Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by Matsumoto and Juang

 Culture and Psychology Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. D...

 Culture and Psychology Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  iii Culture and Psychology S I X T H E D I T I O N David Matsumoto San Francisco State University and Humintell Linda Juang University of Potsdam Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Culture and Psychology, © 2017, 2013 Cengage Learning Sixth Edition WCN: 02-200-202 David Matsumoto, Linda Juang ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, Product Director: Erin Joyner except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written Product Manager: Timothy Matray permission of the copyright owner. Content Developer and Senior Content Unless otherwise noted, all items © Cengage Learning Project Manager: Tanya Nigh Product Assistant: Kimiya Hojjat For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Art Director: Vernon Boes Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, Manufacturing Planner: Karen Hunt submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Production Service and Compositor: Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Lumina Datamatics Inc. [email protected]. Photo and Text Researcher: Lumina Datamatics Inc. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015960088 Text and Cover Designer: Lisa Henry ISBN: 978-1-305-64895-1 Cover Image: Masterfile, alexmakatova Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our pre- ferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  To the memories of my mom and dad, for their wonderful teachings and the great family they gave to me. —David Matsumoto To Tayo and Keanu, for being my everyday reminders of our increasingly multicultural world. —Linda Juang Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  ABOUT THE AUTHORS DAVID MATSUMOTO received his B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1981 with high honors in psychology and Japanese. He subsequently earned his M.A. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) in psychology from the University of California at Berkeley. He is currently professor of psychology and director of the Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory at San Francisco State University, where he has been working since 1989. He is also director of Humintell, LLC, a company that provides research, consultation, and training on nonverbal behavioral analysis and cross-cultural adaptation. He has studied culture, emotion, social interaction, and communication for over 30 years. His books include well-known titles such as Culture and Psychology, the APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication (ed.), Nonverbal Communication: Science and Applications (ed.), the Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology (ed.), and Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology (ed.). He is the recipient of many awards and honors in the field of psychology, and is the series editor for the Cambridge University Press series on Culture and Psychology. He is also former editor-in-chief for the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. LINDA JUANG is a professor of diversity and education at the University of Potsdam, Germany. She earned her B.A. in child development from the University of Minnesota and her M.A. and Ph.D. in developmental psychology from Michigan State University, and was also a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Jena in Germany for three years. Over the past 20 years, she has studied adolescent development in various family and cultural contexts. She has published and presented studies on immigration-related issues such as ethnic identity, acculturation, and adjustment of culturally diverse adolescents and youth in the United States, Germany, and China. vi Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  BRIEF CONTENTS PREFACE xxi 1 An Introduction to Culture and Psychology 1 2 Cross-Cultural Research Methods 32 3 Enculturation 57 4 Culture and Developmental Processes 82 5 Culture, Self, and Identity 105 6 Culture and Personality 125 7 Culture and Gender 147 8 Culture and Cognition 171 9 Culture and Emotion 202 10 Culture, Language, and Communication 226 11 Culture and Health 254 12 Culture and Psychological Disorders 278 13 Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders 310 14 Culture and Social Behavior 333 15 Culture and Organizations 371 GLOSSARY 402 REFERENCES 411 NAME INDEX 458 SUBJECT INDEX 474 vii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  CONTENTS PREFACE xxi 1 An Introduction to Culture and Psychology 1 Psychology with a Cultural Perspective 3 The Goals of Psychology 3 Culture and Psychology 4 The Contribution of the Study of Culture on Psychological Truths 6 The Contribution of the Study of Culture in Our Own Lives 7 The Growth of Cultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Research 7 What Is Culture? 