Psychology and its Cultural Context Module 1.1 Lesson 1 PDF

PSYCHOLOGY and its CULTURAL CONTEXT Cross-cultural psychologists are most MODULE 1.1 - LESSON 1 concerned with how culture impacts individual personalities and social behaviors. INDIGENO...

PSYCHOLOGY and its CULTURAL CONTEXT Cross-cultural psychologists are most MODULE 1.1 - LESSON 1 concerned with how culture impacts individual personalities and social behaviors. INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY The scientific study of the ethnicity, society Cultural psychology is the study of identity, and culture of a people and the application child development, emotions, social to psychological practice of indigenous behavior/interactions, friendships/romantic knowledge rooted in the peoples ethnic relationships, and family dynamics. heritage and consciousness. Cultural psychologists explore the general Understanding each culture from its own relationship between thought processes, frame of reference, including its own behaviors, and cultures. These ecological, historical, philosophical, and psychologists investigate how cultural religious or spiritual context; influences affect the mind, and how the based on knowledge which emerges from mind helps create cultural influences. the target culture rather than either directly According to cultural psychologists, it is a or indirectly from another location; cyclic process, in which the mind an underlying premise which suggests contributes to cultural behaviors, psychological principles cannot be assumed traditions, beliefs, and those influences to be universally similar- this knowledge affect the mind. stems from scholars located in the specific Cultural psychologists believe that culture, has meaning within the specific psychological disorders and behavioral culture, and is for the individuals within that tendencies originate, and are influenced culture; by cultural factors. advocates examining knowledge, skills, and ETHNO-PSYCHOLOGY beliefs individuals have about themselves A discipline that studies the psychology and how they function in their cultural and behavior of the people of a particular context, which is not restricted to the study ethnic community. of indigenous individuals or even the use of The principal objects of study of a particular method, rather indigenous ethno-psychology are tribes, peoples, and psychology is in fact necessary for all nations, as well as specific population cultural, indigenous, and ethnic groups, groups that are ethnically related, such as including economically developed countries. groups of immigrants. CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Ethno-psychological research attempts to A branch of psychology that also examines establish the relation between the cultural influences that affect thought characteristics of the psyche of members processes and behavior. of the communities being studied, on the However, this branch of psychology explores one hand, and the type of economic patterns between various cultures. It is more activity engaged in under specific natural specific in nature than cultural psychology. conditions and the character of Cross-cultural psychology was first introduced nonmaterial culture (for example, during the 1970s, but remains a force in traditions and religious beliefs), on the modern psychology. other. For the most part, such research The main function of a cross-cultural takes the form of empirical studies and psychologist is to determine how various comparative descriptions. cultures affect human behaviors. VOLKER PSYCHOLOGY These psychologists examine universal and Völkerpsychologie is a method of psychology “unique” characteristics and traits, in an effort that was discovered in the 19th century by to identify patterns amongst cultural groups. the famous psychologist, Wilhelm Wundt. The goal is to identify how culture impacts Völkerpsychologie comes from German thought processes, behaviors, goals, social culture. To this day, there is no clear English experiences, educational and career word that is similar to it. The derivative Volk, aspirations, self-esteem/ self-confidence, and a German word, refers to “people, nation, relationships. tribe, or race”. GLOBAL INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY this understanding will spring. The primary Indigenous Psychology is an intellectual ethical responsibility of researchers should be movement across the globe, based on the to the people and not to their institution or following factors: funding agency. 1. A reaction against the For example, if the publication of the colonization/hegemony of Western research report will jeopardize the psychology. situation of the people, then it should not 2. The need for non-Western cultures to be continued. If the needs of the solve their local problems through community are unearthed in the course of indigenous practices and applications. doing research on a different topic, and it 3. The need for a non-Western culture to is within the researchers’ capability to recognize itself in the constructs and help, then they should help. practices of psychology. The research, aside from being 4. The need to use indigenous philosophies enlightening for the respondents, should and concepts to generate theories of also be empowering. global discourse. 4. The method to be used in a research should be chosen on the basis of appropriateness to INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS: FIVE the population (and not sophistication of the BASIC GUIDING PRINCIPLES method) and it should be made to adapt to 1. The level of interaction or relationship that existing cultural norms. exists between the researcher and the For example, having somebody else but researcher significantly determines the quality in the middle of an interview session is of the data obtained in the research process. not something to be upset over; one The levels of interaction are the same should go through the process of getting ones as the kapwa classifications – to know each other first informally before Ibang-Tao (‘‘Outsider’’) and Hindi-Ibang- asking questions on topics that are not Tao (‘‘One-of-us’’). that common to people. Researchers It is recommended that the first level cannot expect people to adjust to the under Hindi-Ibang-Tao, which is method; the method should adjust to the pakikipagpalagayang-loob (level of people. And here is where pakikiramdam mutual trust, understanding, rapport) (sensitivity) is most needed – in trying to should be reached, at the minimum, in figure out how the research method will order to be assured of good quality data. work most effectively. 