MIDTERMS Reviewer - NCMB210 - Historical Perspective of Nursing and the Computer - 2023-2024

NCMB210 LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER WEEK 1 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING...

NCMB210 LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER WEEK 1 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DINO, PhD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: ASHLEY G. IGLESIAS, SN There are only few experts who attempted to adapt computers to health care. During this period the image of nursing profession is undergoing major changes. Initially, computers were used for business office transactions. SIX TIME PERIODS ○ PRIOR TO 1960s: SIMPLE BEGINNINGS Early computers used punch cards to store data and card readers to read computer programs, sort, and prepare data for processing. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER Linked together and operated by paper tape and used teletypewriters to print COMPUTER their output. Referred to as Information Technology. ○ 1960s: ISSUES AND NURSING INFORMATICS Synonymous to NIS, NCA, and NI. RESEARCHES Used to manage information in patient care, monitor quality The use of computer technology in of nursing care and evaluate care outcomes. healthcare settings began to be With networks are now used in communicating data via the questioned. internet, accessing resources and interacting with patients on Nursing standards were reviewed and the World Wide Web (WWW). resources were analyzed. NURSING INFORMATICS Introduction of new computer technology Refers to integration of nursing, its information and such as Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT). information management with information processing and HISs were primarily developed to process information technology to support the health of the people financial transactions. worldwide (IMIA, 1998). Computer vendors were beginning to A specialty that integrates nursing, computer and information penetrate the healthcare field but progress science to manage and communicate data, information and is slow. knowledge in nursing practice (ANA, 2006). ○ 1970s: GIANT LEAP FOR NI Facilitates the integration of data, information and knowledge Nurses begin to recognize the value of the to support patients, nurses and other providers in their computer for their profession. decision-making in all roles and settings. Nurses assisted in the design of HISs. Computer applications for financial and CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM management functions of patient care Refers to a set of components that form the mechanism by systems were perceived as cost saving which patient records are created, used, stored, and retrieved technologies. and usually located within a healthcare provider setting. Several states & large community health Includes people, data, rules and procedures, processing, and agencies in the US developed and/or storage devices, communication and support facilities (IOM, contracted their own computer-based 1991). management information systems (MISs). MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ○ 1980s: EMERGENCE OF INFORMATICS FIELD SIX TIME PERIOD NI became an accepted specialty and many FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS nursing experts entered the field. STANDARD INITIATIVES The need for nursing software evolved and SIGNIFICANT LANDMARKS nursing education identified the need to ○ PRIOR TO 1960s: SIMPLE BEGINNINGS update practice standards, determine data Computers were first developed in the late standards, vocabularies and classification 1930s to early 1940s, but use in the schemes that could be coded for computer healthcare industry occurred in the 1950s. based patient Record Systems (CPRs). NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER 1  NCMB210 LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER WEEK 1 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DINO, PhD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: ASHLEY G. IGLESIAS, SN Nursing Education identified the need to Health Insurance Portability and update practice standards, determine data Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was standrds, vocabularies and classification enacted. schemes that could be coded for Standardized transaction and code sets Computer-based Patient Record Systems were implemented to protect security and (CPRs). ensure privacy and confidentiality of Many mainframe HISs integrated nursing healthcare data. subsystems that documented several aspects of the patient record. Microcomputers/PCs emerged that made MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE computers more accessible, affordable, FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS and usable by nurses. ○ NURSING PRACTICE ○ 1990s: AFFIRMATION OF NI AS A SPECIALTY FIELD Integration of NCPs, patient care data, Computer technology became an integral nursing practice itself as part of the part of the healthcare settings, nursing EHR/HER. practice and nursing profession. Nursing practice data emerged with the Policies and Legislation were adopted introduction of several nursing promoting computer technology in terminologies usable for the EHR. healthcare including Nursing. ○ NURSING ADMINISTRATION NI was approved by ANA as a new Nursing Hospital policies and procedure manuals specialty. are accessed and retrieved by computers. Need for computer-based nursing practice Work load measures, acuity systems and standards, data standards, nursing other nursing department systems are minimum data sets, and National online and integrated with the hospital or databases emerged concurrently with a patients’s HER system or in separate need for a unified nursing language. nursing department systems. Nursing Administrators demanded the Digital libraries, online resources, and inclusion of Nursing protocols in the HISs. research protocols at bedside. Nursing Educators require use of ○ NURSING EDUCATION innovative technologies for all levels and Computer-enhances, courses, online types of nursing and patient education. courses, and/or distance education. Nurse Researchers required knowledge Campus-wide computer systems are presentation, decision support, and expert available for students. systems based on aggregated data. New educational teaching methodologies Development of smaller, faster computers and strategies. and internet connection made it possible ○ NURSING RESEARCH for the information and knowledge Software programs are available for databases to to be integrated in bedside processing both Qualitative and systems. Quantitative research data. ○ POST 2000: RAPID GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Databases supporting nursing research OF NI emerged. Development of wireless point of care, Online access to millions of web resources open source solutions, regional database around the world. projects and increased IT solutions on STANDARDS INITIATIVES healthcare environment. ○ NURSING PRACTICE & EDUCATION STANDARDS Clinical information systems became ○ NURSING CONTENT STANDARDS individualized in the EPR. ○ CONFIDENTIALITY & SECURITY STANDARDS Mobile computing devices were also ○ ANA started to utilize in healthcare. NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER 2  NCMB210 LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER WEEK 1 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DINO, PhD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: ASHLEY G. IGLESIAS, SN Contributes in the development and legislation (patient consent, recommendation of standards of nursing organizations handling PHI, and practice worldwide. increased penalties for security Nursing scope & standards of practice breaches). (2004). Recommended that the nursing process YEAR EVENT serve as the conceptual framework for the documentation of the Nursing practice. 1961 Health Information & Nursing Informatics Scope and Standards Management System Society of Practice (2008). (HIMSS) was founded. Builds on clinical practice standards, outlining further the importance for 1965 1st Hospital Information System (HIS) at El Camino Hospital. implementing standardized content to support nursing practice by NI specialists. 1973 First Invitation conference on ○ JCAHO Management Information Focuses on the need for adequate records Systems (MIS) for on patients in hospitals and practice of public/community health standards for the documentation of care agencies @ Fairfox Virginia. by nurses. 1977 First Research: State of the Art Recommended acuity systems to Conference on Nursing determine resources use as well as Information System (NIS), required care plans for documenting Chicago. nursing care. ○ PNA AND BON 1979 First Military Conference for PNA Computer, Washington. Founded on September 2, 1922. 1980 First Workshop, University of Member of the International Akron, Ohio. Council for Nurses. Instigated the standardization of 1981 First National Conference, the nursing profession in the Bethesda, NIS Journal. Philippines. BON 1982 The National Conference became Empowered by RA 9173. an ANNUAL EVENT, New Jersey ○ NURSING DATA STANDARDS 1984 Computers in Nursing: First NURSING TERMINOLOGIES APPROVED BY Nursing Computer Journal ANA One of the American National 1985 Council on Nursing Informatics Standards Institutes (ANSI) that was formed in New York accredits Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) operating 1989 Graduate Program for NI was introduced (Maryland Univ and in the healthcare arena. Univ of Utah) ○ CONFIDENTIALITY & SECURIT STANDARDS Increasing access through electronic 1990 ANA Congress of Nursing capture and exchange of information Practice recognizes Nursing raised concerns about the privacy and Informatics as a specialty area. security of personal health information (PHI). 1991 International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP) was HITECH Act of 2009 initiated. Included the provisions for strengthening the original HIPAA NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER 3  NCMB210 LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER WEEK 1 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DINO, PhD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: ASHLEY G. IGLESIAS, SN 1992 ANA recognizes Nursing Informatics as a specialty by delineating the scope of practice. 1993 Electronic Library goes Online 1995 First International Nursing Informatics, Teleconference (Melbourne, Australia). 1996 First Harriet Werley Award for best nursing informatics paper. 1997 Nursing Information and Data Set Evaluation Center (NIDSEC) standards and scoring guidelines published to address documentation of nursing care. 1999 Nursing Vocabulary Summit Conference Held 2001 Canadian Informatics Nurses Association received emerging group from the Canadian Nurses Association. 2002 JCAHO identified clinical information systems as a way to improve safety and recommended that hospitals adopt technologies HIPAA deadline for electronic transaction standards enacted in October. 2003 President calls for widespread adaptation of Electronic Health Record (EHR) in 10 years. 2004 The office of the National Health Information Coordinator established. NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND THE COMPUTER 4  NCMB210 LESSON 2: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS FROM A HOSPITAL PERSPECTIVE WEEK 2 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: HAZEL S. DIMACULANGAN, SN THE FOUR (4) CRITERIA: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD Management – the organizational aspects of EHR implementation: Composed of Health Information regarding an individual patient that exists as part of a complete system designed to ○ Strategy provide access to and management of such information. ○ Planning Actively supports CLINICAL CARE by providing a wide variety ○ Project management of information services. ○ Governance Bring uncountable advantages in primary health care Functionality – delivered by the EHR to meet the detaching such as the faster access to information, the organizational objectives and the needs of patients and updated information, it allows having a clinical process with all end-users the patient clinical information and an easier access to Technology – technical design and architecture that enable information (ex: allows the simultaneous access from different the EHR to deliver the required functionality and performance locations). Impact → Value – concrete return on investment as well as intrinsic value derived from the implementation of the EHR Recognizable efforts in the development of EHR are distinguished by the Nicholas E. Davis Awards of Excellence NICHOLAS E. DAVIES AWARD OF EXCELLENCE PROGRAM Program whose history describes the improvement of EHR in A program intended to award and bring to national attention different settings. excellence in the implementation and derived value of EHRs. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: CPRI–HOST 2000 1989 – IOM 2 Major Conclusions: Healthcare industry's membership organization exclusively focused on providing global leadership for the optimal use of ○ Computer-based Patient Record (CPR) is an essential technology for healthcare and is an integral tool for healthcare information technology (IT) and management all professionals. systems for the betterment of healthcare. ○ Recognized that there was no national coordination HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SOCIETY (HIMSS) or champion for CPRs. The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society IOM recommended the creation of an independent institute (HIMSS) is the healthcare industry's membership organization to provide national leadership exclusively focused on providing global leadership for the CPR – An electronic patient record that resides in a system optimal use of healthcare information technology (IT) and designated to support users through the availability of management systems for the betterment of healthcare. complete and accurate data, practitioner reminders and alerts, Founded in 1961 with offices in Chicago, Washing ton D.C., clinical decision support systems, links to bodies of medical Brussels, and other locations across the United States and knowledge, and other aids. Europe, HIMSS represents more than 20,000 individual CPRI – COMPUTER BASED PATIENT RECORD INSTITUTE 1992: members and over 300 corporate members that collectively Created and given the mission to initiate and coordinate represent organizations employing millions of people. HIMSS urgently needed activities to develop, deploy, and routinely frames and leads healthcare public policy and industry use CPRs to achieve improved outcomes in healthcare quality, practices through its advocacy, educational and professional cost and access. development initiatives designed to promote information and A unique organization representing all stakeholders in management systems' contributions to ensuring quality healthcare focusing on clinical applications of information patient care. HIMSS has the following mission and vision: technology. ○ HIMSS Vision It was among the first nationally based organizations to initiate Advancing the best use of information and and coordinate activities to facilitate and promote the routine management systems for the betterment use of Computer-Based Patient Records (CPRs) throughout of health care healthcare. ○ HIMSS Mission CPR – PROJECT EVALUATION CRITERIA 1993: To lead change in the healthcare Formed the basis of a self-assessment that could be used by information and management systems organizations and outside reviewers to measure and evaluate field through knowledge sharing, the accomplishments of CPR projects. advocacy, collaboration, innovation, and community affiliations NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 2: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS FORM A HOSPITAL PERSPECTIVE 1  NCMB210 LESSON 2: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS FROM A HOSPITAL PERSPECTIVE WEEK 2 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: HAZEL S. DIMACULANGAN, SN HIMSS Davies Award Nicholas E. Davies 2002 1995 The HIMSS Nicholas E. Davies Awards of Excellence recognize ○ Intermountain Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT excellence in the implementation and use of health ○ Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, NY information technology, specifically EHRs, for healthcare ○ Department of Veterans Affairs organizations, private practices and public health systems. Nowadays Nicholas E. Davies Awards Excellence Program is 1996 managed by the Healthcare Information Management Systems ○ Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA Society, and has the following program objectives: 1997 ○ Promote the vision of EMR systems through ○ Kaiser Permanente of OHIO, Cleverland, OH concrete examples ○ North Mississippi Health Services, Tupelo, MS ○ Understand and share documented value of EHR ○ Regenstreif Institute for Health Care, IL systems 1998 ○ Provide visibility and recognition for high impact EHR ○ Northwestern Memorial Hospital,Chicago, IL system ○ Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR ○ Share successful EHR implementation strategies 1999 ○ Encourages and recognizes excellence in the ○ Kaiser Permanente, CO implementation of EHR system ○ Queens Medical Center Honolulu, HI Implementation 2000 Strategy ○ Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, MA Planning ○ VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Washington Project Management and Governance- ○ St. Vincent’s Hospital, Westchester Country, NY Strategy 2001 APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT PROCESS ○ University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center, OH Applications based on established objective criteria updated ○ The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus OH regularly reflecting EHR adoption changes 2003 Threshold application (11 pages) review to determine if ○ Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center applicant meets initial screens 2004 If threshold is met, full application of 50 pages is submitted for ○ Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Evaston, IL evaluation PRIMARY CARE Site Visit for confirmation of application The first primary care award was given on 2003. There are 7 recognized institutions. The list of 2003–2004 awardees are as AWARDS follows: CATEGORIES: 2003 ORGANIZATIONAL OR ACUTE CARE (1995) ○ Cooper Pediatric, Duluth, GA ○ Healthcare Provider Organizations ○ Evans Medical Group, Evans, GA AMBULATORY CARE (2003) ○ Roswell Pediatrics, Alpharetta, GA ○ Independent Ambulatory Care Practitioners 2004 PUBLIC HEALTH (2004) ○ Pennsylvania National Electronics Disease ○ Any Federal State, Tribal, Local, or Non-profit Health ○ Reporting System, Harrisburg, PA Program ○ South Dakota Department of Health Electronic COMMUNITY HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS (2008) ○ Vital Records and screening Systems, Pierre SD ○ Any Federal State, Tribal, Local, or Non-profit Health ○ Utah Statewide Immunization Information Organizations ○ System, Salt Lake City, UT ORGANIZATIONAL AWARD COMMON CHARACTERISTICS: The first organizational award was given in 1995. There are 20 Considered the Electronic Health Record (EHR) as a key recognized institutions. The list of awardees from 1995-2004 is component in the strategic vision. They understand that tabulated below: healthcare is an information business. The EHR implementation's strategic vision is defined by remarkably similar organizational goals. NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 2: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS FORM A HOSPITAL PERSPECTIVE 2  NCMB210 LESSON 2: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS FROM A HOSPITAL PERSPECTIVE WEEK 2 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: HAZEL S. DIMACULANGAN, SN Provision of adequate funding and appropriate resources needed