Biology Classification Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes viruses from living cells?

Viruses possess both DNA and RNA.

Viruses lack the ability to produce energy. (correct)

Viruses divide by mitosis.

Viruses can replicate independently.

How do viruses replicate?

They reproduce sexually with other viruses.

They divide through binary fission.

They undergo mitosis to create new viruses.

They replicate in the host cell using its machinery. (correct)

Which statement about viroids is accurate?

Viroids consist only of nucleic acid without a protein coating. (correct)

Viroids contain both protein and nucleic acid.

Viroids are a type of bacteria.

Viroids require a host cell to replicate like viruses.

What is a prion?

A proteinaceous infectious particle that lacks nucleic acid. Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses considered non-living?

They are inert outside of living hosts. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true for viruses?

They have the ability to carry out metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus specifically infects bacteria?

Bacteriophage Signup and view all the answers

How do algae differ from viruses?

Algae are unicellular or multicellular organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of any living organism?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbe is classified as acellular?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

True nucleus enclosed by a membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

Regulation of nutrient passage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cellular microbe?

Bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What does selective permeability of the cell membrane refer to?

Specific substances entering and leaving Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can be described as relying on what for reproduction?

The energy of a host cell Signup and view all the answers

Cytology is the study of what?

Cell structure and function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

Control functions of the entire cell Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nucleus serves as its protective covering?

Nuclear membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm known as?

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What gives rough endoplasmic reticulum its distinctive appearance?

Attached ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of ribosomes within a cell?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the packaging plant of the cell?

Golgi Complex Signup and view all the answers

What type of protoplasm is cytoplasm classified as?

Semifluid, gelatinous Signup and view all the answers

What connects the Golgi Complex to the endoplasmic reticulum?

Vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of flagella in flagellated cells?

To facilitate swimming through liquid environments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is true?

They are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is peptidoglycan primarily associated with in bacteria?

Bacterial cell wall composition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells?

To house enzymes and nutrients for metabolic functions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the action of crystal violet in the gram staining procedure?

It is the primary stain applied to bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

How do cilia differ from flagella in structure?

Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction do prokaryotic cells primarily employ?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What does structural staining help observe in bacteria?

Bacterial capsules, spores, and flagella Signup and view all the answers

What is microbial intoxication?

Illness caused by toxins produced by microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria?

Thin layer located between the outer and inner membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the control center in prokaryotic cells?

Nucleoid region Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the energy factory in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Microbes that have the potential to cause disease under certain conditions are referred to as what?

Opportunistic pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a test used to determine the presence of bacterial enzymes?

Biochemical testing Signup and view all the answers

Which method is useful in identifying eukaryotes?

DNA sequencing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria concerning their cell wall structure?

They have an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Algae

Photosynthetic eukaryotes
Wide variety of shapes
Both sexual and asexual reproduction forms
Can be unicellular or multicellular

Viruses

Possess either DNA or RNA, unlike living cells, which possess both
Unable to replicate on their own, replication depends on the viral nucleic acid once inserted into a host cell
Unlike cells, they do not divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis
Lack genes and enzymes needed for energy production
They require the ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites of the host cell for protein and nucleic acid production
Bacteriophages are a type of virus that specifically infect bacteria
Viroids are nucleic acid without a protein coating
Prions are infectious proteinacious particles without nucleic acids, associated with various neurologic diseases

Cell Structure and Function

The fundamental unit of any living organism
Exhibits the basic characteristics of life
Obtains nutrients from the environment to produce energy for metabolism and other life processes
There are two major categories of microbes: accellular microbes and cellular microbes
Acellular microbes include viroids and viruses
Cellular microbes include prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Viruses appear to be a result of regressive evolution
They are composed of just a few genes protected by a protein coat, and may contain one or a few enzymes
Viruses depend on the energy and metabolic machinery of a host cell to reproduce
Viruses are classified in a separate category, as they are acellular and do not have cells
Cytology is the study of the structure and function of cells

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Have a true nucleus, meaning that their DNA is enclosed by a nuclear membrane
Cell Membrane: Encloses and holds the cell together.
Cell Membrane Also known as the plasma, cytoplasmic, or cellular membrane
Cell Membrane: Is like the skin around the cell, separating the cell's contents from the outside world
Cell Membrane: Regulates the passage of nutrients, waste products, and secretions into and out of the cell
Cell Membrane: Is also selectively permeable, meaning only certain substances can enter and leave the cell.
Nucleus: Controls the functions of the entire cell, and can be thought of as the cell's "command center".
Nucleus: Contains linear DNA molecules and proteins
Nucleus: Composed of:
- Nucleoplasm: The material matrix or base material of the nucleus
- Chromosomes: Embedded in the nucleoplasm
- Nuclear Membrane: Serves as the skin around the nucleus, and contains holes through which large molecules can enter and exit the nucleus
Cytoplasm:: A type of protoplasm.
Cytoplasm: Is a semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix.
Cytoplasm: The location where most of the cell's metabolic reactions occur
Cytoplasm: The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding the granules and organelles, is sometimes referred to as the cytosol
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A highly convoluted set of membranes interconnected and arranged to form a transport network of tubules and flattened sacs within the cytoplasm.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Has a rough appearance due to the many ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the membranes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: ER where ribosomes are not attached
Ribosomes: Eukaryotic ribosomes range in diameter from 18 to 22 nm.
Ribosomes: Primarily composed of RNA
Ribosomes: The sites of protein synthesis within a cell
Golgi Complex: Also known as the Golgi apparatus or Golgi body.
Golgi Complex: Connects or communicates with the ER.
Golgi Complex: A stack of flattened, membranous sacs that completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins into mature, functional proteins.
Golgi Complex: Packages proteins into small membrane-enclosed vesicles for storage within the cell
Golgi Complex: Is also referred to as the "packaging plant"
Flagella: Used for locomotion in certain cells.
Flagella: Enable flagellated cells to swim through liquid environments.
Flagella: Are referred to as organelles of locomotion.
Cilia: Are also organelles of locomotion, but they are shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Prokaryotic cells: About 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Reproduction of prokaryotic cells: Binary fission, a simple division of one cell into two cells.
All bacteria are prokaryotes, as are the archaea.
Cell Membrane: Also known as the plasma, cytoplasmic, or cellular membrane.
Cell Membrane Encloses the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.
Cytoplasm: Semiliquid, composed of water, enzymes, dissolved oxygen (in some bacteria), waste products, essential nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Cytoplasm: A complex mixture of all the materials required by the cell for its metabolic functions.
Bacterial Cell Wall: The main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is a complex macromolecular polymer called peptidoglycan, also known as murein.
Peptidoglycan: Found only in bacteria.

Gram Staining

A staining procedure used to classify bacteria
Most bacteria are colorless, transparent, and difficult to observe.
Various staining methods have been devised to enable scientists to examine bacteria
Specific stains and staining techniques are used to observe bacterial cell morphology
A simple stain is sufficient to determine bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement
Structural staining procedures are used to observe bacterial capsules, spores, and flagella
Primary Stain: The application of crystal violet
Mordant: The application of iodine to intensify the color of the stain

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Description

Test your knowledge on the classifications of algae, viruses, and cell structure and function. This quiz covers the basic characteristics and reproduction mechanisms in these biological entities. Perfect for students studying biology and life sciences.