2. Research participants should always be One essential ability that researchers treated by researchers as equal, if not must possess, whatever method they superior – a fellow human being and not like a are using, is pakikiramdam, a special ‘‘guinea pig’’. kind of sensitivity to cues which will For example, in the method of guide them in their interaction with group pagtatanong-tanong (literally, “asking members, especially with Filipinos who questions”, marked by casualness are used to indirect and non-verbal when in fact, the researcher is truly manner of communicating and determined to get answers to his expressing thoughts, attitudes, feelings questions), the research participants and emotions. It is through are free to ask the researcher as many pakikiramdam that a researcher will questions as they want, therefore know when to ask personal questions acting much like a “researcher” and when not to pursue them; when it is themselves. These questions should time to leave; or how to interpret a ‘‘yes’’ be accorded the same respect and not or a ‘‘no’’ avoided. 5. The language of the people should be the 3. The welfare of the research participants takes language of research at all times. If this is not precedence over the data obtained from them. possible, local researchers should be tapped The goal of research is understanding, but not for assistance. It is in their own mother tongue at the expense of the very people from whom that a person can truly express their  innermost sentiments, ideas, perceptions, and 3. National and ethnic cultures and attitudes. languages, including the studyof traditional psychology; INDIGENIZATION 4. Application of indigenous psychology in The process of transforming/adopting health practices, agriculture, art, mass something foreign to become local media, religion and the study of behavior and abilities found applicable to the Philippine setting. It represents three primary areas of protest. 1. Liberated psychology, for "reawakening" and decolonization of the Filipino psyche. 2. Livelihood/economic psychology, focusing not on the privileged and the elite, but on the needs of the disadvantaged and underprivileged. INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHOUT 3. Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya, movement Foreign psychological concept —>Local against a psychology used for the psychological concept exploitation of the masses. INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHIN Developing/elaborating own psychological Interrelated goals of Sikolohiyang concept Filipino (Rood, 1985). 1. Developments of indigenous LEVELS OF INDIGENIZATION psychological concepts. Indigenization of methods 2. Utilization of indigenous research 1. Selection of items and stimuli in a test. methods. 2. Choice of instruments and procedures. 3. Creation of a more authentic and Conceptual Indigenization appropriate social scientific psychology. 3. Definition of theoretical concepts, and; 4. Choice of topics for research Module 2 Current trends and direction of Indigenous SIKOLOHIYANG FILIPINO: PHILIPPINE Psychology INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY Trend in indigenizing psychology is strongest and most articulate in the Philippines. SIKOLOHIYANG FILIPINO Enriquez (1982), one of its vocal and creative is the scientific study of psychology derived proponents, has written about "decolonizing the from the experience, ideas, and cultural Filipino psyche" and the "contextualization of orientation of the Filipinos. Sikolohiyang psychology in the Philippines" (p276). A plea for Filipino is anchored on Filipino thought and Sikolohiyang Filipino (Enriquez, 1982) was made, experience as understood from a Filipino and has been loudly articulated in two of perspective (Enriquez, 1975). Enriquez's most recent publications (1992, 1994). Enriquez (1985) later defined Sikolohiyang Enriquez' movement to develop indigenous Pilipino as “the study of diwa (‘psyche’)”, which in psychology has evolved that emphasizes Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas four dominant themes: referred to by the philosophical concept of 1. Identity and national consciousness, and ‘essence’ and an entire range of psychological indigenous conception and definition of concepts from awareness to motives to behavior”. the psyche as a focus of a psychological It must be stressed at the outset though that research; developing a particularistic psychology such as 2. Social awareness and involvement in Filipino psychology is not anti-universal in as social issues and problem; much as the ultimate aim of Sikolohiyang  Pilipino is to contribute to universal psychology, which can be realized only if each group of Virgilio Enriquez: Pioneer of Sikolohiyang people is adequately understood by Pilipino themselves and from their own perspective. also known as “Doc E” Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a step towards was a social psychologist and the Father of contributing to universal psychology. Filipino psychology "Ama ng Sikolohiyang Initial work on developing Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino". concentrated on a type of indigenization which He was the youngest of 5 children is based largely on simple translation of Father: Arsenio Libiran Enriquez concepts, methods, theories and measures Mother: Rosario Galvez Gaspar. into Filipino. For example, psychological tests Born: November 24, 1942, Santol, Balagtas were translated into the local language, formally Bigaa, Bulacan modified in content, so that a Philippine-type Died: August 31, 1994, San Francisco, version of the originally borrowed test was California, United States