for the project to realize success. Creation of governance of EHR System implementation Present short but concrete operational planning. Organize a documentation system for value for the implementing organization Allocation of cost-effective budget. DIFFERENCES: Variable years spent in EHR program development. Different external agenda and societal challenges. Application of new technologies and techniques. NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 2: ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS FORM A HOSPITAL PERSPECTIVE 3  NCMB210 LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE WEEK 3 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF TRANSCRIBED BY: MICAELLA RANE S. VALERIANO, SN Uses power to execute a few programs as COMPUTER fast as possible A computer is defined as a machine that is capable of ○ Mainframes performing a sequence of arithmetic and logic operations and the largest, fastest and most expensive with the following characteristics: type of computer for processing, storing and retrieving data and can access billions ○ It is a machine of characters of data ○ It is electronic ○ It is automatic Powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands ○ It can manipulate data of users simultaneously ○ It has memory ○ It has logic functions Uses power to execute more programs concurrently A computer system is capable of performing certain logical operation, provide new time dimension, has the ability to ○ Minicomputer store and retrieve information, control error and check itself. Multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. A computer is dependent on prepared instructions. It has no ability to derive meaning from objects and cannot correct Smaller version of mainframes or wrong instruction supporting the idea “GIGO” which means supercomputers “garbage in – garbage out”. ○ Workstation COMPONENTS: For engineering applications, publishing, software development. ○ Hardware - It refers to the tangible parts of a computer Moderately high power, but high quality graphics. ○ Software - Refers to any sequence of instruction that make it easier to communicate with computers. It High-res screen, large RAM, large mass also pertains to the programs that govern the storage device. operation of a computer that make the hardware Single-user computer but typically linked productive. together with other workstation to form a local network. ○ Peopleware/ Personnel - Refer to the user or people who work with the computer so that it can be used ○ Microcomputers / Personal Computers to find solutions to problems; it indirectly refers to is a digital computer system under the control of a stored program that uses a the persons who use the information generated by the computer. In medical and nursing informatics, it microprocessor, a programmable read only refers to the members of the healthcare team. memory (ROM) and random-access memory (RAM). CLASSIFICATION: ○ Analog - Used for scientific, engineering and Small, inexpensive computer designed for process-controlled purposes. individual users. ○ Digital - used for scientific, engineering and With various powers depending on price. process-controlled purposes. Perform simple ○ Handheld Computers/ PDAs mathematical operations of greater accuracy. is a handy computer which can be brought from one place to another. ○ Hybrid - special purpose machine that combines the measuring capabilities of analog and logical and HISTORY control capabilities of digital computers. Abacus (300 BC) TYPES: Jacquard’s PUNCHCARD (1801) ○ Supercomputer ANALYTIC ENGINE (1837) Charles Babbage machines with the capacities beyond large Pascaline (1642) Blaise Pascal computer systems with the speed of 100 Difference Engine (1822) Charles Babbage million instructions per second. Hollerith Desk (1890) Herman Holerith Extremely fast and performs hundreds of FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS millions of instructions per second ○ MARK 1 (1943) - Harvard University and IBM ○ ENIAC (1946) - Eckert and Mauchly NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE 1  NCMB210 LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE WEEK 3 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF TRANSCRIBED BY: MICAELLA RANE S. VALERIANO, SN ○ UNIVAC (1950s) - Remington Rand Corporation Minicomputers that began to bring computing into ○ Modern computing can probably be traced back to many smaller businesses. the 'Harvard Mk I' and Colossus (both of ○ Large scale integration of circuits led to the 1943). Colossus was an electronic computer built in development of very small processing units, an early Britain at the end 1943 and designed to example of this is the processor used for analyzing crack the German coding system - Lorenz cipher. flight data in the US Navy's F14A `TomCat' fighter jet. ○ The 'Harvard Mk I' was a more general This processor was developed by Steve Geller, Ray purpose electro-mechanical programmable Holt and a team from AiResearch and American computer built at Harvard University with backing Microsystems. from IBM. These computers were among the first of FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (RISE OF MODERN the 'first generation' computers. PERSONAL COMPUTER) ○ First generation computers were normally based ○ INTEL 8008 (1972) around wired circuits containing vacuum ○ APPLE (1976) valves and used punched cards as the main ○ IPAD (Present) (non-volatile) storage medium. Another general ○ On November 15th, 1971, Intel released the world's purpose computer of this era was 'ENIAC' (Electronic first commercial microprocessor, the 4004. Fourth Numerical Integrator and Computer) generation computers were developed, using a which was completed in 1946. It was typical of first microprocessor to locate much of the computer's generation computers, it weighed 30 tonnes processing abilities on a single (small) chip. contained 18,000 electronic valves and consumed ○ Coupled with one of Intel's inventions - the RAM around 25 KW of electrical power. It was, chip (Kilobits of memory on a single chip) - the however, capable of an amazing 100,000 calculations microprocessor allowed fourth generation a second. computers to be even smaller and faster than ever SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS before. ○ Transistors (1950s) ○ The 4004 was only capable of 60,000 instructions ○ IBM 1620 per second, but later processors (such as the 8086 ○ IBM 1401 that all of Intel's processors for the IBM PC and ○ The next major step in the history of computing was compatibles are based) brought ever increasing the invention of the transistor in 1947. This replaced speed and power to the computers. the inefficient valves with a much smaller and more ○ Supercomputers of the era were immensely reliable component powerful, like the Cray-1 which could calculate 150 ○ Transistorized computers are normally referred to as million floating point operations per second. 