7 Where Does Culture Come From? 8 Is Culture a Uniquely Human Product? 15 The Difference between “Society” and “Culture” 16 Groups That Have Cultures 17 Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Popular Culture 19 The Contents of Culture 21 Objective Elements 21 Subjective Elements 21 How Does Culture Influence Human Behaviors and Mental Processes? 27 Understanding Culture in Perspective: Universals and Culture-Specifics 28 Etics and Emics 29 T H E G OA L O F T H I S BO O K 30 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 31 Why Does This Matter to Me? 31 Suggestions for Further Exploration 31 2 Cross-Cultural Research Methods 32 Types of Cross-Cultural Research 33 Method Validation Studies 33 Indigenous Cultural Studies 34 Cross-Cultural Comparisons 35 ix Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  x  Contents Types of Cross-Cultural Comparisons 35 Exploratory versus Hypothesis Testing 35 Presence or Absence of Contextual Factors 36 Structure versus Level Oriented 36 Individual versus Ecological (Cultural) Level 36 Designing Cross-Cultural Comparative Research 38 Getting the Right Research Question 38 Designs That Establish Linkages between Culture and Psychological Variables 39 Bias and Equivalence 44 Conceptual Bias 44 Method Bias 45 Measurement Bias 47 Response Bias 48 Interpretational Bias 51 C O N CL U SIO N 53 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 54 Why Does This Matter to Me? 54 Suggestions for Further Exploration 54 A P P E NDI X A 55 3 Enculturation 57 Humans Engage in Cultural Learning 58 Enculturation and Socialization 58 Culture, Parenting, and Families 61 Whiting and Whiting’s Six Cultures Study 61 Diversity in Parenting as a Function of Economics 62 Parenting Goals and Beliefs 63 Global Parenting Styles 64 Parenting Behaviors and Strategies 66 A Domain-Specific Approach to Parenting 68 Siblings 69 Extended and Multigenerational Families 71 Summary 72 Culture and Peers 72 Exposure to Peer Groups 73 Peers and Bullying 73 Summary 75 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xi Culture and the Educational System 76 School Systems 76 Parental and Familial Values 77 Attitudes and Appraisals of Students 78 Teaching Practices and School Environment 78 Summary 80 P U T T ING I T A L L T OG E T H E R 80 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 81 Why Does This Matter to Me? 81 Suggestions for Further Exploration 81 4 Culture and Developmental Processes 82 Culture and Temperament 84 What Is Temperament? 84 The Goodness of Fit between Temperament and Culture 84 Cross-Cultural Studies on Temperament 86 Temperament and Learning Culture 86 Dimensions of Temperament: A Focus on Behavioral Inhibition 87 Sources behind Temperamental Differences 88 Culture and Attachment 89 Traditional View of Attachment: Bowlby and Ainsworth 89 Cross-Cultural Studies and a Contemporary View on Attachment 90 Temperament and Attachment: A Summary 93 Cognitive Development 93 Piaget’s Theory 93 Piaget’s Theory in Cross-Cultural Perspective 95 Piaget’s Theory: Summary and Discussion 97 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development 98 Moral Reasoning 99 What Is Moral? 99 Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality 100 Cross-Cultural Studies of Moral Reasoning 101 Three Ethics Approach to Moral Reasoning 102 C O N CL U SIO N 10 3 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 10 4 Why Does This Matter to Me? 104 Suggestions for Further Exploration 104 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xii  Contents 5 Culture, Self, and Identity 105 Culture and Self 106 Defining Self 106 Where Does the Self-Concept Originate? 107 The Dynamic and Multifaceted Nature of the Concept of Self 108 Early Research on Cultural Differences in Self-Concepts: The Independent versus Interdependent Self-Construal Theory 108 Recent Developments in Our Understanding of Cultural Differences in Self-Concepts 111 Culture, Self-Esteem, and Self-Enhancement 116 What Is Self-Esteem, and Where Does It Come From? 116 Is Self-Enhancement Universal or Culture-Specific? 117 Culture and Identity 121 Types of Identities 121 Identity Is Fluid 121 Multicultural Identities 122 C O N CL U SIO N 12 4 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 12 4 Why Does This Matter to Me? 124 Suggestions for Further Exploration 124 6 Culture and Personality 125 Defining Personality 126 Definitions 126 Perspectives 127 Measuring Personality across Cultures 128 Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and Five-Factor Theory 130 Evidence for the Five-Factor Model 130 Do Perceptions of National Character Correspond to Aggregate Personality Traits? 