produced. Education: Northwestern University, University On the other hand, another type of Of The Philippines indigenization was given more emphasis after 1963 when he started teaching at the the translation attempts failed to capture or University of the Philippines (U.P.) express a truly Filipino psychology. This is As early as 1965, he was using the Filipino called indigenization from within (as against language in teaching. indigenization from without), which means In 1966, he left for the United States to pursue looking for the indigenous psychology from a Masters, then later a Doctoral degree in within the culture itself and not just clothing a Psychology at Northwestern University at foreign body with a local dress. Evanston, Illinois. The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, Enriquez observed the disenchantment of social involvement, and psychology of young student activists in the Philippines over the language and culture. It is thus concerned with country's deteriorating political and social proper applications to health,agriculture, art, conditions. Nationalism was affecting U.P. mass media, religion, and other spheres of teaching courses, and he learned about the people’s daily life. eagerness to teach psychology in Filipino. He started preparing for the teaching of psychology On the bases of Enriquez articles in Filipino, and had a number of discussions (and “Sikolohiyang Pilipino on culture and history” arguments) with friends and professors at (Enriquez, 1975), and “perspectives and Northwestern University such as Ernesto Kole, directions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino” (Enriquez, Lee Sechrest and Donald Campbell. 1976) he distinguish Sikolohiyang Filipino from: Enriquez returned to the Philippines in 1971, bringing with him a wealth of Western Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (psychology in the knowledge which he did not impose on his Philippines) – the general form of psychology Filipino colleagues and students. His Western in the Philippine context. education actually drove him to be more Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of Filipino-oriented in his teaching and research in the Filipinos) – theorizing about the psychology. psychological nature of the Filipinos, whether from a local or a foreign perspective. Philippine Psychology Research and Training Kalooban and Kamalayan - study of emotions House (PPRTH) and experienced knowledge/cognitive Enriquez founded the Philippine experiences. Psychology Research House (PPRH), later Ulirat – awareness of one’s surroundings. Philippine Psychology Research and Training Isip - refers to knowledge and understanding. House (PPRTH), which housed over 10,000 Diwa - which includes habits and behavior references on Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Kaluluwa (or psyche) - which is the way to Filipino-focused research, and inspired individuals learn about people’s conscience. who contributed to the growth of the growth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. The house also housed Pakikibagay: conformity - This runs into Filipino-inspired research. conflict with individuality which many A prolific scholar, Enriquez authored Filipinos in fact willingly throw away in several publications in indigenous psychology, favor of conformity with demands of those Filipino personality, psychology of language and who are in charge. politics, philosophy and values, cross- cultural Pakikisama: being united with the group. psychology, and Pilipinolohiya (Philippine Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us") - There are three Studies). The list includes Indigenous Psychology interaction levels under this category: and National Consciousness (Enriquez, 1989), Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual From Colonial to Liberation Psychology trust (Enriquez, 1992), a chapter contribution to Pakikisangkot: act of joining others Blowers and turtle’s (1987) book Psychology Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others moving East (Enriquez, 1987), and his last publication before he passed away in 1994, 2. Pivotal interpersonal value Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology & Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Cultural Empowerment (Enriquez, 1994). Filipinos use damdam, or the inner Enriquez received numerous awards perception of others' emotions, as a basic during his lifetime – fellowships, scholarships, tool to guide their dealings with other recognitions and grants – both in the Philippines people. and internationally. He made significant 3. Linking socio-personal value contributions to the awareness of Sikolohiyang Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. Pilipino and Asian psychology. One of his most This refers to being able to help other significant awards, the Outstanding Young people in dire need due to a perception of Scientist of the Philippines from the National being together as a part of one Filipino Academy of Science and Technology in 1982, humanity. was in recognition of his work in Sikolohiyang 4. Accommodative surface values Pilipino. After his death, he was given a Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by posthumous award, the National Achievement in most Western psychologists, Hiya is the Social Sciences Award (1997), by the actually 'sense of propriety'. National Research Council of the Philippines for Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. outstanding contribution in the social sciences on Filipinos are expected by their neighbors a national level. to turn favors—whether these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted. BASIC TENETS AND PRINCIPLES IN Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). 