'Second Generation' and dominated the late 1950s ○ The first personal computer was the MITS Altair and early 1960s. Despite using transistors and 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was printed circuits these computers were still bulky and followed by computers such as the Apple I and II, strictly the domain of Universities and governments. Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS in 1981. ○ Microchip (1960s) ○ Although processing power and storage capacities ○ IBM 360 have increased beyond all recognition since the ○ IBM 370 1970s the underlying technology of LSI (large scale ○ The explosion in the use of computers began with integration) or VLSI (very large scale integration) 'Third Generation' computers. These relied Jack St. microchips has remained basically the same, so it is Claire Kilby's invention - the integrated circuit or widely regarded that most of today's computers still microchip; the first integrated circuit was produced belong to the fourth generation. in September 1958 but computers using them didn't begin to appear until 1963. ○ While large ‘mainframes' such as the I.B.M. 360 increased storage and processing capabilities further, the integrated circuit allowed the development of NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE 2  NCMB210 LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE WEEK 3 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF TRANSCRIBED BY: MICAELLA RANE S. VALERIANO, SN SUMMARY: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS The control unit carries out the machine language functions called fetch, execute, decode and store. ○ INPUT DEVICES Keyboard - A set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer. Mouse - A hand-controlled hardware device for interacting with a computer terminal. Light pen - A light-sensitive input device shaped like a pen, used to draw on the computer screen or to make menu selections. Voice input - Allow a person to access a computer without using a keyboard or COMPUTER HARDWARE mouse instead speaking on a microphone DEFINITION to input data. ○ Defined as all of the physical components (objective) Scanner - A device that reads a printed of the machine itself. page and converts it into a graphics image ○ The basic hardware of the computer includes the for the computer. electronic circuits, microchips, processors and the Webcam - A camera that records video or motherboard itself encased in the Central Processing image. Unit (CPU) box. ○ OUTPUT DEVICES - Report its results to external ○ Hardware typically includes devices that are world in a form of text, graphics, signals, peripheral to the main computer box such as input sounds. and output device including keyboard, mouse, Monitor and Projectors - A peripheral printer, fax and storage components such as hard device with a screen for the visual display drives. of information. ○ The group of required and optional hardware items Printer - A device controlled by a computer that are linked together to make up a computer that makes images appears on media. system is called configuration. Earphones and speakers - A device that ○ Computer hardware advances during the late 1990s uses sound waves to be heard by user have made possible many changes to the healthcare Vibration/ Haptic Feedback - A device uses industry. touch to communicate with the user. FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE ○ INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES The box of any computer contains a motherboard. It is a thin, Touch screen - An interactive visual display flat sheet made of a firm, non-conducting material on which device which the user interacts by the internal components of the computer are mounted. It has touching the screen to select options from holes or perforation through which components can be a displayed menu. affixed. The specific design of the components is called the ○ STORAGE MEDIA computer architecture. Computer hard drive - The main storage of BASIC COMPONENTS the computer and has a very high speed ○ CPU and high density. The BRAIN of the Computer External hard drive - A portable or handy ○ Arithmetic and logic unit hard drive that has very high speed and Controls mathematical function such as high density. addition and subtraction and functions of Diskettes - A round magnetic disk encased the test logic (Boolean) conditions. in a flexible or rigid case allowing both ○ Control Unit input and NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE 3  NCMB210 LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE WEEK 3 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF TRANSCRIBED BY: MICAELLA RANE S. VALERIANO, SN output and to transport data and programs ○ BIT - short for “binary digit” is a unit of data in the from one computer to another. binary number system. It means “two”, so a bit can CD/ DVD/ BLU-RAY - A rigid disk that holds assume any of two positions. A bit is an on (value of a much higher density of information than 1) and off (value of 0) switch. a diskette and has a much higher speed. ○ BYTE - a group of 8 bits. Bits are grouped into USB FLASH DRIVE - A form of a small, collection of eight (8), which then functions as a removable hard drive that is inserted into unit. There are 255 different combinations of 0 and 1 the USB port of a computer. in an 8-character (or 1-byte unit). Cloud Technology MEMORY ○ Memory includes the locations of the computer internal or main working storage. It consists of registers (small number of very high-speed memory locations), RAM, ROM and cache (small memory storage area holding recently accessed data) ○ RAM Refers to working memory used for primary storage. COMPUTER SPEED Can be accessed, used, changed, and ○ The basic operations of the CPU are called cycles written on repeatedly. (fetch, decode, execute and store cycles). It takes Contains data and instructions that are time to the computer to perform these functions. stored and processed by computer The CPU speed is measured in cycles per second. For programs called application programs. example, the original IBM PC introduced in 1981 had Content is lost whenever the power to the a clock speed of 4.77 MHz (4.77 million cycles per computer is turned off. second). Nowadays, PC speeds are timed in billion ○ ROM cycles per second or gigahertz (GHz). A form of permanent storage which means TERMINOLOGIES that data and programs at ROM can only COMPUTER be read by computer and cannot be erased ○ a machine that is capable of performing a sequence or altered. of arithmetic and logic operations Contain the programs called firmware. HARDWARE Is not erased when computer is turned off. ○ It refers to the tangible parts of a computer ○ REGISTER SOFTWARE A small number of very high-speed ○ Refers to any sequence of instruction that make it memory locations. easier to communicate with computers. It also Data must be registered before it can be pertains to the programs that govern the operation processed of a computer that make the hardware productive. 