132 Where Do These Traits Come From? The Five-Factor Theory 134 An Evolutionary Approach 136 Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality 137 Interpersonal Relatedness 138 Filipino Personality Structure 138 Dominance 139 Internal versus External Locus of Control 140 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xiii Direct, Indirect, Proxy, and Collective Control 141 Autonomy 142 Indigenous Personalities 142 Integrating Universal and Culture-Specific Understandings of Personality 144 C O N CL U SIO N 14 5 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 14 6 Why Does This Matter to Me? 146 Suggestions for Further Exploration 146 7 Culture and Gender 147 Sex and Gender 149 Gender Differences across Cultures 150 Masculinity and Femininity 150 Cognitive Differences 152 Conformity and Obedience 153 Aggressiveness 153 Personality 154 Sex and Sexuality 155 Jealousy 156 Division of Labor 157 Summary 159 Culture, Gender Roles, and Gender Stereotypes 161 Culture and Gender Stereotypes 161 Culture, Gender Role Ideology, and Self-Concept 164 Ethnicity and Gender Roles 165 Changing Cultures, Changing Gender Roles 166 C O N CL U SIO N 16 9 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 17 0 Why Does This Matter to Me? 170 Suggestions for Further Exploration 170 InfoTrac College Edition 170 8 Culture and Cognition 171 Culture as Cognition 173 Culture and Attention 174 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xiv  Contents Culture and Perception 177 Perception and Physical Reality 177 Cultural Influences on Visual Perception 177 Culture and Thinking 182 Culture and Categorization 182 Culture and Memory 183 Culture and Math 185 Culture and Problem Solving 186 Culture and Creativity 188 Culture and Dialectical Thinking 189 Culture, Regrets, and Counterfactual Thinking 191 Summary 191 Culture and Consciousness 193 Culture and Dreams 193 Culture and Time 193 Culture and Pain 195 Culture and Intelligence 196 Traditional Definitions of Intelligence and Its Measurement 196 The Nature versus Nurture Controversy 197 Expanding the Concept of Intelligence across Cultures 198 The Impact of Cross-Cultural Research on the Concept of Intelligence in Mainstream American Psychology 199 C O N CL U SIO N 200 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 200 Why Does This Matter to Me? 200 Suggestions for Further Exploration 201 9 Culture and Emotion 202 The Evolution of Human Emotion 203 Emotions as Evolved Information-Processing Systems 203 Different Categories of Emotion 204 The Biological Bases of Emotion—Basic Emotions 205 The Original Universality Studies 205 Subsequent Research after the Original Universality Studies 206 Other Sources of Evidence for the Universality of Basic Emotions and Their Possible Biological Bases 209 Summary 212 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xv Cultural Influences on Emotion 212 Cultural Regulation of Basic Emotions 214 More about Cultural Display Rules 215 Cultural Calibration of How Emotional Expressions Are Perceived 218 The Cultural Construction of Emotional Experience 219 The Cultural Construction of Concepts, Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs about Emotion 219 Concepts of Emotion 219 Categories of Emotion 221 The Location of Emotion 222 Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs about Emotion 222 Summary 223 C O N CL U SIO N 223 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 224 Why Does This Matter to Me? 224 Suggestions for Further Exploration 225 10 Culture, Language, and Communication 226 The Co-Evolution of Language and Human Culture 227 Cultural Influences on Verbal Language 227 The Structure of Language 227 Culture and Language Acquisition 228 Language Differences across Cultures 229 Language and Thought: The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis 233 Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Communication 236 Culture and Gestures 237 Culture and Gaze 238 Culture and Voice 239 Culture, Interpersonal Space, and Touch 239 Intracultural and Intercultural Communication 240 Cultural Influences on Encoding and Decoding 241 The Process of Intracultural and Intercultural Communication 242 Improving Intercultural Communication 244 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xvi  Contents Bilingualism and Culture 247 Psychological Differences as a Function of Language 247 A Bilingual Advantage for Cognitive Performance? 