21st Century Literature From The Philippines And The World PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD PRELIM & MIDTERM Don Quixote by Miguel de LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Cervantes, etc. LITERATURE: ORIGIN/HISTORY What is Literature?...

21ST PRELIM & MIDTERM LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION LITERATURE: ORIGIN/HISTORY What is Literature? Origin of the term: “Literature” is derived from the Latin word litera which means letter. Literature is defined as “pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially those in the form of novels, plays, short stories, and poems.” According to Kahayon (1998), literature deals with the ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man- thus it can be said that literature is a story of a man. Through Literature, we learn the innermost feelings and thoughts of people- the most real part of themselves, thus we gain an understanding not only of others but more importantly, of ourselves and of life itself. – Garcia, et al, 1993. Literature is defined as written works such as novels, poetry, short stories, poems, speeches, etc. It is usually written by expert authors. “Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides, and in the respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become” – C.S.Lewis Examples of Great Literature: William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Works of Edgar Allan Poe Works of Dr. Jose Rizal 6) Universality - is the quality that allows a work to resonate with a wide audience, transcending cultural, temporal, and geographical boundaries. Hallmarks of Literature 1. Artistry - quality in the beauty sense. 2. Intellectual Value - the thought in the text. 3. Suggestiveness - the emotions present in the story. 4. Spiritual Value - the morals elevating the person’s spirit in the story whatever the situation. 5. Permanence - the endurance of the work. 6. Universality - how literary work appeals to everyone, regardless culture, race, gender, and time. According to Garcia 1993, these are the following qualities to distinguish a great literature. A text that appeals to our sense of beauty. A text that enriches life by making us realize the fundamental truth about life and human nature, a text that can be read again, and a text that is timeless and timely. LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE LITERARY PERIODS: PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Alibata - First Filipino Alphabet Baybayin - First Filipino system of writing Alliance of the country: China India Malaysia Ways of Living or survival of people during pre-colonial period: Pagsasaka Pangingisda Trading mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors" (Godinez-Ortega, n.d.). In terms of government, Filipinos were ruled by chieftains of different barangay. The Malacañang Palace considered this as more of "alliance networking rather than territorial" (malacanang.gov.ph). There was no formal education. Learning was merely through imitation and practice. In general, the following were commonly practiced: Early Filipinos heavily believed in spirits and supernatural entities (animism). Social ranking and classes were practiced. Economic and political dimensions involved trading, marriage, feasting, and alliance. Dimensions of Pre-colonial Literature Philippine literature during the pre-colonial era is mostly based on oral traditions passed down from generation to generation. The language used pertains to daily life. Common forms of oral literature are riddles, proverbs, and songs to express a thought or emotion. Epic was considered as the most exciting poetic and narrative form of literature in the ASEAN-sponsored study of Filipinos asserted that there are more than 100 epics discovered where the majority came from Palawan (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.). Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by achievements and deeds of the main character Folk Songs. These can be considered as the oldest forms of Philippine literature that mirror the culture which expresses hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos. Examples: kundiman, kumintang, oyayi or hele, and some drinking songs. Other Forms. ➔ proverbs (salawikain) ➔ riddles (bugtong) ➔ chant (bulong) ➔ maxims or those with rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or 8 syllables ➔ sayings (kasabihan) ➔ idiom (sawikain) ➔ Tanaga is another favorite poem consisting of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE PERIOD: SPANISH PERIOD Vernacular Language: Filipino - Katutubong Wika ➔ Language in the Philippines during the pre-colonial period. Two Spanish Period: Early Spanish (March 1521 - 1565) Revolutionary Period (1565 - 1898) 3Gs (Goals or Reasons why Spaniards came to the Philippines): G - Grace or God G - Gold G - Governance 5 group of Missionaries: 1. Augustinians 2. Pransiscans 3. Jesuits 4. Dominicans Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled mostly morality and religion. Folk songs still existed. Drama flourished as another literary genre type and metrical tales based on European origin (such as awit and korido). Diaryong Tagalog (1882) - A Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published many Filipino writings. The publication signaled the open campaign for reforms. La Solidaridad (1889) - An underground newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement. Emergence Of Other Types Of Literature During The Spanish Period Books Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine) 1593 - The book written by Fr. Juan de Placenciaand Fr. Domingo Nieva was first printed. First book published in the Philippines. Among the other notable books printed are: ➔ Nuestra Señora del Rosario Blancas de San Jose ➔ Barláan at Jósaphát (first published in 1708) - Translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja ➔ Urbana at Felisa by Modesto de Castro who is considered as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. Folk Songs. These were songs modified based on the folkways of Filipinos during this period. Recreational Plays. These were mostly poetic and intended to be performed during the Spanish era. Cenaculo. Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Karagatan are among the examples Jose Rizal (1861–1896) - a prominent ilustrado and country’s national hero, is famous for the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy. Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” which appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan in March 1896. Leona Florentino (1849–1884) - known as the “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature”, was a poet in both Ilocano and Spanish. her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe and were included in the Internationale des Oeuvres des Femme in 1889. LESSON 5: PHILIPPINE PERIODS: AMERICAN PERIOD AND JAPANESE PERIOD Pact of Biak na Bato - Agreement of Aguinaldo and the Spanish general. Manuel L. Quezon - Second President of the Philippines and Commonwealth president. Education System reformed and the American teaches us the 3rs: Reading Writing Arithmetic PNS(Philippine Normal School/University) now PNU (Philippine Normal University) - The first school during the American Period that was founded on September 1, 1901. Thomasites - Term used for the American teachers of the Filipinos. July 4, 1946 - Tinanggap ng American na malaya na ang Pilipinas Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of the American colonial period. The existence of American literary works and periodicals as well as the coming of American teachers encouraged many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language. A new type of literature began when the American system of education and the English language were introduced. In the beginning, most of the literary works written in English were considered imitative, but then later on new variety of subjects, styles, and conventions of writing. Common themes in plays were all about nationalism. Other types of Literature Existed During the American Colonial Period Short Stories. These stories can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one subject and may range between 1,000 and 20,000 words. The first short story written in English is entitled "Dead Marquez Benitez. Some Notable Writers Juan C. Laya - He won first prize for his novel "His Native First Commonwealth Awards in 1940. Zoilo M. Galang - His work entitled "A Child of Sorrow" considered the first Filipino novel in English JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942 - 1945) Dimensions of Philippine Literature All forms of writing were censored during this time because there was no speech and the press. Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely. The use of the English language was stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were permitted. Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria Abelardo. Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all. Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories: “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo “Nayon at Dagat dagatan” by N.V.M. Gonzalez “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda. Opera and classical music gained popularity. Among the other types of literature that emerged were essays (e.g. "Literature 12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) Republic 13. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) - Fifth Republic 14. Gloria Macapagal (2001-2010) - Fifth Republic 15. Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) - Fifth Republic 16. Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) - Fifth Republic 17. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. (2022-present) - Fifth Republic O giliw - about longing to someone Genre: Kundiman - expressing country and love for someone and courting. Theme: How people show love and affection Musical Style: Solemn (Melodious and Soulful) Cultural Significant: Harana Marcela Agonicillo - Sewed the Philippine Flag Jose Palma - Composer of the National Anthem Julian Felipe - Naglapat ng tono sa National Anthem EDSA - Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue Epifanio Delos Santos - Filipino writer and Historian ➔ First Academician and Brain of the brain of scholars Tyrant - Cruel UNESCO - United Nation educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization MILF - Moro Islamic Liberation Front Joseph Estrada - Ama ng Masa Post-Colonial Period (1945 - present) After The War In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while the Commonwealth government was in exile in the U.S. EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the initiative of Maria Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters erupted, marking a significant national event. Snap election was conducted in seated Corazon Aquino - the widow of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" 11th President of the Philippines and ended the 21 years of what many claimed tyrant rule. Marcos went into exile in Hawaii, where he died on September 28, 1989. Philippines After The Martial Law (5th Republic to Present) The political and economic condition of the Philippines during Cory administration was described as chaotic. Monopolization of the agricultural industry took place after the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forced the Philippines to pay its debt amounting to 27.2 billion dollars which they claimed to be inherited from the Marcos administration. Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial President") took office in 1992 where he immediately worked on the country's recovery. He was awarded the Peace Award by UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace Agreement with MILF. Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won the presidency with his pro-poor campaign in 1998 but was ousted in 2001 because of corruption and gambling issues. 