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit PEOPLEWARE/PERSONNEL ○ CACHE ○ Refer to the user or people who work with the Small memory storage area holding computer so that it can be used to find solutions to recently accessed data problems; it indirectly refers to the persons who use COMPUTER POWER AND SPEED the information generated by the computer. In COMPUTER POWER medical and nursing informatics, it refers to the ○ Computers do not process information as words or members of the healthcare team. numbers. They handle information as byte that is made up of 8 bits. The term bits and bytes refer to how the machine stores information at the lowest, or “closest to machine registers and memory”, level. NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE 4  NCMB210 LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE WEEK 4 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: CHARLZ YUNEL ELLIAZ EMIL M. DILLENA, SN 1860 COMPUTER SOFTWARE ○ Found out that manual method of processing census were inadequate. Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. Joseph Jacquard Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer. ○ A weaver from France and inventedthe Jacquard Loom Software requires hardware, which is the physical substrate on which software exists and runs, and hardware is useless ○ Jacquard Loom – A device that uses blocks of wood without software. with holes drilled in such a way that the threads to be woven into cloth could form a The term software dates back to at least 1850. At that time, it was referred to as a type of garbage that would decompose, ○ program to the loom. and hardware referred to garbage that would not decompose. ○ The program varied the way the cloth was worked by The current usage dates back to at least 1958, when John W. the loom so that a particular design would be Tukey, a highly influential statistician who held posts at both produces in the fabric. Princeton University and Bell Labs, used it in an article in the Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) January 1958 issue of American Mathematical Monthly. ○ Used Jacquards ideas but developed a machine that Titled The Teaching of Concrete Mathematics, he described could read punched cards and tabulate the result. software as the carefully planned interpretive routines, ○ (1884) Patented his machine and punched-card compilers, and other aspects of automotive system. programming. ○ Formed a company called “Tabulating Machine” and was soon became “ International Business Machine PURPOSES: (IBM)”. ○ Translate instructions created in human language into machine language. 1984 ○ Packaged or stored software is needed to make the ○ IBM discontinued selling its card puncher thus computer an economic work tool. stopped thepromotion of the punched-card method of entering programs and data into computers. BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE Mid-1980s Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852) ○ Keypunch machines and punched- card readers were ○ Countess of Lovelace withdrawn from the computer centers. ○ Mathematician who described the concept of a Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper stored computer program. ○ Mother of Computing ○ Loop Concept – Use of automatic repetitious ○ Worked with the first digital mainframe computers arithmetic steps that the analytical engine would (Mark I and Mark II) follow to solve a problem. ○ Developed many concepts and mathematical ○ First programmer in computer history. foundations of computer programming science. Charles Babbage (1791-1872) ○ Debugging – checking the program to ensure that ○ Invented (but never built) a device that he named the computer is free of error. the analytical machine. ○ Recognized that obscure assembly and machine-like ○ It could perform mathematical functions and programming languages limited access to the instructions communicated the machine. computer and therefore the utility of the machines. John Von Neumann (1903-1957) ○ Her work formed the foundation for the first truly ○ Proposed that both data and instructions could be English-like language (COBOL) stored in the computer and that the instructions ○ Had an early vision of computers working could be automatically carried out. independently and together so that more could be ○ Stored program concept was subsequently accomplished. implemented as a major concept in the evolution of ○ the computer. TYPES OF SOFTWARE August 2, 1790 ○ America’s founders decreed that a census be taken SYSTEM SOFTWARE every 10 years and the first census was done. ○ System software is a program that manages and supports the computer resources and operations of NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 1  NCMB210 LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE WEEK 4 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: CHARLZ YUNEL ELLIAZ EMIL M. DILLENA, SN a computer system while it executes various tasks Graphical User Interface (GUI) such as processing data and information, controlling ○ GUIs are a computer program that enables a person hardware components, and allowing users to use to communicate with a computer through the use of application software. symbols, visual metaphors, and pointing devices. ○ Systems software functions as a bridge between ○ The GUI has replaced the arcane and difficult textual computer system hardware and the application interfaces of earlier computing with a relatively software. intuitive system that has made computer operations APPLICATION SOFTWARE not only easier to learn but more pleasant and ○ Programs that specify the information processing natural. activities required for the completion of specific ○ The GUI is now the standard computer interface, and tasks of computer users. its components have themselves become CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE: unmistakable cultural artifacts. Basic Input and Output System (BIOS) Utility Programs ○ The BIOS software has a number of different roles, ○ A program that performs a specific task