucose in animals and humans?

Glycogen

Honey/Mel turns opaque and granular due to the crystallization of ______ and is termed as 'granular honey'.

dextrose

Which of the following is a common polysaccharide used as a suspending agent for insoluble powders?

  • Karaya gum
  • Acacia
  • Algin
  • Tragacanth (correct)

    • Agar is commonly used in microbiology as a wound dressing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Guar Gum/Guaran?

    <p>Thickening agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main constituent found in Xanthan gum?

    <p>branched, partially acetylated polysaccharide (d-glucose, d-glucuronic acid, d-mannose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locust Bean Gum is used as a ____________.

    <p>thickener, stabilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following common names with the scientific name/family name:

    <p>Cascara Sagrada = Rhamnus purshianus, Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Bark = Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnaceae Aloe = Aloe barbadensis, Liliaceae Rhubarb = Rheum officinale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance acts as a nutrient and bacteriostatic preservative in pharmaceutical syrups?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xylose, also known as ___ sugar, is not metabolized by mammalian enzymes.

    <p>wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following acids with their sources:

    <p>Malic acid = Prunus cerasus (Cherry) Citric acid = Citrus limon (Lemon) Lactic acid = Sugar Tartaric acid = Wine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medicinal plants with their uses:

    <p>Witch Hazel = Astringent and anti-inflammatory, Anti-itch, antibacterial, wound healing, Antioxidant Hamamelis Leaf = Astringent and anti-inflammatory, Anti-itch, antibacterial, wound healing, Antioxidant Gum turpentine = Anti-parasitic, treatment of myiasis, solvent in paints Capsicum/Cayenne pepper = Remedy for stomach problems, poor appetite, circulatory problems Ginger = Flavoring agent, carminative, aromatic and stimulant to gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant exudate is primarily used as a stiffening agent and in the manufacturing of printing inks, adhesives, varnish, and for waterproofing?

    <p>Rosin/Colophony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medicinal use of White Pine?

    <p>Needle decoctions and chewing of pitch promote expectoration and mucus thinning from the lungs. Used for cough, colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and croup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following herb/plant with their medicinal use:

    <p>Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) = Demulcent, Expectorant, Flavoring Agent to mask bitter taste, Surfactant Yam (Dioscorea spiculiflora) = Source of Cortisone/Corticosteroid Drugs Ginseng (Panax ginseng; Panax quinquefolius) = Treatment of Anemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Almond (Prunus amygdalus or Prunus dulcis)?

    <p>Cough remedy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uva-ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) is known for its diuretic properties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cantharis vesicatoria, also known as Spanish Flies, contains ______ that acts as an irritant, vesicant, and rubefacient.

    <p>Cantharidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active constituent of Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) that is used as a flavored vehicle in cough remedies?

    <p>Prunasin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carnauba Wax is used in the manufacture of candles, wax varnishes, leather, and furniture polishes as a substitute for _______ wax.

    <p>bees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major constituent of Turpentine Oil that acts as an expectorant in the form of elixir?

    <p>a-pinene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following volatile oils with their primary uses:

    <p>Peppermint oil = Flavorant, Carminative, Stimulant, Counterirritant Cardamom oil = Carminative, anti-flatulence, Stimulant, Antispasmodic, Diaphoretic Juniper oil = Flavorant, Diuretic Citronella = Perfume, Insect repellant Lemon oil = Flavoring agent, Stimulant, Carminative, Stomachic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of almond oil in cosmetics?

    <p>Emollient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acids are found in Persic oil/Apricot kernel oil?

    <p>Stearic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corn oil is used as a solvent for __________ injection and as an ingredient in high-caloric dietary supplement Ensure®.

    <p>irradiated ergosterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Safflower oil is used in emulsions for oral administration of high-caloric dietary supplements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following oils with their primary usage:

    <p>Theobroma oil/Cocoa Butter = Suppository base, chocolates, ointments, cosmetics Hydrogenated vegetable oil = Cooking oil Lanolin/hydrous wool fat = Ingredient in skin creams and cosmetics Jojoba Oil/ The Liquid wax = Emollient, agents of pharmaceutic necessity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of Pine Tar?

