Nursing: Historical Perspective PDF

NURSING: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE  Early Schools of Nursing After the establishment of the Nightingale School in England, nursing programs flourished and the Nightingale system spread to other countries. In the United States, much of the push for nursing educa...

NURSING: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE  Early Schools of Nursing After the establishment of the Nightingale School in England, nursing programs flourished and the Nightingale system spread to other countries. In the United States, much of the push for nursing education occurred shortly after the Civil War, during which the lack of trained nurses presented a serious concern.  The Establishment of Early School As early as 1798, a pioneer physician, Dr. Valentine Seaman had initiated the first system of instruction for nurses at New York Hospital. A society was formed in 1839 called the Nurse Society of Philadelphia, and a combined Home and School were opened. The Woman’s Hospital of Philadelphia, which operated under the direction of two female physicians, opened a training school in 1861. The nursing services provided by most hospitals during the 1860s were disorganized and inadequate Cont’d In 1869, the American Medical Association established a committee to study the issue of training for nurses. The New England Hospital for Women and Children is often credited with being the first hospital to establish a formal 1-year program to train nurses in 1872. By 1873, three additional schools had opened: the Bellevue Training School in New York City, the Connecticut Training School in New Haven, and the Boston Training School. In 1888, the Mills School of Nursing at Bellevue Hospital opened to train male nurses for patient care. Similar movements to establish nursing schools were occurring in other countries. In 1868, a school was organized in Sydney Hospital, Australia. In Edinburgh, Scotland, a program was started at the Royal Infirmary. The Mack Training School in St. Catherines, Canada, was started in 1884 Characteristics of the Early Schools The strong militaristic & religious influences over nursing were embodied in the expectations held for nursing students. The nurse in training was expected to yield to her superiors obedience characteristic of a good soldier and actions governed by the dedication to duty derived from religious devotion. Typically, nursing students were about 21 years of age, single, and female. Initially, nursing education resulted in students providing much of the workforce of hospitals. The workday was long, starting at 5:30 in the morning and ending with nursing prayers very late at night, and consisted primarily of work on the hospital wards. Cont’d There was no standardization of curriculum and no accreditation. The few lectures that were part of the program were usually given by physicians and scheduled at 8 or 9 PM after a long day of work. A 7-day workweek was the standard, and the help needed on the hospital units took precedence over the education of the young women. Lectures were canceled if students were needed to care for patients.  Schools Development As schools developed, there were some changes in the curriculum, work hours were decreased, the length of study was increased, and the theory component was organized into specific areas of care such as medical, surgical, and obstetric nursing. Hospital-based programs remained largely unchanged through the 1940s and 1950s.  Early Textbooks and Journals There were few textbooks prior to 1900, a factor that complicated the learning process. Many of the lectures presented by physicians were given from notes they had taken. The first nursing textbook was reportedly the Hand-book of Nursing for Family and General Use, written by a committee composed of physicians and nurses at New Haven Hospital. Five different journals for nurses were published before 1901. The first appeared in 1886 and was entitled The Nightingale. The Beginning of Nursing Organizations By the end of the 19th century, changes were accomplished most effectively through organizations. The International Council of Nurses The International Council of Nurses (ICN), the oldest of all international nursing organizations, was formed in 1899. The membership originally was composed of self-governing national nurses’ associations. Its purpose was to encourage communication among nurses of all nations and to provide opportunities for nurses from all over the world to meet and discuss concerns about the profession and about patient care. At the present time, the International Council of Nurses meets once every 4 years American Nurses Association (ANA) Established 1911. Purpose: To improve the quality of nursing care. Establishes standards for nursing practice. Establishes a professional code of ethics. Develops educational standards Oversees a credentialing system. Influences legislation affecting health care.  National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES): established 1941. Goals: to improve the quality, education, and recognition of nursing school.  The development of hospitals at U.S The first hospital was started in Philadelphia in 1751. The New York Hospital in New York City was established in 1773, primarily to prevent the spread of infectious diseases brought by sailors and immigrants. By 1840, eight hospitals to treat the mentally ill had been established.  Factors Affecting the Development of Hospitals in US 1. Advances in medical science 2. The development of medical technology. 3. Changes in medical education. 4. Growth of the health insurance industry. 5. Greater involvement of the Government. 6. The emergence of professional nursing.  The history for nursing development in Jordan The history of nursing development in Jordan is a story of rapid progress, particularly since the 1970s. Here's a breakdown of some key milestones: ▪ Early Beginnings: The exact origins of nursing in Jordan are not entirely clear, but the military played a significant role. The Royal Medical Services (RMS) established a training center in 1960, likely influenced by British and American models of nursing education.  The history for nursing development in Jordan ▪ Fast-Track Development: The 1970s marked a turning point for Jordanian nursing. Several factors contributed to its rapid advancement, including: 1. Affiliation of nursing schools with universities. 