249 Perceptions of Bilinguals 251 Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism 252 C O N CL U SIO N 252 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 253 Why Does This Matter to Me? 253 Suggestions for Further Exploration 253 InfoTrac College Edition 253 11 Culture and Health 254 Cultural Differences in the Definition of Health 255 Comparison across Cultures 255 Comparison within Cultures 257 Three Indicators of Health Worldwide 258 Life Expectancy 258 Infant Mortality 260 Subjective Well-Being 261 Genetic Influences on Physical Health and Disease 261 Psychosocial Influences on Physical Health and Disease 263 Sociocultural Influences on Physical Health and Disease 266 Cultural Dimensions and Diseases 266 Cultural Discrepancies and Physical Health 268 Culture, Body Shape, and Eating Disorders 269 Culture and Obesity 270 Culture and Suicide 271 Acculturation and the Immigrant Paradox 273 Summary 275 Differences in Health Care and Medical Delivery Systems 275 A Model of Cultural Influences on Health: Putting It All Together 276 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 277 Why Does This Matter to Me? 277 Suggestions for Further Exploration 277 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xvii 12 Culture and Psychological Disorders 278 Defining Abnormality: Some Core Issues 279 Defining “Abnormal” 280 Culture and the Categorization and Assessment of Psychological Disorders 281 Culture and Categorization of Psychological Disorders 282 Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Disorders 286 Measurement of Personality to Assess Psychopathology 289 Cross-Cultural Research on Psychological Disorders 291 Schizophrenia 291 Depression 293 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 296 Cultural Syndromes of Distress 297 Summary 300 Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees 301 African Americans 301 Latino Americans 302 Asian Americans 303 Native Americans 304 Immigrants 305 Refugees 307 Summary 308 C O N CL U SIO N 308 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 308 Why Does This Matter to Me? 308 Suggestions for Further Exploration 309 13 Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders 310 Culture and Psychotherapy 311 Traditional Psychotherapy 311 Contemporary Psychotherapy 312 Cultural Limitations of Psychotherapy 312 Psychotherapy in Diverse Cultures 314 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xviii  Contents Psychotherapy in Diverse Cultures in the United States: An Example of Within Culture Variation 315 Summary 316 Receiving Treatment and Barriers to Treatment 317 Disparities in Receiving Treatment 317 Barriers to Seeking Treatment 320 Removing Barriers to Treatment 322 Treatment Issues 323 Culturally Competent Services 324 Indigenous and Traditional Healing 326 An Example of Blending Indigenous Healing Practices with Traditional Western-Based Treatment Approaches 328 A Community Approach to Treatment 330 Culture and Clinical Training 330 C O N CL U SIO N 3 31 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 332 Why Does This Matter to Me? 332 Suggestions for Further Exploration 332 14 Culture and Social Behavior 333 Cultural Influences on How We Perceive People 334 Person Perception and Impression Formation 334 Culture and Face Recognition 335 Culture and Attractiveness 336 Culture and Attributions 337 What Are Attributions, and Where Do They Come From? 337 Early Research on Cultural Differences in Attributional Styles 338 Contemporary Research: Universality and Culture-Specificity of Attributional Styles 339 Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage Across Cultures 340 Culture and Mate Selection 340 Culture and Love 342 Culture and Marriage 342 Intercultural Marriages 343 Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience 344 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xix Culture and Cooperation 346 Culture and Intergroup Relations 348 Ingroups and Outgroups 348 Stereotypes 351 Ethnocentrism and Prejudice 361 Discrimination 364 Culture and Aggression 365 Acculturation 367 C O N CL U SIO N 370 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 370 Why Does This Matter to Me? 370 Suggestions for Further Exploration 370 15 Culture and Organizations 371 Cultural Differences in Work-Related Values: Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 372 Power Distance 373 Uncertainty Avoidance 373 Individualism-Collectivism 374 Masculinity–Femininity 374 Long- versus Short-Term Orientation 375 Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate 376 Cultural Differences in Organizational Culture 376 Culture and Person-Organization Fit 377 Culture and Attitudes about Work and Organizations 378 Culture, Motivation, and Productivity 381 Culture, Leadership, and Management Styles 383 Culture and the Meaning of Leadership 383 Culture and Leadership Behaviors 385 Culture and Decision-Making Processes 388 Organizational Decisions 388 Organizational Fairness 389 Consumer Decisions 391 Culture and Negotiation 391 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xx  Contents Intercultural Issues Regarding Business and Work 394 Overseas Assignments and Culture Shock 395 Working with an Increasingly Diverse Workforce Population 397 Culture and Sexual Harassment 399 C O N CL U SIO N 400 E X P L O R AT IO N A ND DI S C OV E RY 400 Why Does This Matter to Me? 400 Suggestions for Further Exploration 401 GLOSSARY 402 REFERENCES 411 NAME INDEX 458 SUBJECT INDEX 474 