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TFN FINALS PRELIMS: — 1859 – Florence Nightingale published her views on HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE IN NURSING nursing care in "Notes on Nursing". The basis of nursing ANCIENT TIMES...

TFN FINALS PRELIMS: — 1859 – Florence Nightingale published her views on HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE IN NURSING nursing care in "Notes on Nursing". The basis of nursing ANCIENT TIMES practice was based on her ideas from this. — July 1860 – 15 hand-picked probationers entered the ANCIENT CULTURES BEFORE CHRIST Nightingale Training School, and the pattern for — Palliative care was primary provided for the sick by modern nursing came into being men. — 1860 – Florence Nightingale published "Note on — Egyptian were the first to develop and classify drugs Nursing: What it is and what it is not" and maintained health system to maintain health. — 1861 – Sally Louisa Tompkins opened a hospital for — Men were the caregivers, and women were Confederate soldiers in July. She was later made an midwives and wet nurses. officer in the army, the only woman to received that honor. THE CRUSADES (A.D. 1095-1291) — 1861–1865 – The American Civil War, American Army — Monks tended to the sick. nurses corps. — The Church established military nursing order, Knights — 1881 – Clara Barton became the first president of the Hospitalers. American Red Cross, which she founded. — 1893 – The Nightingale Pledge, composed by Lysttra THE RENAISSANCE (1500-1700) Gretel, was first used by the graduating class at the — Sick people were being taking care of at home. old Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan in the spring. — Nurses were expected to do household chores. — 1899 – The International Council of Nurses was — In 1601, the Church of England mandated the formed. Elizabethan Poor Law — Hospitals were considered a place to die. THE 20TH CENTURY — 1633 – The founding of the Daughters of Charity of — 1901 – United States Army Nurse Corp (NC) was Saint Vincent de Paul, Servants of the Sick Poor by Sts. established Vincent de Paul and Louise de Marillac — 1901 – New Zealand was the first country to regulate — 1645 – French nurse Jeanne Mance established nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, North America's first hospital. Registration Act. State registration for nurses began in New Zealand. THE 18TH CENTURY — 1902 – Ellen Dougherty of New Zealand became the — Start of industrial revolution first registered nurse in the world. — People migrated to cities. — Time of scientific innovation — 1902 – New York City Board of Education hired Lina — Considered the Age of Reason. A lot of myths were Rogers Struthers as North America's first school nurse. contradicted by scientific fact. — 1903 – The Armstrong Act of 1903 was passed in New York, requiring registration of nurses THE 19TH CENTURY — 1906 – The first nursing school Union Mission Hospital — 1810s-1811 – The grand re-opening of Sydney Hospital Training School for Nurses/ Iloilo Mission Hospital (founded 1788 as a tent hospital). Convict men and training school for Nurses, now Central Philippines women undertook the nursing. University–College of Nursing, was established in the — 1838 – The first trained nurses arrived in Sydney, they Philippines. were five Irish Sisters of Charity. — 1922 – Filipino Nurses Association was founded. — 1839 – Nursing Society of Philadelphia (NSP). — 1943 – Mary Elizabeth Lancaster (Carnegie) was Established appointed the acting director of the Division of — 1850 – Instructional school for nurses opened by NSP. Nursing Education at Hampton Institute in Hampton, — 1850 – Florence Nightingale, a pioneer of modern Virginia. Through her direction the first baccalaureate nursing, begins her training as a nurse at the Institute nursing program in the Commonwealth of Virginia is of St. Vincent de Paul at Alexandria, Egypt. created. — 1854 – Florence Nightingale and 38 volunteer nurses — 1951 – Males joined nursing in the United Kingdom were sent to Turkey on October 21 to assist with — 1952 – Hildegard Peplau presented Interpersonal caring for the injured of the Crimean War. Relations Theory — 1855 – Mary Seacole leaves London on January 31 to — 1966 – The Filipino Nurses Association was renamed as establish a "British Hotel" at Balaklava in the Crimea. The Philippine Nurses Association — 1976 – Roy Adaptation Theory published, Sister Callista Roy nursing theorist TFN FINALS — 1979 – Dr. Watson's first book published, based on her — the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or theory of caring method of a theory — 1985 – Miss Virginia Henderson is presented with the – the exercise of a profession first Christianne Reimann Prize by the International SIGNIFICANCE OF DISCIPLINE Council of Nurses in June — Provides a general focus for curriculum design. — A guide in curricular decision making. — Offer framework for generating knowledge and new HISTORY OF NURSING THEORY ideas. CURRICULUM ERA1860-195 — Assists in discovering knowledge gap in specific field — Emphasis was on what courses nursing