Pha 046 Sas 1 PDF

Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________...

Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ Lesson title: Introduction to Microbiology Materials: Book, Pen and SAS Lesson Objectives: References: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences 1. Identify events and people involved in the development of microbiology Paul Engelkirk, Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet L. 2. Differentiate major characteristics of each group of Duben-Engelkirk microorganisms Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 29 Aug 2014 3. Differentiate parts eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral species Productivity Tip: You can definitely think of many things when talking about Microbiology since this is no longer new to you. To name a few you can definitely think of microbes, diseases or even the COVID-19 virus. In this first module you will encounter the first few fundamental knowledge that will help you understand microorganisms and discover key terms that revolves around Microbiology. A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (2 mins) Welcome to the fascinating world of microbiology, where you will learn about creatures so small that the vast majority cannot be seen with the naked eye. You will also learn the structure of microorganisms. Because they are so small, very little detail concerning their structure can be determined. You will discover the effects that these tiny creatures have on our daily lives, the ecosystems and the environment around us and why knowledge of them is of great importance to healthcare professionals. You will learn that some of them are our friends whereas others are our enemies. You are about to embark on an exciting journey. Enjoy the adventure! Activity 1: What I Know Chart, Part 1 (5 mins) Instructions: In this chart, reflect on what you know now. Do not worry if you are or not of your answers. This activity simple serves to get started on thinking about our topic. Answer only the first column, “what I know”. Leave the third column “what I learned” blank at this time. What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4) What is a pathogen? What is an opportunistic pathogen? What is an aceullar microbes? B.MAIN LESSON This module is consist of three topics: I. Introduction to Microbiology II. Cell Structure and Function III. Classification of Microorganisms This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ I. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology is the study of microbes. It includes the study of certain nonliving entities as well as certain living organisms. Collectively, these nonliving entities and living organisms are called microbes. Micro means very small, anything so small that it must be viewed with a microscope. Therefore, microbiology can be defined as the study of microbes. Microbes are said to be ubiquitous, meaning they are virtually everywhere. The various categories of microbes include viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa and certain types of algae and fungi. Although not a scientific term, germs are the microbes that cause disease. Disease causing microorganisms are technically known as pathogens also referred as infectious agents and a vast majority of known microbes are nonpathogens are microbes that do not cause disease. Although they are very small, microbes play significant roles in our lives We have, living on and in our bodies (eg. On our skin and in our mouths and intestinal tract) and these microbes are known as indigenous microbiota (or human microbiome or human bioneme) and the most part, they are of benefit to us Some of the microbes that colonize (inhabit) our bodies are known as opportunistic pathogens or opportunists. Although these microbes usually do not cause us any problems, they have the potential to cause infections if they gain access to a part of our anatomy where they do not belong They contribute to photosynthesis Some are capable of decomposing dead microorganisms Some are capable of decomposing industrial wastes or bioremediation Many are essential in various food and beverage industries Some fungi and bacteria produce antibiotics They are essential in the field of genetic engineering Microbes cause two categories of diseases: infectious disease and microbial intoxications This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS 1. BACTERIA (singular- bacterium) are single-cell and unicellular organisms they are prokaryotic because their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane most are pathogenic they generally appear in one several shapes This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ 2. ARCHAEA like bacteria, they consist of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan they are not known to cause disease in humans 3. FUNGUS are eukaryotes, organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material (DNA),surrounded by a special envelope called nuclear membrane maybe unicellular and multicellular Chitin is the cell wall of fungi It can reproduce sexually or asexually Slime molds (organisms that have characteristics of both fungi and amoeba) 3.1. Molds the most typical fungi, forms a visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of long filaments (hypae) that branch and intertwine the cottony growths o cheese, bread and jams are molds 3.2. Yeast are oval microorganism that are larger then bacteria an example use of yeast is it causes bread to rise and produces alcohol from sugar Candida albicans is a yeast that causes most cases of yeast infections in women 4. PROTOZOA (singular – protozoan) Are unicellular, eukaryotic microbes They absorb or ingest organic chemicals Protozoa can reproduce sexually or asexually They are free living Eg. Amoeba 5. ALGAE (singular-alga) are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shape and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms they are unicellular or multicellular 6. VIRUSES Viruses are said to have five specific properties that distinguish them from living cells: 1. The vast, majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA unlike living cells, which possess both 2. They are unable to replicate (multiply) on their own; thei replication is directed by the viral nucleic acid once it has been introduced into a host cell. 3. Unlike cells, they do not divide by binary fission, mitosis or miosis 4. They lack the genes and enzymes necessary for energy production 5. They depend on the ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites (building blocks) of the host cell for protein and nucleic acid production. Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria Viroids nucleic acid without protein coating Prions are infectious proteinacious particle but no nucleic acid and are often associated with diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep and other neurologic diseases in humans Viruses are replicated only when they are living in host Viruses are not considered to be living because outside of living hosts they are inert This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ 7. MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES Are not strictly microorganism, they are of medical importance The two major groups of parasitic worms are the FLATWORMS and the ROUNDOWORMS and they are collectively called HELMINTHS A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY ROBERT HOOKE he reported that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells” he introduced the beginning of Cell theory that states that all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK he is referred as the Father of Microbiology he was probably the first to actually observe live microorganism through magnifying lenses he invented the single-lens which is now known as single-lens microscope or simple microscope he wrote series of papers describing his observations of bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi describing the “ANIMALCULES” he saw through his simple-lens microscope FRANCISCO REDI he opposed Spontaneous Generation (or abiogenesis where life could rise from non-life or pre-existing cells) JOHN NEEDHAM he strengthened theory of Spontaneous Generation LAZZARO SPALLANZANI he also opposed Spontaneous Generation RUDOLF VIRCHOW he challenge Spontaneous Generation he introduced Theory of Biogenesis: “Life could only arise from pre-existing living cells” LOUIS PASTEUR he is the Father of Immunology he disproved Spontaneous Generation and performed the Swan-neck Flask he discovered fermentation, connection between microorganisms and food spoilage he discover Pasteurization, it is a process of heating substance with 60 for 30 minutes but it does not kill endospores he discovered vaccines for anthrax and rabies he started the Golden Age of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease The theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS o He introduced the importance of handwashing o He introduced Chlorinated lime JOSEPH LISTER o He introduced the concepts of aseptic techniques and he became known as the Father of Antiseptic technique ▪ Aseptic technique is a method or procedure employed to prevent contamination ▪ He introduced the utilization of carbolic acid (phenol) as a wound disinfectant This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ ROBERT KOCH o He developed pure culture technique o He discovered Bacillus anthracis the causative agent of anthrax o He discovered the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes tuberculosis o He discovered the bacterium Vibrio cholera that causes cholera o Koch and his colleagues established an experimental procedure to prove that a specific microbe is the cause of a specific infectious disease known as Koch’s Postulate Koch’s Postulate 1. A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans 2. The microbe must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory 3. The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals 4. The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture. EDWARD JENNER o He discovered the first vaccine, the vaccine for smallpox o He discovered the technique of vaccination PAUL EHRLICH o Known as Father of Chemotherapy o He discovered the first chemotherapeutic agent against syphilis and referred as Salvarsan / Arsphenamine / Compound 606 o He introduced the term Magic Bullet as an agent that killed pathogen but did not cause harm to the host ALEXANDER FLEMMING o He discovered the first antibiotic Penicillin from Penicillum notatum a mold SELMAN WAKSMAN o He discovered Streptomycin from Streptomyces (bacteria from soil) EMIL VON BEHRING o He developed the method of producing immunity by using antitoxin against diphtheria JOHN SNOW o He studied on cholera and identified the source and how it spreads from person to person and it became the foundation of Epidemiology RICHARD PETRI o He discovered petri dish assisted by Robert Koch for culturing media HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM o He discovered Gram staining technique FRANCOIS BARRE-SINOUSSI o He discovered a virus in a patient with swollen lymph nodes and the virus was human immunodeficiency virus This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ II. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION In biology, a cell is defined as the fundamental unit of any living organism because like the total organism the cell exhibits the basic characteristic of life. A cell obtains nutrients from the environment to produce energy for metabolism and other activities. Recall that there are two major categories of microbes: acellular microbes also called infectious particles and cellular microbes also called microorganisms. Acellular microbes include viroids and viruses. Cellular microbes include the less complex prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) and the more complex eukaryotes (some algae , all protozoa and some fungi). Viruses appear to be the result of regressive or reverse evolution. They are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat and sometimes may contain one or few enzymes. Viruses depend on the energy and metabolic machinery of a host cell to reproduce. Because viruses are acelullar (not composed of cells) they are placed in a completely separate category. Cytology is the study of structure and function of cells. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE Eukaryotes (eu-true; karyo; refers to a nut or nucleus) are so named because they have a true nucleus, in that their DNA is enclosed by a nuclear membrane. A. Cell Membrane The cell is enclosed and held intact by the cell membrane, which is also referred to as the plasma, cytoplasmic, or cellular membrane. The cell membrane is like the skin around the cell, separating contents of the cell from the outside world. The cell membrane regulates the passage of nutrients, waste products and secretions into and out of the cell. It also has the property of selective permeability which means only certain substances may enter and leave the cell. B. Nucleus The nucleus controls the functions of the entire cell and can be thought of as the “command center” of the cell. It consists of linear DNA molecules and proteins. The nucleus has three components: a. Nucleoplasm is the material matrix or base material of the nucleus b. Chromosomes are embedded or suspended in the nucleoplasm c. Nuclear membrane that serves as a skin around the nucleus and it contains holes through which large molecules can enter and exit the nucleus. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ C. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a type of protoplasm, is a semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix. The cytoplasm is where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur. The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding the granules and organelles, is sometimes referred to as the cytosol. D. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted if membranes that are interconnected and arranged to form a transport network of tubules and flattened sac within the cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) the rough appearance is caused by the many ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the membranes. ER which ribosomes are not attached is called smooth endoplasmic reticulum. E. Ribosomes Eukaryotic ribosomes are 18 to 22 nm in diameter. They consist mainly of RNA. Within a cell, ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. F. Golgi Complex Also known as Golgi apparatus or Golgi body connects or communicate with the ER. This stacks of flattened, membranous sacs completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins into mature, functional ones and packages them into small membrane-enclosed vesicles for storage within the cell. It is also referred as packaging plants. G. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Lysosomes are small vesicles and contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes that break down foreign material taken into the cell by phagocytes. Peroxisomes are membrane-bound vesicles in which hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down. H. Mitochondria The energy necessary for cellular function is provided by the formation of high-energy phosphate molecules such as ATP the major energy-carrying or energy-storing molecules within the cells. Mitochondria are referred to as the power plants, powerhouse or energy factory. I. Plastids Plastids are membrane-bound structures containing various photosynthetic pigments; they are the sites of photosynthesis. J. Cytoskeleton Present throughout the cytoplasm is a system of fibers. The three type of cytoskeletal fibers are microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. All three types serve to strengthen, support and stiffen the cell and give the cell its shape. K. Cell wall Some eukaryotic cells contain cell walls, the external structure that provides rigidity, shape and protection. Eukayotic cell walls are much simpler in structure than in prokaryotic cells. The cell wall of algae contains a polysaccharide, cellulose, which is not found in the cell walls of any other microorganisms. Cellulose is also found in the cell walls of plants. The cell walls fungi contain a polysaccharide, chitin, which is not found in the cell walls of any other microorganisms. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ L. Flagella and Cilia Some eukaryotic cells possess relatively long, thin structures called flagella such cells are said to be flagellated or motile. Flagellated protozoa are called flagellates. The whipping motion of flagella enables flagellated cells to swim through the liquid environments. Flagella are referred to as organelles of locomotion. Cilia are also organelles of locomotion, but they tend to be shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella. Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells. Reproduction of prokaryotic cells is binary fission , a simple division of one cell into two cells. All bacteria are prokaryotes, are as the archaea. A. Cell Membrane Also known as plasma, cytoplasmic or cellular membrane, it encloses the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell. B. Cytoplasm The semiliquid cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells consists of water, enzymes, dissolved oxygen (in some bacteria), waste products, essential nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, a complex mixture of all the materials required by the cell for its metabolic functions. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ C. Bacterial Cell Wall The main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is a complex macromolecular polymer known as peptidoglycan also known as murein. Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria. GRAM STAINING Staining Procedure As they exist in nature, most bacteria are colorless, transparent and difficult to use. Therefore, various staining methods have been devised to enable scientists to examine bacteria. Specific stain and staining techniques are used to observe bacterial cell morphology. Simple stain is sufficient to determine bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement. Structural staining procedure is used to observe bacterial capsules, spores, and flagella. The application of crystal violet acts as the primary stain. The application of iodine to intensify the color of stain acts as the mordant. The washing with alcohol referred as decolorizer. The application of the safranin acts as the counterstain. The color at the end of the Gram staining for Gram-positive bacteria retains the color of crystal violet and for Gram-negative bacteria retains the color of safranin. D. Glycocalyx (Slime layers and Capsules) Glycocalyx is a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall. Depending on the type of bacterial cells may or may not be surrounded by glycocalyx. The types of glycocalyx are slime layers and capsules. E. Flagella Flagella are thread-like, protein appendages that enable bacteria to move. Flagellated bacteria are said to be motile, whereas nonflagellated bacteria are unsually nonmotile. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ F. Pili (Fimbriae) Pili or fimbriae are hair-like structures, most often observed on gram-negative bacteria. Pili are much thinner than flagella, have a rigid structure and are not associated with motility. Pili are organelles of attachments that is, they enable bacteria to adhere to surfaces. G. Spores (Endospores) Bacterial spores are referred to as endospores, and the process by which they are formed is called sporulation. Endospores enable bacteria to survive in adverse conditions, such as temperature extremes, desiccation and lack of nutrients. III. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS Taxonomy is the science of the classification of organisms. Its goal is to show relationships among organisms. Taxonomy also provides a means of identifying organisms. THE STUDY OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS o Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. o The taxonomic hierarchy shows evolutionary, or phylogenetic, relationships among organisms. o Bacteria were separated into the Kingdom Prokaryotae in 1968. o Living organisms were divided into five kingdoms in 1969. The three Domains 1. Eukarya ‒ Includes animals, plants, and fungi. 2. Bacteria ‒ includes all of the pathogenic prokaryotes as well as many of the nonpathogenic prokaryotes found in soil and water. The photoautotrophic prokaryotes are also in this domain 3. Archaea ‒ includes prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They often live in extreme environment and carry out unusual metabolic processes. Archaea include three major groups: 1. Methanogens, strict anaerobes that produce methane (CH4) from carbon dioxide and hydrogen 2. Extreme halophiles, which require high concentrations of salt for survival 3. Hyperthermophiles, which normally grow in extremely hot environments The Taxonomic Hierarchy o A eukaryotic species is a group of organisms that interbreed with each other but do not breed with individuals of another species. o Similar species are grouped into a genus; similar genera are grouped into a family; families, into an order; orders into a class; classes, into a phylum; phyla, into a kingdom; and kingdoms, into a domain. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ Classification of Eukaryotes Eukaryotic species ‒ A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves. Kingdom Protista ‒ A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms; currently being assigned to kingdoms Protist ‒ refer to unicellular eukaryotes and their close relatives. Kingdom Fungi ‒ The Kingdom Fungi includes the unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and macroscopic species such as mushrooms ‒ The cells of a multicellular fungus are commonly joined to form thin tubes called hyphae. ‒ Fungi develop from spores or from fragments of hyphae. Kingdom Plantae ‒ The Kingdom Plantae (plants) includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. All members of this kingdom are multicellular ‒ To obtain energy, a plant uses photosynthesis, a process that converts carbon dioxide and water into organic molecules used by the cell. Kingdom Animalia ‒ The kingdom of multicellular organisms called Animalia (animals) includes sponges, various worms, insects, and animals with backbones (vertebrates). ‒ Animals obtain nutrients and energy by ingesting organic matter through a mouth of some kind Classification of Prokaryotes Prokaryotic species ‒ A population of cells with similar characteristics. ‒ Divided into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea ‒ Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is standard reference on bacterial classification Culture ‒ Bacteria grown at any given time in media. Clone ‒ Population of cells derived from a single parent cell. Strain ‒ Genetically different cells with in a clone. ‒ are identified by numbers, letters, or names that follow the specific epithet. Classification of Viruses Viral species ‒ Population of viruses with similar characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche. Viruses ‒ not placed in kingdom nor domain – not composed of cells – cannot grow without a host cell. ‒ Obligatory intracellular parasites This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ Three hypotheses on the origin of viruses: (1) They arose from independently replicating strands of nucleic acids (such as plasmids). (2) They developed from degenerative cells that, through many generations, gradually lost the ability to survive independently but could survive when associated with another cell. (3) They coevolved with host cells. METHODS OF CLASSIFYING AND IDENTIFYING MICROORGANISMS 1. Morphological characteristics -Useful for identifying eukaryotes. 