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  PREFACE WE WOULD LIKE TO BEGIN BY FIRST THANKING YOU—past, current, and prospective future users of our book. We sincerely appreciate all of you for all the hard work and efforts you make in the classroom every day in service of the education of future generations of our world, and for the greater good that comes from those efforts. We appreciate all the kind notes, comments, questions, and messages that many of you have sent to us throughout the years. And we appreciate all of you who come to introduce yourselves at meetings and conferences. It is especially a joy to meet you in person, and we thank you from the bottom of our hearts for the reception you always give us. We would also like to thank the reviewers of the previous edition of the book. They provided us with many valuable comments, which guided us in the current re- vision. We thank the reviewers especially for the many positive comments about so many parts of the book. We can only hope that our revisions have improved the book even more. We also would like to thank the editors and production staff at Cengage. They have been professional, competent, and courteous throughout the years, and have kept us on track in the revision of this edition. We also thank Hyisung C. Hwang for her review and edit of the entire book manuscript from start to finish. Her comments and suggestions were invaluable and helped us to improve the readability and con- tent of the material tremendously. There are many changes that we have made that are applicable throughout the book. With regard to content, you will see that we have reorganized the structure of the book. We moved the chapter on self and identity (formerly Chapter 13) up to Chapter 5. We follow this with chapters on personality (Chapter 6) and gender (Chapter 7), fol- lowed by cognition (Chapter 8) and emotion (Chapter 9). We hope that this structural change aids readers in moving through the material in a way that presents the larger factors of influence (development, personality, gender) before discussing specific topics (emotion, cognition, language, social behavior, etc.). Also with regard to content, we have tightened the writing throughout, and in many cases have deleted material that was superfluous to the main message of the chapter. We did this because one of the concerns we had about the book was that we were presenting too many “facts” without a coherent message in some places. This situation was partly due to the burgeoning numbers of cross-cultural studies that have been published in recent years, and our previous wish to be comprehensive and inclusive of the literature. But sometimes this lost our focus on the important mes- sages of the chapter. Thus we decided to reduce the number of facts by removing material we deemed superfluous to the main message of each chapter so that readers can stay focused on that main message. We have also made a number of significant changes with regard to pedagogy. In this edition, you’ll notice a larger trim size for the book, which should aid in reading. We have also added text call-outs to important phrases, and now include glossary definitions in the margins when the words first appear. We have added more figures and tables in all chapters to break up the monotony of reading and to provide visual examples of the text material. We have also added substantially more cross-referencing to related topics in other chapters throughout the book. xxi Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xxii  Preface In addition to these major changes described above, we list below the specific changes we have made in each chapter: Chapter 1—An Introduction to Culture and Psychology Simplified the writing and the message throughout, deleting sections that were not directly relevant to the main message of the chapter, and reordered some material Included more call-outs to other professions as end users are not always psychol- ogy students Clarified the concept of universal psychological toolkits Included more call-outs to material that will be explored in the rest of the book, cross-referencing other chapters Updated figures and added a few more to aid understanding; dropped old Figure 1.2, which was too complex Updated the writing with two new citations Chapter 2—Cross-Cultural Research Methods Simplified the writing and the message throughout, especially concerning the types of cross-cultural research and types of cross-cultural comparisons Deleted sections that were not directly relevant to the main message of the chapter Reordered some material Reincorporated brief discussion of the evolution of cross-cultural research Included more figures and tables to organize and summarize the material, including tables organizing types of cross-cultural research and types of cross- cultural comparisons Redrew Table 2.1 and split into two tables