students of study. should take — Offer a systematic approach to identify questions for — Mid 1930’s – standardized nursing curriculum was study, select variables, interpret findings and validate published nursing interventions. — Started as hospital-based diploma program SIGNIFICANCE OF PRACTICE RESEARCH EMPHASIS ERA1950’s — Assists nurses to describe, explain and predicts — This era came about as more and more nurses embraced higher education. everyday experiences. — Nurses began to participate in research, and — Serve to guide assessment, intervention and research courses began to be included in the nursing evaluation of nursing care. curricula. — Help to establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care. GRADUATE EDUCATION ERA — Help build a common terminology to use in — Master’s degree programs in nursing emerged to communicating with other health professionals. meet the public need for nurses with specialized — Enhance autonomy by defining its own independent clinical nursing education functions. — Theory development emerged as a product of professional scholarship and growth among nurse leaders, administrators, educators, and practitioners HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE who sought higher education. NURSING AS A SCIENCE THEORY UTILIZATION ERA — Science is a logical, systematic and coherent way to — Emphasis shifted to theory application in nursing solve a problem. practice, education, administration, and research. — It is a collection of facts known in an area and the — It restored balance between research and practice process used to obtain that knowledge. for knowledge development in the discipline of nursing. NURSING AND PHILOSOPHY — Philosophy studies concepts that structure thought processes, foundations and presumptions. NURSING THEORY — A body of knowledge that describes or explains — Epistemology – is a branch of philosophy that is nursing and is used to support nursing practice. concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. — An organized and systematic articulation of a set of It is referred to as the “theory of Knowledge” statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing. Why should nurses be interested in the history and philosophy of science? — is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships and — The history and philosophy of science is important as assumptions or propositions derived from nursing a foundation for exploring whether scientific results models or from other disciplines and projects a are actually truth. purposive systematic view of phenomena by designing specific interrelationships among concepts — Nursing science provides us with knowledge to for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting describe, explain and predict outcomes. (McCrae, and/or prescribing. 2011, p. 222) SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING THEORY RATIONALISM — It is the epistemological theory that significant Discipline knowledge of the world can best be achieved by a — a branch of knowledge, a specialty or subject area priori means. – branch of learning or instruction — It is a reliance on reason as the only reliable source of Practice human knowledge. — Theory-then-research strategy TFN FINALS — Rationalism is a fairly straight-forward way of thinking that promotes the belief that knowledge can be CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY gained outside of experience. — Interrelating concept to create a different way of looking at relating concept EMPIRICISM — Used by practitioner to guide their practice — It is based on the central idea that scientific — Consistent with other validated theories, laws and knowledge can be derived only from sensory principles but will leave open unanswered questions experience (i.e., seeing, feeling, hearing facts). that need to be investigated. — Francis Bacon received credit for popularizing the COMPONENTS OF THEORY basis for the empiricist approach to inquiry. Concepts — Research-then-theory strategy — It helps to describe or label phenomenon. — “An elderly patient has been in a trauma and e.g. Levine’s Conservation Model: appears to be crying. (1) conservation, — the nurse on admission observes that the patient has (2) adaptation, marks on her body and believes that she has been (3) wholeness King’s Theory of Goal Attainment: abused; (1) personal system, — the orthopedist has viewed an x-ray and believes (2) interpersonal system, and that the crying patient is in pain due to a fractured (3) social system femur that will not require surgery only a closed reduction; Definitions — the chaplain observes the patient crying and — The definitions within the description of a theory convey the general meaning of the concepts in believes the patient needs spiritual support.” a manner that fits the theory. — Empirical research is research using empirical e.g. Levine’s Conservation Model defines evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by conservation as keeping together of the life means of direct and indirect observation or system. experience. — It is a position that holds that the goal of