related to but its most important role is to load the operating the management of computer functions, resources, system. When you turn on your computer and the or files, as password protection, memory microprocessor tries to execute its first instruction, it management, virus protection, and file compression. has to get that instruction from somewhere. It ○ Common examples are Disk Defragmenters, cannot get it from the operating system because the Application Launchers, and Web Browsers operating system is located on a hard disk, and the CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE: microprocessor cannot get to it without some DOCUMENTATION SOFTWARE instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides those ○ Word Processing Software instructions. Writing tasks previously done on Operating Systems typewriters with considerable effort can ○ Operating systems are the software component of a now be easily completed with computer system that is responsible for the word-processing software. management and coordination of activities and the Writing tasks such as keying in reports, sharing of the resources of the computer. letters, and tables, as well as merging ○ The operating system acts as a host for applications documents can be performed easily. that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the Documents can be easily edited and purposes of an operating system is to handle the formatted. Revisions can be made by details of the operation of the hardware. deleting (cutting), inserting, moving ○ This relieves application programs from having to (cutting and pasting), and copying data. manage these details and makes it easier to write Documents can be stored (saved) and applications. opened again for revisions and/or printing. ○ Almost all computers, including handheld Many styles and sizes of fonts are available computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, to make the document attractive. and even video game consoles, use an operating ○ Spreadsheet Software system of some type. Spreadsheet software permits the ○ Common examples are Microsoft Windows and performance of an almost endless variety Linux / Unix. of quantitative tasks such as budgeting, Disk Operating System (DOS) keeping track of inventory, preparing ○ DOS is the medium through which the user and financial reports, or manipulating numbers external devices attached to the system in any fashion, such as averaging each of communicate with the system. ten departmental monthly sales over six ○ DOS translates the command issued by the user in a months. format that is understandable by the computer and A spreadsheet contains cells, the instructs the computer to work accordingly. intersection of rows and columns. Each cell ○ It also translates the result and any error message in contains a value keyed in by the user. Cells the format for the user to understand. also contain formulas with many NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 2  NCMB210 LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE WEEK 4 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: CHARLZ YUNEL ELLIAZ EMIL M. DILLENA, SN capabilities, such as adding, multiplying, ○ Once stored in a database, information can be dividing, subtracting, averaging, or even retrieved in several ways, using reports and queries. counting. ○ For example, all the names listed for a given area An outstanding feature of the code could be printed out and used for commercial spreadsheets is its ability to recalculate mailing to that area. automatically. If one is preparing a budget, Desktop Publishing Software for example, and wants to change a ○ This software permits the user to prepare variable such as an increase in salary or a documents by using both word-processing devices change in the amount of car payments, the and graphics. formulas would automatically recalculate ○ Desktop publishing software uses word-processing the affected items and the totals. software, with all its ease of entering and revising ○ Presentation Software data, and supplements it with sophisticated visual A speaker may use presentation software features that stem from graphics software. to organize a slide show for an audience. ○ For example, one can enhance a printed message Text, graphics, sound, and movies can with virtually any kind of illustration, such as easily be included in the presentation. drawings, paintings, and photographs. An added feature is that the slide show Content Access Software may be enhanced by the inclusion of ○ Web Browsers handouts with two to six slides printed on Software application for retrieving, a page. presenting, and traversing information The page may be organized to provide resources on the Worldwide Web (www). space for notes to be written by the Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, audience as the presentation ensues. Safari An example of this is PowerPoint. ○ Media Players Preparation of the software is simplified by For playing back multimedia files (music, the use of 'wizards' that walk the user videos, or both). through the creation of the presentation. Media Creation Software ○ Office Suite Software ○ 3D Computer Graphics Software Office suite software puts together Programs used to create 3D complete programs of software. computer-generated imagery. A typical suite package might include word 3dsMax, Maya, Sketch Up, Blender processing, spreadsheets, databases, and ○ Animation Software presentation software. Used for generating animated images by Depending on the jobs that need to be using computer graphics. done, the suite provides the tools to make ○ Graphic Art Software professional-looking documents. Used for graphic design, multimedia ○ Standard Office Software development, specialized image Most common software packages sold development, general image editing, or with computers. simply access graphic files. Includes: Word processing, spreadsheet, Adobe photoshop, Corel, GIMP presentation, and data base management ○ Sound Editing Software system programs Designed solely or primarily for the Open Office, Free Office, Microsoft Office purpose of recording, editing, and playing Suites back digital audio. Data Base Software ○ Game Development Tool ○ A database contains a list of information items that A specialized software application that are similar in format and/or nature. assists or facilitates the making of a ○ An example is a phone book that lists a name, computer or video game. address, and phone number for each entry. Game Maker, Unity, RPG Maker NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 3  NCMB210 LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE WEEK 4 