    <p>Disinfectant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Lavender Oil that contributes to its fragrance profile?

    <p>Linalool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is primarily used as a pain and inflammation reliever.

    <p>Gaultheria oil/Wintergreen oil/Betula oil/Sweet birch oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the alkaloid with its source and constituent:

    <p>Nicotine = Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae Areca = Areca catechu, Arecaceae Lobelia = Lobelia inflata, Lobeliaceae Belladonna leaf = Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of Myrrh?

    <p>Antiseptic in tooth powder and mouthwash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asafetida is also known as Devil's _?

    <p>dung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of Tolu Balsam resin?

    <p>Cinnamic and Benzoic Esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzoic Acid is naturally derived from the Benjamin tree.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Fixed Oils with their major components:

    <p>Coconut Oil = Lauric and Myristic Acids Castor Oil = Ricin and Ricinine Olive Oil = Palmitic Acid Soybean Oil = Linoleic, Oleic, and Palmitic Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alkaloids are present in Hyoscyamus (Henbane)?

    <p>scopolamine, atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of Hyoscyamus (Henbane)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyoscyamus (Henbane) is used as a CNS depressant and is employed for pre-anesthetic sedation and obstetric amnesia in conjunction with ________.

    <p>analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant with its bioactive components:

    <p>Hyoscyamus (Henbane) = scopolamine, atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine Mandragora = Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Atropine Cuprea Bark = quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sanguinaria (Bloodroot) is an expectorant and used for the treatment or prevention of gingivitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Derivatives

    • Sucrose (aka Saccharum, sugar)
      • Sources: Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane), Beta vulgaris (Sugar beet), Acer saccharum (Sugar maple), Zea mays (Corn), Triticum aestivum (Wheat), Vitis vinifera (Grapes)
      • Composed of glucose and fructose monomers
      • Uses: Pharmaceutic necessity (syrups), Demulcent, Nutrient, Bacteriostatic and preservative
    • Dextrose/D(+)-glucose/Blood Sugar
      • Sources: Zea mays (Corn), Triticum aestivum (Wheat), Vitis vinifera (Grapes)
      • Aka ∝ -D-glucopyranose
      • Uses: Nutrient, Ingredient in: dextrose injection, alcohol and dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection
    • Fructose/Levulose/Fruit sugar
      • Sources: Malus domestica (Apple), Vitis vinifera (Grapes)
      • Aka B-D (-)-fructopyranose, B-D (-) –fructofuranose
      • Uses: Food for diabetic patients, Infant feeding formulas, Fluid, nutrient and electrolyte replenisher
    • Lactose/Milk sugar
      • Sources: Bos taurus (Cow), Capra aegagrus hircus (Goat)
      • Aka β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose
      • Uses: Nutrient, Pharmaceutic necessity: Inert diluent for other drugs, Tablet diluent, Provides substrate for lactobacilli

    Products of Glycolytic and Oxidative Metabolism

    • Malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid
      • Sources: Prunus cerasus (Cherry), Citrus limon (Lemon), Citrus aurantiifolia (Lime), Ananas comosus (Pineapple), Fermentation of sucrose
      • Uses: Citric acid: Acidulants in effervescent formulations, Lactic acid: Acidulants in Infant feeding formula and feminine wash, Tartaric acid: Used as a substitute for citric acid in buffer systems and effervescent formulations
    • Cherry Juice
      • Source: Prunus cerasus (Cherry)
      • Aka Succus cerasi
      • Uses: Preparation of cherry syrup, a flavored vehicle that disguises agents in pharmaceutic mixtures
    • Alcohol/Ethanol
      • Sources: Fermentation of sucrose
      • Uses: 70% w/v: anti-infective, Ethanol 5-10% and dextrose(5%) IV: increases caloric intake and replenish fluids