Expanded on the “Exploration and Discovery” section Added a new question in the “Suggestions for Further Exploration” that invites students to find their culture and compare its scores with other scores and their experiences Chapter 3—Enculturation Simplified the writing and the message throughout Added more figures to aid understanding Deleted Figure 3.2 (from the 5th edition) as it was unclear Deleted overlapping material with former Chapter 5 on math achievement. The education section now focuses on the education system as an important source of enculturation. Added content on “tiger mothering” Updated the writing with 13 new citations Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface  xxiii Chapter 4—Culture and Developmental Processes Added a section on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory on cognitive development Updated, deleted, and rewrote sections on attachment to reflect the newest research and theorizing about this topic Included more figures and tables (such as Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s stages) to organize and summarize the material Deleted sections that were not directly relevant to the main message of the chap- ter (such as section on “Other Cognitive Theories” and “Other Developmental Processes”) Updated the writing with four new citations Chapter 5—Culture, Self, and Identity (formerly Chapter 13) Moved the section on attributional styles to Chapter 14, as we considered it to better fit the chapter there, especially with the decision to move this chapter up in the book sequence Paid attention to repositioning the theory of independent vs. interdependent self-construals within a larger perspective of theoretical views of the self and the evolution of thought concerning culture and self Simplified the writing and the message throughout, reordering and restructuring as necessary Included more figures and tables to organize and summarize the material Updated the writing with 12 new citations Chapter 6—Culture and Personality (formerly Chapter 10) Simplified the writing and the message throughout, reordering and restructuring as necessary Included one additional figure and one additional table to organize and summa- rize the material One figure included clarified the five-factor theory (FFT); also revised the writing in this section to clarify the distinction between the five-factor model (FFM) and FFT Updated the writing with nine new citations Chapter 7—Culture and Gender (formerly Chapter 6) Included a new table as suggested comparing the differences between “sex” and “gender” as described in the book Moved the section on sex from Chapter 14 to this chapter Consolidated the writing on jealousy that overlapped with that elsewhere Updated the writing with three new citations Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xxiv  Preface Chapter 8—Culture and Cognition (formerly Chapter 5) Provided an overall structure for the chapter in a new figure early on, focusing on attention, then sensation and perception, then higher order thinking in the first half of the chapter, and consciousness and intelligence in the second half Consequently, moved the section on attention up first before sensation and perception Consolidated and integrated info on math performance from Chapter 3; reduced the amount of facts listed in the section on math and focused on the cross- cultural elements Figure 5.4 (now Figure 8.8) was made larger Reduced the amount of coverage in the section on intelligence, focusing on cross- cultural aspects Updated the writing with nine new citations Chapter 9—Culture and Emotion (formerly Chapter 8) Moved the initial section on the cultural regulation of emotion to later, after the presentation of basic emotions, and integrated with the section on the “Cultural Calibration of Emotions” Separated the discussion of cultural regulation of basic emotions, the cultural construction of subjective experience, and cultural construction of concepts, attitudes, etc. into three separate sections Dropped the detailed discussion of front-end calibration, and cleaned up the presentation of front- and back-end calibration throughout, simplifying the description Redrew original Figure 8.10 into new, simpler figure Added a new reflection question at the end of the chapter Updated the writing with 12 new citations Chapter 10—Culture, Language, and Communication (formerly Chapter 9) Added two new figures and one new table to facilitate understanding, especially to elaborate on cultural differences in nonverbal behaviors Included new section concerning recent research on possible bilingual advan- tages in cognitive processing Updated the writing with 21 new citations Chapter 11—Culture and Health (formerly Chapter 7) Added more figures to illustrate chapter concepts Added discussion on an emerging field of study—cultural neuroscience Rearranged some sections for better flow Deleted sections not relevant to main message of chapter Former Figure 7.7 has been updated into a better graphic Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface  xxv Acculturation is discussed in this chapter and non-Western remedies are dis- cussed in Chapter 13 Updated the writing with 12 new citations Chapter 12—Culture and Psychological Disorders Completely updated section to include the newest DSM V conceptualization of “cultural syndromes of distress” Added information on the upcoming revisions for the ICD-11 Added more figures and tables (such as table summarizing schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety) to illustrate key chapter concepts Rearranged some sections for better flow Deleted sections not relevant to main message of chapter Added more detail on the CBCL Added links to the ICD and DSM websites where students can find more detailed information on some of the issues discussed in the chapter Updated the writing with six new citations Chapter 13—Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders Added more figures to illustrate chapter concepts Rearranged some sections for better flow Updated terminology to clarify indigenous healing, traditional medicine, and complementary medicine Updated the writing with eight new citations Chapter 14—Culture and Social Behavior Moved the material on attributions from Chapter 5 to this chapter Moved the material on sex to Chapter 7 Added a brief description of the sanctions used in the Yamagishi (1986) experiment Tightened up and clarified the discussion of the origin of stereotypes Dropped the discussion concerning “Need for Cognitive Closure” in the section on acculturation Included a new table on the content of stereotypes from 1933, 1951, and 1969 Also included a new table from Karlins et al.’s (1969) analysis of changes in the favorableness of stereotype ratings across time Also included a new table from Madon et al.’s (2001) study of stereotypes Increased the overall number of tables and figures throughout to be commensu- rate with other chapters Tightened the writing throughout Updated the references with 17 new citations Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xxvi  Preface Chapter 15—Culture and Organizations Updated the data in Table 15.4 Changed the title and labels in Table 15.8 to be less offensive Redrew Figure 15.2 to simplify its message and content Included new writing on “Culture Shock and Reverse Culture Shock” in section on “Overseas Assignments” Tightened the writing throughout Updated the references with 10 new citations We are excited about the many changes and improvements that were made to the book. We are also especially excited about the interest and growth in cultural and cross-cultural psychology today around the world. We sincerely hope that this book can help to facilitate that excitement even more in all readers, and to encourage strong, critical thinking about culture and psychology in the future. As always, if you have any comments or suggestions on how we can continually improve this work, please don’t hesitate to let us know. Finally, although we are indebted to so many people who have helped us along the way in the writing of this book, any errors in the book are only ours. David Matsumoto and Linda Juang San Francisco, CA, and Potsdam, Germany September, 2015 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  An Introduction to Culture and Psychology 1 CHAPTER CONTENTS Psychology with a Cultural Perspective The Contents of Culture The Goals of Psychology Objective Elements Culture and Psychology Subjective Elements The Contribution of the Study of Culture on How Does Culture Influence Human Psychological Truths Behaviors and Mental Processes? The Contribution of the Study of Culture in Our Own Lives Understanding Culture in Perspective: Universals and Culture-Specifics The Growth of Cultural Psychology and Cross- Cultural Research Etics and Emics What Is Culture? T HE G OA L O F T H IS BO O K Where Does Culture Come From? E X PL O R AT I O N A ND D IS C OV E RY A Definition of Culture Why Does This Matter to Me? Is Culture a Uniquely Human Product? Suggestions for Further Exploration The Difference between “Society” and “Culture” Groups That Have Cultures Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Popular Culture 1 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  2  Chapter 1 Most of what we know about the human mind, psychological processes, and human behavior comes from scientific research conducted in the United States involving American university students enrolled in introductory psychology courses as study participants. The information researchers get from those studies form the basis of what we think we know about people, and the basis of mainstream psychology. In this book we ask this simple question: Is what we know in mainstream ­psychology appli