2. Introduction of baccalaureate (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) programs, allowing nurses to receive higher education. 3. Establishment of clear entry-level qualifications for nursing practice. 4. Strong leadership in the nursing profession  The history for nursing development in Jordan ▪ Outcomes and Challenges Today, Jordanian nursing enjoys a good reputation compared to other countries in the region. The Jordanian nursing regulatory body holds a high position, reporting directly to the Prime Minister.However, there are ongoing discussions about how to better align educational advancements with the practical realities of nursing work.  Government body regulating nurses in Jordan There are two main national organizations in Jordan for nursing: The Jordanian Nursing Council (JNC) is a government institution responsible for regulating the nursing profession in Jordan. It was established in 2002 and is chaired by Her Royal Highness Princess Muna Al Hussein. The JNC sets standards for nursing practice, issues licenses to nurses, and investigates complaints against nurses https://jnc.gov.jo/Default/Ar  The Jordanian Nursing Council (JNC) Roles The Jordanian Nursing Council (JNC) plays a multifaceted role in overseeing and supporting the nursing profession in Jordan. Here's a breakdown of their key responsibilities: 1. Regulation and Standards: Setting the Strategy: The JNC charts the course for development and organization within the nursing field. Education Policy: They propose educational policies for nurses, aligning them with Jordan's higher education system. Practice Standards: The JNC establishes and enforces standards for nursing practice, ensuring quality care. Licensing: They issue licenses to nurses, verifying their qualifications to practice.  The Jordanian Nursing Council (JNC) Roles 2. Development and Advocacy: Human Resource Development: The JNC works to cultivate a skilled nursing workforce by promoting education and training. Research Support: They encourage and support scientific research to advance nursing knowledge and practices. Policymaking: The JNC participates in shaping policies and legislation related to nursing, ensuring the profession's voice is heard. 3. Public Protection: Accountability: The JNC promotes a culture of accountability within the profession, ensuring nurses are competent and ethical. Complaint Investigation: They address complaints against nurses, safeguarding the public from malpractice.  Government body regulating nurses in Jordan The Jordan Nurses and Midwives Council (JNMC) is a professional association that represents the interests of nurses and midwives in Jordan. It was founded in 1972 and currently has over 35,000 members. The JNMC advocates for the rights of nurses and midwives, promotes continuing education, and provides support to its members. https://jnmc.jo/index.php/about-us-7/  The Jordan Nurses and Midwives Council (JNMC) Roles The Jordan Nurses and Midwives Council (JNMC) focuses on representing and supporting nurses and midwives in Jordan, distinct from the regulatory role of the JNC. Here's a breakdown of their key functions: 1. Advocacy and Representation: ▪ Protecting Rights: The JNMC acts as a voice for nurses and midwives, advocating for fair treatment and working conditions. ▪ Policy Influence: They work to influence healthcare policies that impact nurses, midwives, and the public. ▪ Professional Development: The JNMC promotes continuing education and professional development opportunities for its members.  The Jordan Nurses and Midwives Council (JNMC) Roles 2. Promoting the Profession: Ethical Conduct: They uphold the ethical standards and code of conduct for nurses and midwives. Public Image: The JNMC works to enhance the public's perception of the nursing and midwifery professions. Member Support: They provide support services and resources to their members, addressing their concerns and needs. 3. Well-being and Security: Decent Work Environment: The JNMC advocates for safe and ethical working environments for nurses and midwives. Benefits and Welfare: They work to secure decent living conditions for members, including benefits during active service, disability, and retirement.  The history for hospitals development in Jordan Early Beginnings (1880s - 1920s): Missionary Influence: The seeds of modern hospitals were sown in the late 19th century with the establishment of clinics by missionary societies. The Church Missionary Society (CMS) opened a clinic in Al-Salt in 1883, which later expanded into an 11-bed hospital in 1904.  The history for hospital development in Jordan Emergence of Government Healthcare (1920s onwards) First Government Hospital: The year 1920 marked a turning point with the founding of "Al-Baladiya Hospital" in Amman, offering basic medical and surgical services. Focus on Public Health: The 1920s also saw the establishment of several epidemic disease hospitals in different districts to control outbreaks. Expansion and Specialization: Following these initial steps, the government built hospitals in various cities like Irbid, Al Karak, Ma'an, Jarash, and Aqaba, catering to a wider population.  The history for hospital development in Jordan Post-Independence Growth (Mid-20th Century onwards): Increased Capacity: As Jordan gained independence in 1946, the government continued expanding healthcare infrastructure. Hospitals grew in size and capacity. Diversification of Services: Specialized hospitals focusing on specific areas like maternity, pediatrics, and mental health emerged. Private Sector Contribution: The private sector began playing a more prominent role, establishing hospitals offering advanced medical services.  The history for hospital development in Jordan Modern Developments (Late 20th Century - Present): Technology Adoption: Hospitals in Jordan have embraced advancements in medical technology, offering improved diagnosis and treatment options. Focus on Quality: There's a growing emphasis on improving healthcare quality through accreditation programs and international collaboration. Accessibility and Equity: Efforts are underway to ensure wider accessibility and address healthcare disparities across different regions.