2. Differential staining -Gram-staining and Acid-fast staining 3. Biochemical test -Determines presence of bacterial enzymes o Rapid identification methods -are manufactured for groups of medically important bacteria, such as the enterics. -Such tools are designed to perform several biochemical tests simultaneously and can identify bacteria within 4 to 24 hours. 4. Serology -Serology is the science that studies serum and immune responses that are evident in serum -Involves reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies: Combine known antiserum with unknownbacterium -Useful in determining the identity of strains and species, as well as relationships among organisms. Examples o Slide Agglutination o ELISA o Western Blot 5. Phage Typing is a test for determining to which phages a bacterium is susceptible. a. grow a “lawn” of bacteria to be tested on agar plate b. “dot” different test phage samples on surface c. after ~24 hr, clear zones appear where bacteria have been infected & killed d. profile of phage sensitivity can reveal ID of bacteria 6. Fatty Acid Profile -Bacteria synthesize a wide variety of fatty acids, and in general, these fatty acids are constant for a particular species. -Fatty acid profiles, called FAME (fatty acid methyl ester), are widely used in clinical and public health laboratories. 7. Flow Cytometry -A moving fluid containing the bacterial is forced through a small opening; can be used to identify bacteria in a sample w/ out culturing the bacteria. -Fluorescence can be used to detect naturally fluorescent cells, such as Pseudomonas, or cells tagged with fluorescent dyes -detect Listeria in milk This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ 8. DNA Sequencing -Members of the same genera or species have nearly identical DNA sequences, and hence the same proportions of G/C base pairs & A/T base pairs: -because they base pair, G = C and A = T -G/C + A/T = 100% (e.g., if G/C = 40% then A/T = 60%) Determining the G/C content of the -DNA from a test organism and comparing to known values is a quick way to eliminate possible identities: -if %G/C is different, cannot be a match -if %G/C is same, might be a match but additional testing is necessary to confirm 9. DNA Fingerprinting -Comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences -DNA from seven different bacteria was digested with the same restriction enzyme. -Each digest was put in a different well (origin) in the agarose gel. -An electrical current was then applied to the gel to separate the fragments by size and electrical charge. -The DNA was made visible by staining with a dye that fluoresces under ultraviolet light. 10. Nucleic Acid Hybridization -measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism Examples of applications: o Southern Blotting o DNA Chips o FISH Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) -Used to increase or amplify the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by gel electrophoresis. -use PCR, reverse-transcription PCR, and real-time PCR -PCR is used to determine the causative agent of Whipple’s disease, which was previously an unknown and bacterium now named Tropheryma whipplei DNA Chips ‒ aka Microarray ‒ composed of DNA probes ‒ which can quickly detect a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogen Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) ‒ Used to identify, determine abundance and activity of microorganism in an environment that cannot be cultivated. ‒ FISH can be used to detect bacteria in drinking water or bacteria in a patient without the normal 24-hour or longer wait required to culture the bacteria This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (10 mins) Instructions: Give what is asked below. 1. Differentiate protozoa and virus _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe microbial intoxication _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins) Instruction: To review what was learned from this session, please go back to “What I Learned” column. Notice and reflect on any changes in your answers. Activity 5: Check for Understanding (10 mins) Instruction: IDENTIFICATION. Write your answers in the blank before the number. ___________________________1. The control center in prokaryotic cells ___________________________2. The energy factory in eukaryotic cells. ___________________________3. Microbes that do not cause disease under ordinary conditions but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself ___________________________4. A test determining the presence of bacterial enzymes ___________________________5. A method useful in identifying eukaryotes This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  Course Code: PHA 046 (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology) Student Activity Sheet # 1 Name: ________________________________________________ Class number: ____ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________________________ Date: _____________ C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) A. Work Tracker: You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just completed. P1 P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B. Think about your Learning: Tell me about your thoughts. What surprised you about the lesson today? Explain why. _________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _________ FAQs 1. Are only some antibiotics require the participation of microorganisms in the manufacturing process? Ans: No. products like foods (eg., milk and butter), alcoholic beverages (eg., beer and brandy), chemicals (eg., acetone and ethanol) and again antibiotics (eg., penicillin and streptomycin) require microbial participation in the manufacturing process. 2. Are diseases only caused by one microorganisms? Ans. No. Some diseases synergistic infections or polymicrobial infections are caused not by one particular microbe but the combined effects of two or more different microbes. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION