Culture and Psychology 7th Edition PDF

 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materi...

 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Culture and Psychology Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Culture and Psychology 7th Edition David Matsumoto San Francisco State University and Humintell Linda Juang University of Potsdam Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Culture and Psychology, Seventh Edition © 2023, 2017, 2013 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. David Matsumoto, Linda Juang WCN: 02-300 No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be SVP, Higher Education Product: reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as Erin Joyner permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permis- sion of the copyright owner. VP, Product Management, Learning Experiences: Thais Alencar Product Director: Laura Ross For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Product Manager: Cazzie Reyes Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 or support.cengage.com. Product Assistant: Jessica Witczak For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all Learning Designer: Kim Beuttler requests online at www.copyright.com. Vendor Content Manager: Priyanka Mandal, Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Library of Congress Control Number: 2022902247 Digital Delivery Quality Partner: Scott Diggins IP Analyst: Deanna Ettinger ISBN: 978-0-357-65805-5 IP Project Manager: Nick Barrows Cengage Designer: Sara Greenwood 200 Pier 4 Boulevard Production Service: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Boston, MA 02210 USA Cover Image Source: 184362027: Senorcampesino/E+/Getty Images Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions 1183068496: Francesca Pagnini/EyeEm/Getty with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales Images in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at: www.cengage.com. 22951323: JTGrafix/E+/Getty Images 769794465: Farhad Akbary/EyeEm/Getty Images To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2022 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  To the memories of my mom and dad, for their wonderful teachings and the great family they gave to me. —David Matsumoto To Tayo and Keanu, for being my everyday reminders of our increasingly multicultural world. —Linda Juang Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  About the Authors David Matsumoto received his B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1981 with high honors in psychology and Japanese and subsequently his M.A. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) in psychology from the University of California at Berkeley. He is currently professor of psychology and director of the Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory at San Francisco State University, where he has been since 1989. He is also director of Humintell, LLC, a company that provides research, consultation, and training on nonverbal behavioral analysis and cross-cultural adaptation. He has studied culture, emotion, social interaction, and communication for more than 35 years. His books include well-known titles such as Culture and Psychology, the APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication (ed.), Nonverbal Communication: Science and Applications (ed.), the Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology (ed.), and Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology (ed.). He is the recipient of numerous awards and honors in the field of psychology and is the series editor for the Cambridge University Press series on Culture and Psychology. He is also former editor-in-chief for the Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology. Linda Juang is a professor of diversity and education at the University of Potsdam, Germany. She earned her B.A. in child development from the University of Minnesota, her M.A. and Ph.D. in developmental psychology from Michigan State University, and was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Jena. Over the past two decades, she has studied adolescent development in various family, school, and cultural contexts. She has published and presented studies on immigration-related issues such as ethnic-racial identity, acculturation, and adjustment of culturally diverse adolescents and youth in the United States, Germany, and China. She is an associate editor for the journal Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. vi Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Brief Contents Preface xxi 1 An Introduction to Culture and Psychology 1 2 Cross-Cultural Research Methods 36 3 Enculturation 58 4 Culture and Developmental Processes 85 5 Culture, Self, and Identity 111 6 Culture and Personality 131 7 Culture and Gender 153 8 Culture and Cognition 178 9 Culture and Emotion 204 10 Culture and Communication 228 11 Culture and Physical Health 254 12 Culture and Mental Health 276 13 Culture and Psychological Interventions 305 14 Culture and Social Behavior 327 15 Culture and Organizations 357 Glossary 387 References 396 Name Index 444 Subject Index 459 vii Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents Preface xxi 1 An Introduction to Culture and Psychology 1 Psychology with a Cultural Perspective 2 The Goals of Psychology 2 Psychology across Cultures 3 Impact on Psychological Knowledge 4 Impact on Our Own Lives 5 Growth of Cross-Cultural Research and Psychology 5 What Is Culture? 