1. Core value or Kapwa (shared inner self) This attitude is primarily guided by Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino conformity with the majority. Psychology. Kapwa has two categories: Ibang 5. Confrontative surface values Tao and Hindi Ibang Tao. Bahala na: Bahala Na translates literally Ibang Tao ("outsider") - There are five as "leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is interaction levels under this category: used as an expression, almost universally, Pakikitungo: civility - right behavior in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in the means right demeanor towards authorities bahala na attitude as a culture-influenced (Parents, Elders, etc.). adaptive coping strategy when faced with Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing - This is a challenging situations. social value that is primarily Lakas ng loob: This attitude is communitarian. It espouses the ability to characterized by being courageous in the adapt. midst of problems and uncertainties. Pakikilahok: act of joining - This Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means translates to participation of the entire concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability community to help a person. of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy. 6. Societal values 1966 for the U.S. to pursue a Ph.D. in Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, Social Psychology. From there, he this actually refers to what other people watched the disenchantment of young see in a person and how they use that student activists in the Philippines over the information to make a stand or judge deteriorating political and social conditions about his/her worth. of the country. Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May When Enriquez returned to the Philippines refer to how other people judge a person in 1971, he embarked on a research study of his/her worth. This compels a common with Lagmay into the historical and cultural Filipino to conform to social norms, roots of Philippine Psychology, which regardless how obsolete they are. included identifying indigenous concepts Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May and approaches. Four years later, he refer to how a person judges his own chaired the first national conference on worth. Filipino Psychology. In this conference, the Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, ideas, concepts, and formulations of this actually refers to equity in giving Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally rewards to a person. articulated. Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO IN THE UNIVERSITY important value of pakikisama or OF THE PHILIPPINES pakikibagay (conformity). When Enriquez returned from the States, he and a few other colleagues translated PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGY AND foreign articles to Filipino. The students PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINE were also strongly encouraged to write Psychology as an academic discipline in their papers in this language instead of in the Philippines started in the early 1900s English, which had been (and still is) the when the U.S. colonized the country. medium of instruction in the University. Scientifically, it was generally viewed as a Gradually, more and more members of the continuation of the development of faculty were convinced to use the Filipino psychology in the West. In the early language in teaching Introductory 1970s, however, there came a turning Psychology. The main problems they point in the lives of Filipinos. It was a encountered in the use of Filipino in period marked by a high degree of teaching psychology, especially in its initial nationalism, brought about by the years, included the lack of materials declaration of the Martial Law. It was ironic written in Filipino and the lack of a that the father of Philippine Psychology technical vocabulary. was, at that time, a recent Ph.D. graduate These challenges were solved by of Northwestern University in the U.S. translations, compilations of local It was precisely his Western education materials, and choosing the appropriate that made Sikolohiyang Pilipino founder words from the local dialect. There were Virgilio Enriquez realize the need to have times when the technical term was a psychology based on the experience, retained when there was no equivalent in ideas, and orientation of the Filipinos. Filipino. This did not workout because Together with three other Enriquez realized that the translation colleagues—Prospero Covar failed to express a truly Filipino (anthropologist), and Zeus Salazar psychology. Other factors were the (historian), and Alfredo Lagmay difficulty of expressing or explaining some (psychologist)—they helped establish the Western concepts and theories in Filipino, foundation for a psychology of and for the the negative reactions of students who Filipinos. sometimes felt that their skill in speaking Enriquez had been a professor of and writing in Filipino was inadequate, and Psychology in the University of the the students’ lack of fluency in the Philippines in Diliman in 1963,but left in language. However, there were observable benefits as well University of the Philippines, Dr. Alfredo V. brought about by the use of Filipino in teaching Lagmay, Enriquez embarked on a psychology. Among other things: research into the historical and cultural It created better rapport between teacher roots of Philippine Psychology. and students Subsequently, the research included There was a more relaxed atmosphere in identifying indigenous concepts and the classroom approaches in Philippine psychology and The students’ confidence grew in developing creativity and inventiveness expressing their opinions, thoughts, and among Filipinos. From these researches, actual experiences a two-volume bibliography on Filipino A different perspective, which was more Psychology and a locally developed Filipino, was introduced into the course personality test, Panukat ng Ugali at Indigenous concepts were discovered; Pagkatao (Measure of Character and and Personality), were produced. The scope of topics discussed became In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang broader with the addition of information Pambansang Kumperensya sa from local materials and experiences. Sikolohiyang Filipino (First National Conference on Filipino Psychology) which Class discussions also became more concrete in was held at the Abelardo Auditorium at relation to Philippine reality. Psychology became U.P. In this conference, the ideas, related intimately and significantly to the everyday concepts, and formulations of life of the people. Most importantly, with the birth Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, a psychology with a articulated. Filipino orientation was developed. FOUR FILIATIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG HISTORY OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO PILIPINO From the beginning of the periods when Zeus Salazar (1985), a historian, later examined the Philippines was colonized by Spain, the history of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up and then USA, academic psychology, or with a description of the four filiations of Philippine the psychology taught in schools, was psychology: predominantly Western in theory and in a. The Academic-scientific psychology: the methodology. This Western Psychology Western was even used by Jose Rizal and Wilhelm Wundt, this coincide with the birth Apolinario Mabini who then expressed of scientific psychology the (German dissatisfaction at the pejorative tradition) in 1876, and the entry of interpretations of Filipino behavior. Western psychology (mainly American In the 1960s, many Filipino scholars and tradition) at the University of the intellectuals were already sensitive to both Philippines (1908) and other schools inadequacy as well as the unfairness of b. The Academic-philosophical psychology: the Western-oriented approaches to the Western (mainly clerical) psychology. But there was no concerted This was pursued by the University of Sto. effort in the 1960s to reject and correct the Tomas and later other schools of higher traditional way of teaching and studying learning, under the leadership of individual psychology. monks and preachers and Jesuits. The It was in early 1970s that this was initiated study of psychology as an aspect of when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to philosophy continued in the tradition of the Philippines from North Western Thomasic philosophy and psychology. University, USA with a PhD. in Social c. Ethnic psychology: Psychology and lost no time in introducing Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and the concept of Sikolohiyang Filipino katutubong sikolohiya. (Filipino Psychology). The subconscious psychology is Together with then-chairman of the embedded in the native language, art, Department of Psychology at the music, culture and religion (one has been  born into; unaware), e.g. kaluluwa at PILIPINOLOHIYA (FILIPINOLOGY) ginhawa. Philippine studies refers to the study of the Psychology of Filipinos - perceived Philippines and the Filipino people. Belinda A. ethnic traits, as observed by foreigners or Aquino, former director of the Center for as felt and expressed by Philippines Studies at the University of Hawaii at Filipinos.-psychology worked out by Manoa, defines Philippines Studies as “studies of Filipinos with indigenous elements as Philippine culture and society, which started in the basis (innate to the Filipino)- e.g. Kartilya early 1900s when the Philippines became a of the Katipunan, Jose Rizal, Hermano colony of the United States. It encompasses the Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes. following study: The practice of psychology by Filipinos Filipino History – techniques of enculturation, Filipino Culture socialization.-based on mainly Western Philippine Languages systems of thought -e.g. Spanish: Filipino Society Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of Filipino Life the Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by Filipino Psychology them); American: Worcester’s view of the The approaches or perspectives of Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different Philippine Studies could be theoretical, from one another as Christian and interdisciplinary, comparative, transnational and non-Christian (pagans and Moros). global. Filipinology was developed in the d. Psycho-medical: University of the Philippines Diliman and had Religion - cohesive element and explanation. become part of curricula in some colleges and (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques universities inside and outside of the Philippines. of healing; disease theory, causation, therapy. PANTAYONG PANANAW (THE “WE” (1650) Messianic movements PERSPECTIVE) (1730) Herbolaryo A method of acknowledging the history and (1900) Espiritista development of the nation based on the “internal interconnectedness and linking of characteristics, Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Philippine Social values, knowledge, wisdom ,aspirations, Sciences (Agham-tao; Pilipinolohiya at practices, behaviors and experiences as a unified Pantayong Pananaw) whole is a unity that is framed by and expressed The Philippine Social Science Council in a single language; that is, within an (PSSC) is a Member Organization of ISC. The autonomous, self-directed discourse of progress Philippine Social Science Council is a and civilization. This is a reality within any non-governmental organization which aims to ethno-linguistic group, among us or anywhere in support social scientists in the Philippines to the world, with a singular wholeness and identity increase the impact of their work and to connect with other scholars. AGHAM -TAO (ANTHROPOLOGY) is the scientific study of humans, human behavior How social science started in the Philippines? and societies in the past and present. Social The Philippine social sciences emerged as anthropology studies patterns of behaviour and specialized disciplines with the establishment of cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, academic departments in the early American including norms and values. Linguistic colonial period. ‘Patterned after American anthropology studies how language influences universities, the social science departments in the social life. Biological or physical anthropology country were created in different years. studies the biological development of humans. SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS Anthropology Economics Political Sciences Psychology Sociology