    Products of Reductive Metabolism

    • Mannitol
      • Sources: Fraxinus ornus Linne (Manna), Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) Fungi, fresh mushrooms, tree bark and most fruits and vegetables
      • Aka D-mannitol
      • Uses: Manna: Laxative, Diagnostic aid, Osmotic diuretic
    • Sorbitol/D-glucitol
      • Sources: Sorbus aucuparia Linne (Ripe Berries of Mountain ash), Glucose
      • Aka Crystalline and soluble
      • Uses: Ingredients in: toothpaste; chewing gums and dietetic products, Dietetic beverages: in conjunction with saccharin because it acts as osmotic laxative, In combination with mannitol for urologic irrigation

    Polysaccharides (Homoglycan)

    • Starch
      • Sources: Zea mays (Corn), Triticum aestivum (Wheat), Solanum tuberosum (Potato)
      • Aka Amylum
      • Uses: Thickening agent, stabilizing agent, binding agent, and an emulsifying agent
    • Inulin
      • Source: Inula helenium (Elecampane)
      • Aka D-fructan
      • Uses: Used in culture media as fermentative diagnostic agent for evaluation of glomerular filtration
    • Dextran
      • Sources: Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, and the dental plaque-forming species Streptococcus mutans synthesize dextran from sucrose
      • Uses: Used as plasma expander (6% solution)
    • Cellulose
      • Sources: Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton)
      • Aka Purified cotton, Powdered cellulose
      • Uses: For surgical dressing - mechanical protection to absorb blood, mucus or pus, Source of pure cellulose in the manufacture of cellulose acetate, Diluent, Disintegrating agent
    • Glycogen
      • Source: Glucose (Glycogenesis)
      • Aka Multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose
      • Uses: Main storage form of glucose in animals and humans, used as/in:### Energy Reservoir and Blood Glucose Regulation
    • Honey is a sweetening agent, demulcent, and nutrient used for infants, elderly people, and convalescing patients.
    • Honey turns opaque and granular on prolonged storage due to crystallization of dextrose, known as 'granular honey'.

    Polysaccharides (Heteroglycan)

    • Tragacanth is derived from Astragalus gummifer, Fabaceae, and is used as a suspending agent, emulsifying agent, adhesive, and demulcent.
    • Acacia or Gum Arabic is derived from Acacia senegal, Fabaceae, and is used as an emulsifying agent, suspending agent, demulcent, emollient, and adhesive.
    • Karaya gum or Sterculia gum is derived from Sterculia urens, Sterculiaceae, and is used as a bulk laxative, emulsion and suspension agent, and in skin lotions and textile industries.
    • Algin or Sodium alginate is derived from Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessoniaceae, and is used as a suspending agent, tablet binder, and thickening agent.

    More Polysaccharides

    • Agar or Japanese Isinglas is derived from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gelidiaceae, and is used as a microbiology culture medium, gelling agent, and laxative.
    • Carrageenan is derived from Chondrus crispus, Gigartinaceae, and is used as a microbiology culture medium, wound dressing, dietary fiber, and thickener.
    • Danish agar is derived from Furcellaria fastigiata, Furcellariaceae, and is used as a gelling agent and suspending agent.
    • Plantago seed or Psyllium seed is derived from Plantago psyllium, Plantaginaceae, and is used as a cathartic.
    • Guar Gum or Guaran is derived from Cyamopsis tetragonolubus, Fabaceae, and is used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, gluten substitute, binder, and viscosity modifier.
    • Locust Bean Gum is derived from Ceratonia siliqua, Fabaceae, and is used as a thickener and stabilizer.
    • Cydonium or Quince Seed is derived from Cydonia vulgaris, Rosaceae, and is used as a demulcent, laxative, anti-inflammatory, and stabilizer.

    More Polysaccharides

    • Xanthan gum is derived from Xanthomonas campestris and is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent.

    • Pectin is derived from various Citrus species, Rutaceae, and is used as a protectant and suspending agent.