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: CHARLZ YUNEL ELLIAZ EMIL M. DILLENA, SN COMMON SOFTWARE/PROGRAMS UTILIZED IN THE NURSING REFERENCE SOFTWARES PRACTICE Drug guides In most hospitals, software used by nurses includes admission, Medical Dictionaries discharge and transfer (ADT) systems that help with patient Consult guides tracking and medication administration record (MAR) Nursing Book (E-books) software. BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Increasingly, hospitals have added charting software that TERMINOLOGIES computerizes at least some parts of the nursing record HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS) Program ○ Admission, Discharge and Transfer (ADT) systems ○ Result of expressing the algorithm in a programming that help with patient tracking and Medication language Administration Record (MAR) software. ○ Organized instruction sets ○ Charting Software that computerizes at least some Algorithm parts of the nursing record. ○ Set of instructions and the order in which they have ○ Computerized Patient Acuity System used to help to be performed. with nurse staff allocation. ○ Sequence and steps ○ Hospital e-mail system used for hospital Programming ○ The process of writing an algorith using COMMUNICATION SOFTWARES programming language. Chat Rooms Programmer ○ Chat rooms are like electronic conference calls. ○ The person writing the set of instructions using Multiple users can send and receive messages at the programing languages. same time. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ○ Some chat rooms are public but private chat rooms require password. A programming language is a means of communicating with ○ Chat room technology is synchronous, that is, users the computer. The only language a CPU can understand is can connect in real time even at huge distances. binary or machine language. Social Network CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ○ Social network refers to any number of web 1ST LEVEL addresses designed to create online communities. Machine Language (1st Level) ○ These communities can be focused around common ○ Machine language belongs to low level programming interests, goals, or simply away for people to languages. They are the most basic and can be interact. understand directly by the computer and consist of Electronic Bulletin Board binary numbers 1 and 0. ○ Electronic bulletin board is an early form of Symbolic Language (1st Level) computer conferencing but still popular nowadays. ○ Symbolic language, on the other hand, use ○ They may be called discussion boards or electronic convenient symbols or mnemonics. forums. Assembly Language (1st Level) ○ Forums can be posted using administrative or user ○ Assembly language are intermediate languages that defined categories. are very close to machine language and do not have ○ Electronic bulletin board is asynchronous which the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by means users can post messages at the time of their other high-level languages but must still be convenience. translated into machine language. Listservs 2ND LEVEL ○ Listservs are considered the least powerful version High Level Procedural Language (3rd Generation Language) of the electronic bulletin board. The software ○ High level languages are programming languages functions more like an electronic mailing list. When a that must first be translated into a machine language user post message to a board, it is merely emailed to before they can be understood and processed by a all members of the conference. computer. NCMB210: NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE 4  NCMB210 LESSON 4: COMPUTER SOFTWARE WEEK 4 I SECOND YEAR, SUMMER – MIDTERMS | A.Y. 2023-2024 I COLLEGE OF NURSING - VALENZUELA CAMPUS Discussed by: PROF. DR. MICHAEL JOSEPH DIÑO, PHD, MAN, RN, LPT, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, ANEF Transcribed by: CHARLZ YUNEL ELLIAZ EMIL M. DILLENA, SN ○ They use traditional mathematical symbols. Also Visual Programming Languages called Compiler Languages, for these languages ○ Developed to facilitate program requires a special program called a Compiler, which development in graphics-based translates programs written in particular languages environments. into machine language. Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Formula Translation (FORTAN) Instruction Code (BASIC) ○ The first high-level computer language and BASIC is the first lingua the progenitor of many key high-level franca of concepts, such as variables, expressions, microcomputers, often statements, iterative and conditional taught to beginning statements, separately compiled programmers because sub-routines, and formatted input/output. it is easy to use and Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) understand and ○ It is a language that can be run on any because it contains the computer makes and models. It was same major concepts designed for writing business programs as many other with minimum of time and effort. languages, it is thought ○ COBOL is a compiled language, are split to be more difficult. into four divisions: Non-procedureal Language Identification ○ Are specialized application programs that requires Environment more involvement of the user in directing the Data program to do the necessary work. Procedure ○ A user specifies what the program is to do, but not C how the program is to perform the task. ○ It was named after an earlier prototype ○ The how is already programmed by the program called simply B manufacturer of the language program. ○ Most popular computer language for ○ Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) writing new OS and other system programs A statistical analysis program, the user ○ C is considered by many to be more a enters a command that tells the computer machine-independent assembly language to compute a chi-square statistic on a than a highlevel language, its close particular datasheet. The formula is association with the UNIX operating already a part of the program; the user system, its enormous popularity, and its does not have to tell SPSS how to standardization by the American National calculate. Standards Institute (ANSI) have made it 3RD LEVEL perhaps the closest thing to a standard NATURAL LANGUAGE programming language in the ○ The user tells the machine what to do in the user’s microcomputer/workstation marketplace. own natural language or through use of a set of very C++ English- like commands. ○ Used for a variety of application, especially ○ Any user could give understandable commands to those that allow users to interact with the computer in his or her own word style and electronic companie