knowledge is Assumptions simply to describe the phenomena that we — Are statements that describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual. experience. The purpose of science is simply to stick e.g. Levine’s Conservation Model individuals to what we can observe and measure. Knowledge of continuously defend their wholeness; adaptation anything beyond that, a positivist would hold, is is an ongoing process of change; nursing is impossible. human interaction; nurses promote wholeness through the use of conservation principle Phenomenon STRUCTURE OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE — Is an aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced. CONCEPT – Nursing theories focus on the — A mental idea of a phenomenon phenomena of nursing and nursing care — A unit of thought like caring, self-care, and client’s — A comprehensive idea or generalization. response. — The building blocks of theory — It may be abstract or concrete. CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES Nursing Philosophy CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK/MODEL — It is the most abstract type and sets forth the — A set of concepts and the prepositions that integrate meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, them into a meaningful configuration. (Marriner- reasoning, and logical presentation. Tomey and Aligood, 1998) e.g. Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner — Composed of concepts or construct that describe ideas about individuals, groups, situations and events Nursing Conceptual Models of particular interest or discipline. — These are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. NURSING THEORY These theories address the nursing — A body of knowledge that describes or explains metaparadigm and explain the relationship nursing and is used to support nursing practice. between them. — An organized and systematic articulation of a set of e.g. Levine, Rogers, Roy, King, and Orem statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing. Grand Nursing Theories TFN FINALS — Are works derived from nursing philosophies, 4. Nursing is an art and a science conceptual models, and other grand theories 5. Nursing is achieved through environmental that are generally not as specific as middle- alteration range theories. 6. Nursing requires a specific educational base e.g. Levine, Rogers, Orem, and King 7. Nursing is distinct and separate from medicine Middle-Range Theories ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY PARADIGM — Are precise and answer specific nursing practice NURSING questions. They address the specifics of nursing — Defined as “the act of utilizing the patient’s situations within the model’s perspective or environment to assist him in his recovery.” theory from which they are derived. — “What nursing has to do… is to put the patient in the e.g. Mercer, Reed, Mishel, and Barker. best condition for nature to act upon him” (Nightingale, 1859/1992) NURSING PARADIGM — Provided fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good diet, — The elements of the nursing paradigm direct the quiet to facilitate person’s reparative process. activity of the nursing profession. — Nursing paradigm includes four linkages: the person, PERSON health, environment/situation and nursing. — the one receiving care; a dynamic and complex being. — Patient who is acted on by nurse — Affected by environment — Has reparative powers HEALTH — “Healthy is not only to be well, but to able to use well every power we have.” — Maintaining well-being by using a person’s powers — Maintained by control of environment ENVIRONMENT – Foundation of theory. Included everything, physical, psychological, and social — She identified 5 environmental factors: 1. fresh air 2. pure water 3. efficient drainage 4. cleanliness or sanitation 5. light or direct sunlight TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT 1. Physical environment – consist of physical aspect where the patient is treated. It can affect or influence the other aspect of the environment. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 2. Psychological environment – stress. It need activities to keep the mind active and involves — She is the first nurse theorist communication. — She was known as “The Lady with the Lamp.” — Starts taking care of the sick at age 17 3. Social environment – consists of the patient’s — Come from a wealthy family home, hospital room and community. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY MAJOR CONCEPTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY — Developed by Florence Nightingale in 1860 and 1. Ventilation and warming published in her book Notes on Nursing: What it is, 2. Light and noise what it is not. 3. Cleanliness of the area — The theory described that there is very strong 4. Health of houses relationship of a person with his/her environment, 5. Bed and bedding health and nurse 6. Personal cleanliness 7. Variety 7 ASSUMPTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY 8. Offering hope and advice 1. Natural laws 9. Food 2. Mankind can achieve perfection 3. Nursing is a calling