    • Glycosides include Cascara Sagrada, Buckthorn Bark, Aloe, and Rhubarb, which are used for various purposes such as cathartic, correction of habitual constipation, and treatment for burns and skin irritations.### Anthraquinone Glycosides

    • Rhein anthrone and Chrysophanol are cathartic constituents found in Palmatum (Polygonaceae)

    • Senna (Cassia acutifolia and Cassia angustifolia, Caesalpiniaceae) contains dimeric glycosides, Sennosides A & B, and aglycones, Sennidin A & B, and Sennosides C & D, which are cathartic

    • Chrysarobin (Andira araroba, Fabaceae) contains Chrysophenolanthrone, a keratolytic agent used to treat psoriasis, trichophytosis, and chronic eczema

    • Danthrone/Chryszin (Xyris semifuscata, Xyridaceae) contains 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, a cathartic and intermediate in the manufacture of anthralin and alizarin

    Saponin Glycosides

    • Glycyrrhiza or Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae) contains Glycyrrhizin, a demulcent, expectorant, and flavoring agent, 50 times sweeter than sugar
    • Dioscorea or Yam (Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscoreaceae) contains Diosgenin, a source of cortisone/corticosteroid drugs
    • Ginseng (Panax ginseng; Panax quinquefolius, Araliaceae) contains Panaxosides and Ginsenosides, used to treat anemia, diabetes, and gastritis

    Cyanophore/Cyanogenic Glycosides

    • Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina, Rosaceae) contains Prunasin and Prulaurasin, used as a flavored vehicle in syrup form and as a sedative expectorant
    • Almond (Prunus amygdalus, bitter; Prunus dulcis, sweet, Rosaceae) contains Amygdalin and Emulsin, used as a cough remedy
    • Apricot pits (Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae) contain Laetrile and Amygdalin, used as a cough remedy

    Isothiocyanate Glycosides

    • Black mustard (Brassica nigra, Brassicaceae) contains Sinigrin and Myrosin, used as a local irritant, emetic, rubefacient, and vesicant, and as a condiment
    • White mustard (Brassica alba, Brassicaceae) contains Sinalbin and Myrosin, used as an emetic, diuretic, anti-infective, and antispasmodic
    • Garlic (Allium sativum, Liliaceae) contains Alliin, used as an antibacterial and antihyperlipidemic agent

    Flavonol/Flavonoid Glycosides

    • Hesperidin/Cirantin (Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae) contains Rutin, hesperidin, and citrus bioflavonoids, used to prevent and manage capillary fragility, and is often used with Vitamin C
    • Passiflora/Passion fruit (Passiflora incarnata, Passifloraceae) contains Harmaline, used as a sedative and antioxidant

    Other Glycosides

    • Salicin (Willow bark, Salix purpurea and Salix fragilis, Salicaceae) contains Saligenin and Pla, used as an anti-rheumatic and analgesic
    • Bourbon Vanilla/Madagascar vanilla (Vanilla planifolia, Orchidaceae) contains Vanilla, used as a flavoring agent
    • Sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Poaceae) contains Coumarin, banned by the FDA as a flavoring agent
    • Cantharides/Spanish Flies (Cantharis vesicatoria, Meloidae) contains Cantharidin, used as an irritant, vesicant, rubefacient, and hair growth stimulant, but causes priapism and hematuria
    • Uva-ursi/Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Ericaceae) contains Arbutin, used as an astringent, diuretic, and whitening agent

    Phenol Glycosides

    • Poison ivy/Poison oak (Toxicodendron radicans, Anacardiaceae) contains Urushiol, which induces contact dermatitis and type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

    Cardiac Glycosides (Steroids)

    • Woolly Foxglove leaf, Australian Digitalis (Digitalis lanata) contains Digoxin, used to treat mild to moderate heart failure, and as an abortifacient
    • Foxglove, Purple foxglove; Fairy gloves (Digitalis purpurea, Scrophulariaceae) contains Digitoxin, used to treat congestive cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmias, and heart failure
    • Convallaria/Lilly of the Valley root (Convallaria majalis, Lilliaceae) contains Convallatoxin and Convallatoxol, used to treat congestive heart failure, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation

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