6 Origins of Culture 6 A Definition of Culture 14 What’s Unique about Human Cultures? 17 The Difference between “Society” and “Culture” 18 Identifying Groups with Culture 18 Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Popular Culture 20 The Contents of Culture 22 Objective Elements 22 Subjective Elements 22 What Is the Association between Culture and Mental Processes and Behavior? 29 The Press of Culture and the Push of Noncultural Factors 30 The Cyclical Nature of Culture and Behavior and Cultural Changes 31 Universal and Culture-Specific Psychological Processes: Etics and Emics 33 C on cl us i on 34 K ey Te rms 35 E xpl orati on and Di sc o ve r y 35 Why Does This Matter to Me? 35 Suggestions for Further Exploration 35 ix Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. x  Contents 2 Cross-Cultural Research Methods 36 Types of Cross-Cultural Comparisons 37 Exploratory versus Hypothesis Testing 37 Structure versus Level Oriented 38 Individual versus Ecological (Cultural) Level 38 Designing Cross-Cultural Comparative Research 40 Getting the Right Research Question 40 Hypothesis-Testing Studies: Designs to Establish Linkages between Culture and Psychological Variables 41 Bias and Equivalence 45 Measurement Bias 47 Construct Bias 47 Linguistic Bias 47 Response Bias 48 Model Bias 50 Sampling Bias 51 Procedural (Administration) Bias 51 Interpretational Bias 52 Dealing with Nonequivalent Data 53 Method Validation and Indigenous Studies 53 Method Validation Studies 53 Indigenous Cultural Studies 54 Concl usi on 55 Ke y Te rms 56 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 57 Why Does This Matter to Me? 57 Suggestions for Further Exploration 57 3 Enculturation 58 Humans Engage in Cultural Learning 59 Unique Human Abilities 59 Enculturation and Socialization 59 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory 61 Culture, Parenting, and Families 62 Whiting and Whiting’s Six Cultures Study 63 Diversity in Parenting as a Function of Economics 63 Parenting Goals and Beliefs 64 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xi Global Parenting Styles 65 Parenting Behaviors and Strategies 67 A Domain-Specific Approach to Parenting 69 Siblings 70 Extended and Multigenerational Families 72 Summary 73 Culture and Peers 73 Exposure to Peer Groups 75 Peers and Bullying 75 Summary 77 Culture and the Educational System 77 School Systems 78 Parental and Familial Values 78 Attitudes and Appraisals of Students 79 Teaching Practices and School Environment 80 Summary 81 C on cl us i on 82 K ey Te rms 83 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 83 Why Does This Matter to Me? 83 Suggestions for Further Exploration 83 4 Culture and Developmental Processes 85 Culture and Temperament 87 What Is Temperament? 87 The Goodness of Fit between Temperament and Culture 87 Cross-Cultural Studies on Temperament 89 Temperament and Learning Culture 89 Dimensions of Temperament: A Focus on Behavioral Inhibition 90 Sources behind Temperamental Differences 91 Culture and Attachment 93 Traditional View of Attachment: Bowlby and Ainsworth 93 Cross-Cultural Studies and a Contemporary View on Attachment 94 Temperament and Attachment: A Summary 97 Cognitive Development 97 Piaget’s Theory 97 Piaget’s Theory in Cross-Cultural Perspective 99 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xii  Contents Piaget’s Theory: Summary and Discussion 101 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development 102 Moral Reasoning 104 What Is Moral? 104 Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality 105 Cross-Cultural Studies of Moral Reasoning 106 Three Ethics Approach to Moral Reasoning 107 Moral Concepts Develop Early 107 Concl usi on 108 Ke y Te rms 109 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 109 Why Does This Matter to Me? 109 Suggestions for Further Exploration 109 5 Culture, Self, and Identity 111 Culture and Self 112 Defining Self 112 Why Do People Have Self-Concepts? 112 The Independent versus Interdependent Self-Construal Theory 113 Assessments of the Independent vs. Interdependent Self-Construal Theory 116 Contemporary Perspectives on Culture and Self: Multifaceted, Contextualized, Dynamic Views of Self 119 Culture, Self-Esteem, and Self-Enhancement 121 What Is Self-Esteem, and Where Does It Come From? 121 The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem 122 Is Self-Enhancement Universal or Culture Specific? 123 Culture and Identity 126 Types of Identities 126 Identity Continuity and Fluidity 127 Multicultural Identities 128 Concl usi on 129 Ke y Te rms 130 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 130 Why Does This Matter to Me? 130 Suggestions for Further Exploration 130 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xiii 6 Culture and Personality 131 Defining Personality 132 Definitions 132 Perspectives 133 Measuring Personality across Cultures 134 Cross-Cultural Studies on Traits: The Five-Factor Model (FFM) 135 The Universality of the Five-Factor Model 135 Cross-Cultural Differences in Mean Aggregate Levels of the FFM 137 Do Perceptions of National Character Correspond to Aggregate Personality Traits? 138 Where Do These Traits Come From? Two Theories 139 Cross-Cultural Research beyond the FFM 142 Interpersonal Relatedness 143 Filipino Personality Structure 143 Dominance 144 Direct, Indirect, Proxy, and Collective Control 144 Autonomy 146 Indigenous Personalities 147 Integrating Universal and Culture-Specific Understandings of Personality 149 C on cl us i on 151 K ey Te rms 152 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 152 Why Does This Matter to Me? 152 Suggestions for Further Exploration 152 7 Culture and Gender 153 Sex and Gender 155 Gender Variations across Cultures 156 Masculinity and Femininity 157 Cognitive Differences 158 Conformity and Obedience 159 Aggressiveness 160 Personality 161 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xiv  Contents Sex and Sexuality 161 Division of Labor 163 Summary 166 Culture, Gender Roles, and Gender Stereotypes 168 Culture and Gender Stereotypes 168 Culture, Gender Role Ideology, and Self-Concept 171 Ethnicity and Gender Roles 172 Changing Cultures, Changing Gender Roles 174 Concl usi on 176 Ke y Te rms 177 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 177 Why Does This Matter to Me? 177 Suggestions for Further Exploration 177 8 Culture and Cognition 178 Culture as Cognition 179 Early Cross-Cultural Research: Culture and Perception 181 Contemporary Cross-Cultural Research: Analytic vs. Holistic Cognition 184 Culture and Attention 184 Culture and Categorization 187 Culture and Attributions 188 Culture and Reasoning: Dialectical Thinking 190 Culture and Memory 192 How Do Cultural Differences in Analytic vs. Holistic Cognition Occur? 193 Culture and Math 197 Culture and Time Perception 198 Culture and Intelligence 200 Contributions of Cross-Cultural Psychology to the Concept of Intelligence 200 Contributions of Cross-Cultural Psychology to the Assessment of Intelligence 201 Concl usi on 202 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xv K ey Te rms 203 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 203 Why Does This Matter to Me? 203 Suggestions for Further Exploration 203 9 Culture and Emotion 204 What Are Emotions? 205 Emotions as Evolved Information-Processing Systems 205 Different Categories of Emotion 206 The Biological Bases of Emotion—Basic Emotions 207 The Original Universality Studies 207 Subsequent Research 210 Other Sources of Evidence for the Universality of Basic Emotions and Their Possible Biological Bases 212 Summary 214 Cultural Regulation of Basic Emotions 215 Cultural Influences on Emotion 215 Front-End Calibration of the Emotion System 216 Back-End Calibration of the Emotion System 217 Cultural Display Rules 218 Cultural Decoding Rules 220 The Cultural Construction of Emotional Experience, Concepts, Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs 222 Emotional Experiences 222 Emotion Concepts 222 Categories of Emotion 223 The Location of Emotion 224 Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs about Emotion 225 Summary 225 C on cl us i on 226 K ey Te rms 227 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 227 Why Does This Matter to Me? 227 Suggestions for Further Exploration 227 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xvi  Contents 10 Culture and Communication 228 Cultural Influences on Verbal Language 229 The Structure of Language 229 Culture and Language Acquisition 230 Language Differences across Cultures 231 Language and Thought: The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis 234 Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Communication 237 Culture and Gestures 238 Culture and Gaze 239 Culture and Voice 240 Culture, Interpersonal Space, and Touch 240 Intracultural (Interpersonal) and Intercultural Communication 242 Cultural Influences on Encoding and Decoding 242 The Process of Intracultural and Intercultural Communication 242 Improving Intercultural Communication 244 Bi- and Multilingualism and Culture 248 Psychological Differences as a Function of Language 248 A Bilingual Advantage for Cognitive Performance? 249 Perceptions of Bilinguals 251 Concl usi on 252 Ke y Te rms 253 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 253 Why Does This Matter to Me? 253 Suggestions for Further Exploration 253 11 Culture and Physical Health 254 Cross-National Differences in Health Indicators Worldwide 255 Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality 255 Obesity 257 Subjective Well-Being 257 Ecological-Level Associations with Physical Health 259 Cultural Dimensions and Diseases 259 Environmental Effects on Health 261 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xvii Individual-Level Influences on Health and Disease 262 Cultural Differences in Definitions of Health 262 Culture, Lifestyles, and Behavior 263 Cultural Differences in Attitudes, Beliefs, and Worldviews about Health 264 Culture, Social Support, and Health 265 Culture, Body Shape, and Eating Disorders 266 Culture and Suicide 267 Culture and Possible Genetic Influences on Health 268 Summary 269 Culture, Health Disparities, and the Immigrant Paradox 270 Culture and Health Disparities 270 Acculturation and the Immigrant Paradox 271 Culture and COVID-19 273 C on cl us i on 273 K ey Te rms 274 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 275 Why Does This Matter to Me? 275 Suggestions for Further Exploration 275 12 Culture and Mental Health 276 Overview of Culture and Mental Health 277 What’s Normal? 277 Views about the Association among Culture, Mental Health, and Psychopathology 278 Culture and the Classification of Psychopathologies 279 Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Disorders 282 Bias and Equivalence 282 Assessing Mental Health in Children 283 Potential Biases in Test Interpretation 284 Measuring of Personality to Assess Psychopathology 285 Summary 286 Cross-Cultural Research on Psychological Disorders 287 Schizophrenia 287 Depression 289 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xviii  Contents Anxiety Disorders 291 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 292 Cultural Syndromes of Distress 293 Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees 297 African Americans 297 Latino Americans 298 Asian Americans 298 Native Americans 299 Immigrants 300 Refugees 302 Summary 303 Concl usi on 303 Ke y Te rms 304 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 304 Why Does This Matter to Me? 304 Suggestions for Further Exploration 304 13 Culture and Psychological Interventions 305 Culture and Psychotherapy 306 Traditional Psychotherapy 306 Cultural Assumptions of Psychotherapy 307 Psychotherapy in Diverse Cultures 308 Within Culture Variation in Psychotherapies 309 Disparities in Receiving and Barriers to Seeking Treatment 310 Disparities in Receiving Treatment 310 Barriers to Seeking Treatment 312 Removing Barriers to Treatment 314 Cultural Challenges to Psychological Interventions 314 Problem Conceptualization and Communication Issues 314 Expectations about Roles, Treatment Modalities, and Outcomes 315 Face Concerns 316 The Role of Extended Families 316 Culturally Informed Services 316 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents  xix Matching 317 Improving Cultural Competence 318 Community Approaches to Interventions 319 Indigenous and Traditional Healing 320 Blending Indigenous Healing Practices with Western-Based Approaches 323 C on cl us i on 325 K ey Te rms 325 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 326 Why Does This Matter to Me? 326 Suggestions for Further Exploration 326 14 Culture and Social Behavior 327 Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures 328 Culture and Mate Selection 328 Culture and Love 329 Culture and Marriage 330 Intercultural Marriages 331 Culture and Social Influence 332 Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience 332 Cooperation 334 Culture and Intergroup Relations 337 Ingroups and Outgroups 337 Stereotypes 341 Ethnocentrism and Prejudice 344 Discrimination 347 Culture and Aggression 350 Cultures of Honor 350 Aggression and Other Cultural Constructs 351 Acculturation 352 C on cl us i on 355 K ey Te rms 355 E x pl orati on and Di s c o v e r y 356 Why Does This Matter to Me? 356 Suggestions for Further Exploration 356 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xx  Contents 15 Culture and Organizations 357 Culture and Organizational Cultures 358 Revisiting Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 358 Organizational Cultures and Climate 361 Culture and Person-Organization Fit 361 Culture and Attitudes about Work and Organizations 362 Culture, Motivation, Productivity, Leadership, and Creativity 366 Motivation and Productivity 366 Culture and the Meaning of Leadership 368 Culture and Leadership Behaviors 369 Culture, Creativity, and Innovation 372 Culture and Decision-Making Processes 373 Organizational Decisions 373 Organizational Fairness 374 Consumer Decisions 376 Culture and Negotiation 377 Working in Different Cultures 380 International Assignments and Culture Shock 380 Working with Increasingly Diverse Workforce Populations 382 Cross-Cultural Competence 383 Culture and Sexual Harassment 383 Concl usi on 384 Ke y Te rms 385 Expl orati on and Di s c o ver y 385 Why Does This Matter to Me? 385 Suggestions for Further Exploration 386 Glossary 387 References 396 Name Index 444 Subject Index 459 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface First and foremost, we thank all previous, current, and prospective users of our book. We sincerely appreciate all the instructors for the hard work and efforts they make in the classroom every day in service of the education of future generations of leaders of our world and for the greater good that comes from those efforts. We thank all the students who have read this book; hopefully they were able to extract some things that can enrich their lives in some way. We appreciate all the kind notes, comments, questions, and messages that many of you have sent to us throughout the years. We appreciate all of you who come to introduce yourselves at meetings and conferences; meeting you in person is a special joy, and we thank you from the bottom of our hearts for the reception you always give us. Content Improvements We have taken all of your comments, suggestions, and critiques of the previous edition of our book to improve it substantially. With regard to content, we have thoroughly revised the book to focus on a few main messages and learning objectives that begin in Chapter 1. In that chapter, we now provide an overall framework concerning the association between culture and psychology and with which readers will be able to engage with the material in all subsequent chapters. Thus, the writing throughout all the chapters is tighter and more woven together with this foundational framework laid in the beginning of the book. Because the entire text is now more focused and organized around a central framework, we have taken multiple steps to tighten the writing throughout and further improve the text. We have reduced many redundancies in writing and have eliminated citations and text content that were not relevant to the main message in each chapter and section that had just added more “facts” without substance. We have also eliminated additional text in each chapter that bolstered points already made, further reducing redundancies. In balance, we have updated each chapter with new research citations and content that are directly relevant to the main messages of the chapter and centered on each chapter’s learning objectives. Because of a renewed focus on main messages and learning objectives, we have also restructured several chapters to improve the flow of material and to bring their organization to be more consistent with current conceptual frameworks in the field. We also have brought all language consistent with the inclusion and diversity principles of the American Psychological Association, hopefully further bringing our text to be more inclusive of more people than in the past. Pedagogical Improvements In addition to the pedagogical devices utilized in the previous edition of the book, we have enhanced the pedagogy in a number of ways: Throughout all chapters, readers will find increased cross-callouts to other chapters in the book, and especially Chapter 1, to increase cohesion and integration of the main message and organizational framework laid out in Chapter 1 throughout and to tie topics together across chapters. xxi Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xxii  Preface Each chapter now includes a list of overall learning objectives for that chapter at the beginning of each chapter. Comprehension checks are now included at the end of each major section in each chapter. More bullet points are used in lists to make points throughout (like the one you’re reading now!). As in the past, we have ensured ample inclusion of visual aids throughout the book, including margin definitions, key terms in a glossary, and numerous tables and figures. Listing of Improvements for Each Chapter In addition to these major changes described above, we list below the specific changes we have made in each chapter: Chapter 1—An Introduction to Culture and Psychology Writing issues Reorganized the material Reduced many redundancies to tighten the writing throughout Reduced chapter length Content issues Expanded discussion of three dimensions differentiating human from nonhuman cultures (complexity, differentiation, and institutionalization) Reduced discussion of groups with culture Reduced discussion of culture-level values and focused on Hofstede because it remains the most widely used characterization of culture-level values Updated Hofstede’s value dimensions to include his sixth dimension Updated section on “Beliefs” with new research on beliefs in a zero-sum game and religiosity Expanded discussion of tightness–looseness distinction with new studies Revised model of association between culture and mental processes and behavior Including discussion of the press of culture and the push of noncultural (biological) factors on behavior; Expanded discussion of the cyclical nature of culture and behavior; Included new section on changing cultures Chapter 2—Cross-Cultural Research Methods Reorganized material so that the initial focus is on cross-cultural comparative studies because these are the prevalent type of study in cross-cultural research and psychology and serve as the backbone to the research cited in this book Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface  xxiii Condensed material on types of cross-cultural comparisons. The difference between inclusion of contextual factors and exploratory vs. hypothesis testing studies was blurred because inclusion of context factors is the difference between exploratory vs. hypothesis testing studies Within the section on “Bias and Equivalence,” reorganized the material to highlight measurement bias, linguistic bias, and response bias first because these are arguably the most important types of biases to focus on and those that have received the most research attention Streamlined the discussion on other types of cross-cultural research because they are secondary to cross-cultural comparisons Chapter 3—Enculturation Included recent reviews on parenting styles and child outcomes, co-sleeping, and cyberbullying around the world Chapter 4—Culture and Developmental Processes Included description of recent international research consortium for the study of temperament Added a section to describe how moral development starts early among children in different cultures Chapter 5—Culture, Self, and Identity Reorganized the material, focusing first on the theory of independent vs. interdependent self-construal Included new figures highlighting findings from important studies Reorganized and tightened the writing on contemporary views of self across cultures Included a new section on the nature and function of self-esteem with recent cross-cultural research Included a new section on identity continuity Chapter 6—Culture and Personality Eliminated superfluous material in measurement of personality across cultures section (much of it was discussed in Chapter 2) Clarified writing of theories of the origins of traits, contrasting these theories, especially the five-factor theory, more clearly to the five-factor model Separated discussion of cultural differences in mean, aggregate levels of traits into its own section, and highlighted two hypotheses about the source of these differences Included a new figure representing the framework integrating universal and culture-specific aspects of personality based on a distinction of two different domains of personality Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xxiv  Preface Chapter 7—Culture and Gender Updated terminologies and acknowledged gender as more than the binary of being male and female Included Hyde’s gender similarity hypothesis based on meta-analysis of gender and cognitive and psychological variations Included a meta-analysis of gender and math performance across countries Updated the section on gender and housework across cultures and added a new figure Updated the section on gender stereotypes to illustrate that stereotypes can change over time Updated the section on ethnicity and gender roles with more recent literature Chapter 8—Culture and Cognition Totally reorganized the material. Assembling sections on attention, categorization, reasoning, attribution (which was moved from Chapter 14) and memory under the analytic vs. holistic cognition framework, which is the dominant framework in culture and cognition research today Within the section on memory, included new categorization of recent cross- cultural research on memory, focusing on the work of Wang and colleagues At the end of the analytic vs. holistic cognition section, included discussion of the social orientation hypothesis and studies that challenge for balance and to foster critical thinking Eliminated previous sections on problem-solving, regrets and counterfactual thinking, dreams, and pain because they were not as relevant to the main takeaways of this domain of cross-cultural research today Considerably shortened discussion of intelligence and refocused that discussion on contributions of cross-cultural psychology to understanding and assessment of intelligence Chapter 9—Culture and Emotion Included new message and citations that integrate previous controversies and debates about universal and culture-specific aspects of emotion Reorganized the chapter to correspond more closely to the new, integrated message and to streamline the chapter organization Chapter 10—Culture and Communication Included more examples from more diverse cultures and languages Streamlined the writing and takeaway message concerning the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis Streamlined the discussion of intracultural (interpersonal) communication Revised the section on presumed bilingual advantages in cognition Merged concepts formerly considered separate related to “foreign language processing difficulties” and “foreign language effect” Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface  xxv Chapter 11—Culture and Physical Health Restricted the chapter to provide better, more organized coverage of the material Separated ecological-level influences from individual-level ones Reduced superfluous writing and coverage Included a brief section on Culture and COVID-19 Chapter 12—Culture and Mental Health Reorganized introductory material to streamline presentation of issues concerning definitions of normality across cultures and their implications to classification and assessment of psychopathology Reduced redundant material concerning assessment previously covered in Chapter 2 on measurement and assessment across cultures Added a new section on anxiety disorders Updated cultural syndromes of distress and added discussion distinguishing between such syndromes and culture-specific labeling of misfortunes in life Chapter 13—Culture and Psychological Interventions Retitled the chapter title and section heads to more contemporary language related to psychological interventions Restructured the chapter to incorporate evolution in research areas in the last decade Previous section on “Treatment Issues” now relabeled as “Cultural Challenges to Psychological Interventions,” and four new subsections now identified Included new section on “Face Concerns” “Culturally Competent Services” now labeled “Culturally Informed Services,” and three new subsections now identified Removed the section on “Cultural and Clinical Training” as its main message is covered in “Improving Cultural Competence” subsection within “Culturally Informed Services” and in the Conclusion Chapter 14—Culture and Social Behavior Dropped the material on person perception, face recognition, and attractiveness as cross-cultural research in these areas really has not provided a coherent, take- away message Moved the section on attributions to Chapter 7 on cognition Consolidated material on conformity, compliance, obedience, and cooperation under the rubric of “social influence” Expanded material on discrimination with new research Consolidated previous tables 14.2 and 14.3 into one table Inserted six new figures from recent research Deleted cumbersome tables on list of stereotype words used in classic research as they were unnecessary, additional “facts” Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xxvi  Preface Chapter 15—Culture and Organizations Consolidated writing on Hofstede’s dimensions, organizational culture and climate, person–organization fit, and attitudes about work into a single “Culture and Organizational Culture” section Tightened the writing on Hofstede’s dimensions, referring to Chapter 1 and focusing on their associations with organizational culture Consolidated writing on two sections—Motivation and Productivity and Leadership—into a single section Moved the section on creativity originally in Chapter 8 to this chapter. Included a new section on cross-cultural competence (aka cultural intelligence) in the section entitled “Working in Different Cultures” Instructor Resources Instructor resources for Culture and Psychology, 7th edition, are available online. Instructor assets include an Instructor’s Manual, PowerPoint slides, and a test bank powered by Cognero. Sign up or sign in at www.cengage.com to search for and access this product and its online resources. Acknowledgments The result of all the changes mentioned in the Preface is an improved conceptual and empirical coverage of the major theories and research in cross-cultural psychology in all domains of study that overlap with the major domains of psychology typically covered in broad survey courses. None of these improvements would have been possible without the help and support of so many instructors who have adopted our book, students who have read the book, and reviewers who provided constructive points to us in the past. Again, thank you to all. Finally, we would like to thank the entire Cengage team for bringing this 7th edition to fruition—Colin Grover, Cazzie Reyes, Sheila Moran, Kim Beuttler, and Jessica Witczak—and Priyanka Mandal of Lumina Datamatics. All have been professional, competent, and courteous throughout the years and have kept us on track in the revision of this edition. Without you, none of this would have been possible. We also would like to give very special thanks to Matthew Wilson for their amazing contributions to this effort and many others. Finally, although we are indebted to so many people who have helped us along the way in the writing of this book, any errors in the book are only ours. David Matsumoto and Linda Juang San Francisco, CA, and Potsdam, Germany January 2022 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  An Introduction to Culture and Psychology Chapter 1 Chapter Contents 1-3 The Contents of Culture 22 1-1 Psychology with a Cultural Perspective 2 Objective Elements 22 Subjective Elements 22 The Goals of Psychology 2 Comprehension Check 29 Psychology across Cultures 3 Impact on Psychological Knowledge 4 1-4 What Is the Association between Culture Impact on Our Own Lives 5 and Mental Processes and Behavior? 29 Growth of Cross-Cultural Research and Psychology5 The Press of Culture and the Push of Noncultural Factors 30 Comprehension Check 6 The Cyclical Nature of Culture and Behavior 1-2 What Is Culture? 6 and Cultural Changes 31 Universal and Culture-Specific Psychological Origins of Culture 6 Processes: Etics and Emics 33 A Definition of Culture 14 Comprehension Check 33 What’s Unique about Human Cultures? 17 The Difference between “Society” and Conclusion34 “Culture”18 Identifying Groups with Culture 18 Key Terms 35 Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Exploration and Discovery 35 Popular Culture 20 Why Does This Matter to Me? 35 Comprehension Check 21 Suggestions for Further Exploration 35 Learning Objectives 1.1 Explain how the study of culture can impact psychological 1.5 Describe different elements of human cultures, especially theories and knowledge, and the ultimate goals of the field the various components associated with subjective of psychology. elements, and give examples. 1.2 Define culture and explain the origins of human cultures. 1.6 Describe the association between culture and mental 1.3 Contrast culture with race, personality, and popular culture. processes and behavior. 1.4 Explain what differentiates human cultures from nonhuman cultures. 1 Copyright 2023 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2  Chapter 1 Many decades ago, a classic work stated that every person is in certain respects like all other people like some other people, and like no other person (Kluckhohn, Murray, & Schneider, 1953). Over a century of cross-cultural research in psychology has brought this message home: that there are some universal aspects to all human beings—we are all alike in certain ways. But we are also members of important cultural groups, making us similar to others in our groups. And we are like no one else, each individual unique and different. In this book, we’ll learn about how this message is represented in the various domains of psychology. This message is important in today’s ever-diversifying world, which has created a wonderful environment for personal challenge and growth, but also increase