2. the founding of the Philippine Writers’ Association in 1953 3. the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to name a few. According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were war experiences which can be seen in the works of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) and Edilberto Tiempo’s Watch in the Night for the English category. While Filipino literature used the vernaculars, the works of Lazaro Francisco were profoundly noted for his style associated with Rizal’s influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962). The influence of both Spanish and American styles could be observed in the work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics. Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk tradition, especially in poetry such as epic and other oral forms of literature that still existed like Balagtasan. However, the oral tradition became less popular as people became more interested in short stories. LESSON 7: CANONICAL AUTHORS AND WORKS OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS Canonical - As defined by the Oxford Dictionary, canonical /kənɒnɪkəl/ traditionally means anything that is included in a list of holy books that are accepted as genuine. 4. F. Sionil Jose (Pangasinan) for Region 1 - “My Brother, My Executioner” 5. Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Vizcaya) for Region 2 - “ A Blade of Fern” 6. Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera (Batangas) for Region IV-A - “Filipinos Writing: Philippine Literature from the Regions” 1. Lualhati Torres Bautista. Known as contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction, this foremost Filipino female novelist from Tondo, Manila is also famous for her screenwriting career as most of her works such as Dekada 70 and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa already have film versions. This realist writer often tackles issues among women courageously face difficult situations. She is a recipient of numerous literary awards such as Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature. 2. Roberto "Bob" actual name and identity is unknown. He is the author of various popular books such as ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, Bakit Baligtad Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino, and Alamat ng Gubat to name a few. He is widely known for his conversational and humorous writing style that often depicts Filipino cultures. His technique of violating standard writing principles shows one unique characteristic of a 21st century literary writer who applies the latest trends in writing. Visayas (Home of Hybrid Forms): Canonical Authors Muddas. He has received multiple awards from Don Carlos Palanca for his poetry and essays. 2. Myrna Peña Reyes - A poet from Cagayan de Oro is a recipient of the Oregon Literary Fellowship for poetry. Some of her works are the following: Memory’s Mercy: New and Selected Poems (University of the Philippines Press, 2015) Almost Home: (University of Philippines Press, 2004) The River Singing Stone (Anvil, 1994). Her works are published both Philippines and the United States. The National Artist - is a Filipino citizen recognized for his/ her significant contribution in the fields of music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, broadcast arts, and architecture or allied arts based on the criteria mandated with reference to Proclamation No. 1144 s. 1973 and Presidential Decree No. 208 s. 1973 "Granting Certain Privileges and Honors to National Artists and Creating a Special Fund for the Purpose". The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) committee is in charge of the administration and selection process. The President of the Philippines grants the title or rank upon recommendation of both institutions. The insignia each recipient will get upon being proclaimed a National Artist symbolizes its motto coined by Imelda Marcos “KATOTOHANAN, In 1933 his Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others (Charles Scribner's Sons) became the first book of fiction by a Filipino author published by a major United States-based press. Villa also continued to publish in the Philippines, and his poetry collections Many Voices (Philippine Book Guild) and Poems (The Philippine Writers' League) appeared in 1939 and 1941, respectively. In 1942 he published his first poetry collection in the United States, Have Come, Am Here (Viking Press), which was a finalist for the 1943 Pulitzer Prize. He went on to publish several more poetry collections in the Philippines, including Poems in Praise of Love (A. S. Florentino, 1962), and two in the United States, Selected Poems and New (McDowell Obolensky, 1958) and Volume Two (New Directions, 1949). Villa was the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Philippines Heritage Award, a Poetry Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, and a Shelley Memorial Award. In 1973 he was named a National Artist of the Philippines, and he also served as a cultural advisor to the government. He died in New York City on February 7, 1997. Manuel Estabilla Arguilla (1911 –1944) - Manuel Estabilla Arguilla is an Ilokano writer. He writes in English, is a patriot, and is a martyr, and is widely known for his short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife", the literary him win first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940. - It is typically structured with a pattern and may include rhymes. - Emphasis on image or feeling - More emphasis on rhythm and meter than other genres (older drama, like Shakespeare, often uses rhythm and meter) - Sometimes rhymes, but not always - Organized through stanzas and lines - Does not require a plot or characters, although it may (such as in narrative poetry). Often focuses on a single moment feeling or image - Meant to be heard as well as read Structural Elements in Poetry Verse - A verse is a single line of poetry. Stanza - A stanza is made up of many lines. It provides a way of changing the subject or tone. It also helps create structure and flow to the ideas in the poem. Rhyme - It often refers to the of words at the end of two or more verses, which creates a poem’s rhythm Meter - It is the pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables. It helps create rhythm and musicality. Elements of Poetry: Genres Genre - Types of literature based on their characteristics and themes. Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a story. Broadly it subsumes epic poetry, but the term “narrative poetry” is often reserved for smaller works, generally with more appeal to human interest. Narrative poetry may be the oldest poetry. Epic poetry is a genre and a major form of narrative literature. This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the microstory (a.k.a. the “short short story”, or “flash fiction”). Speculative poetry, also known as fantastic poetry, (of which weird or macabre poetry is a major subclassification), is a poetic genre that deals thematically that are ‘beyond reality’, whether via extrapolation as in science fiction or via weird and horrific themes as in horror fiction. Such poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines. Free Verse Poetic form is more flexible in modernist and post-modernist poetry and continues to be less structured than in previous literary eras. Many modern poets eschew recognizable structures or forms and write in free verse. But poetry remains distinguished from prose by its form; some regard for basic formal structures of poetry will be found in even the best free verse, however many such structures may appear to have been ignored. Haiku poetry is a Japanese verse three lines long. Written in English, line one has 5 syllables, line 2 has 7 syllables and line three has 5 syllables, 17 in all. Tanka poetry - Tanka (meaning “short poem”) is a modern Japanese poem (or “waka”) form, consisting of five units (often treated as separate lines when romanized or translated) usually with the following pattern of syllables 5-7-5-7-7. LESSON 11: HYPERPOETRY 1. Setting - place and time the story occurred; social climate; overall mood/feeling. 2. Plot - arrangement/sequence of events Exposition – introduction of the setting, characters, and general situation in the story. Rising Action – introduction of the conflict. (Conflict could or a struggle between man and himself and external conflict or his struggle with other characters, nature, supernatural beings, or society.) Climax –the highest point of action/ suspense. Falling Action – the aftermath of the conflict. Denouement – resolution of conflict/conclusion of struggle. 3. Character –a participant in the story. A character could be the protagonist or the hero or the one readers/audience sympathize with; the antagonist or the villain; the foil who provides comparison to the protagonist to highlight or emphasize his admirable traits. A character could be round/ trigger from an object such as a scent, a view, a song, or a line. Example: As the bus got nearer to the park, she remembered her old dear aunt. 4. Foreshadowing –A hint of what is to happen later in the story; uses objects, sound effects, to warn of an impending danger. Example: The alarm kept ringing that day and at the right time, he came. 5. Irony – the use of words the contrary to: what is happen (Situational Irony); meant (Verbal Irony) and the audience being more aware of what is happening than the character (Dramatic Irony). Example: She says they were impoverished all those weeks, but she looked healthier than were giving out relief goods. (Situational Irony) "I happier for the trouble you caused me." (Verbal Irony) 6. Stream of Consciousness expressing in words the flow of a character's thoughts their minds; often indicated in quotation marks. Example: "You'll me," she muttered to herself. 7. Local Color - use of local terms, slang, or customs identifiable locality or region. Example: She reached out for her abaniko. Nanay never left without it CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Don Quixote by Miguel de TO Cervantes, etc. Significance of Literature Expanding Horizon - When we read, we became travelers. Building Critical Thinking Skills - When we read, we learn to read between the lines. A Leap into the Past - When we read, we are intertwined with history. Appreciation of other Cultures and Beliefs - When we read, we understand and experience the systems and lives. Better Writing Skills - When we read, we expand our vocabulary. Addressing Humanity - When we read, we realize the imperfection of life. LESSON 2: HALLMARKS OF LITERATURE Hallmarks of Literature = Literary Standards 1) Artistry - refers to the skill, creativity, and aesthetic quality involved in creating a piece of art or literature. 2) Intellectual value - refers to the depth of thought, insight, and knowledge that a work provides. 3) Suggestiveness - is the quality of a work that evokes deeper meanings, emotions, or associations in the viewer or reader. 4) Spiritual value - refers to the ability of a work to inspire or elevate the spirit, often connecting to deeper meanings or higher truths. 5) Permanence - refers to the enduring quality of a work, and its ability to stand the test of time and remain relevant across generations. Pangangaso Social Class status: 1. Datu/chieftains 2. Maharlika 3. Timawa (Freemen) 4. Alipin (Servants) Balangay (trading) - Main Transportation of the pre-colonial Filipino The beginning period of Philippine literary history can be considered as the longest as evidenced by the artifacts of different periods recovered ranging from 50,000 years ago to 14th century A.D. in the Tabon Cave of Palawan. The said exploration was headed by a team from the National Museum where they found the oldest known human skeletal fossil (Hominin Homo luzonensis) in the Philippines. of The discovery later led to the realization of our indigenous cultures before the presence of the Spanish colonizers through the analysis of collected oral literature preserved by our Filipino ancestors. our mental Literature during this period may be classified into three groups: folk speech folk songs folk narratives such as riddles, proverbs, myths, legends, fables, and hero tales. Epics are of great proportion in oral literature in all regions. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (before the arrival of Spaniards) Certain events in the Philippines during the pre-colonial period started to be recorded in the year 1521. Our rich past was reflected in "folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano dialects. The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was often cited in the work of Pedro Chirino during the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the Philippines through House Bill No. 1022. The experiences of the people during the pre-colonial period such as food hunting, work at home, caring for the children, and creatures or objects of nature served as the common subject in oral literature. Anyone who knew the language and the conventions and forms could be a poet, singer, or storyteller. All important events such as rites and ceremonies reflect religious observance where people commonly recite, sing, or utter a chant. Types Of Pre-Colonial Literature Folk Tales. These are stories that can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and placeless tales circulated orally among a group of people. Legends. These are a form of prose that deals with a thing's origin, location or name. Myths. Unlike legends where the characters have realistic human qualities, the characters here usually have supernatural powers where the main purpose is to provide explanation about the existence of something or someone. Epics. These pertain to a type of long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic researchers 5. Augustinian Recollect Governor Narciso Claverio - Influences the Filipinos to have a Spanish name. Two (2) Types of Spaniards: 1. Peninsulares - Spaniards born outside the country 2. Insulares - Spaniards born inside the country Awit - Lyrics (12 syllables each line) Korido - 14 syllables in each line Revolutionary Period: Emilio Jacinto - Brain of Katipunan Andres Bonifacio - Father of Katipunan Emilio Aguinaldo - First president of the Philippines and the traitor of Katipunan La Solidaridad - A newspaper that is all about Spaniards lie and wrong doings ➔ Only for Filipinos Doctrina Cristiana - All about Christianity ➔ Written in Spanish Lope K. Santos - Ama ng Balarila 1902 - First Novel Book ➔ Written in English Paz Marquez Benitez - First Filipino woman who published a short story book LITERARY called “dead star” that was written in 1925. José Rizal - Author of La Solidaridad Graciano Lopez Jaena - Editor of La Solidaridad Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Second editor of La Solidaridad SPANISH LANGUAGE → TAGALOG The introduction of the printing equipment called the Xylographic Press by the Dominicans resulted in the publication of various religious materials and earliest books. Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were also fluent in Spanish) such as Fernándo Novels. These are fictitious prose, usually lengthy and complex. Pedro Paterno's work entitled "Ninay" - is the first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Spanish language and translated into English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908. Newspapers. According to Britannica, some high-level journalism like articles written in a newspaper such as columns and feature articles can be considered as literature for as long as they achieve a certain level of satisfaction under: ➔ Aesthetic ➔ Chronological ➔ Psychological characterization ➔ The bulk of Filipino writings produced were mostly published in Diaryong Tagalog. The underground newspaper La Solidaridad is considered as the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement. - by Fr. Some Notable Writers Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) - was hailed as the "Master of Traditional Tagalog Poetry". His well-known literary work, Florante at Laura (1838–1861), is regarded as the most famous metrical romance of the country. Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) - was the first Filipino who wrote a poetry collection in Spanish entitled Sampaguitas y poesiasvarias (1880). His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) was considered to be the first Filipino novel. June 12, 1898 - Unang winagayway ang the watawat ng Pilipinas Dead star - Famous English story Guerillas - A group of people that is against the government. General Douglas McArthur - “I shall Return” - the AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 - 1945) The American colonial period is divided into two periods: The period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) The period of emergence (1920-1930). Twenty of The surrender of the first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 Encyclopedia signified the end of the military struggle for independence. Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America LITERARY but still continued to be very vocal about achieving independence for the Philippines. In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of the Commonwealth the First Dimensions of Philippine Literature During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a foreign language to them. Filipino writers were into all forms of literature during the period of apprenticeship but most of their works were critiqued as an imitation of English and American models. Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941, which was strongly opposed by the Guerillas. Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to have a "Death March" to a prison camp where they walked for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here. Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to end Filipino and American opposition. Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust of Filipinos. evolved to a The resurgence of World War II forced former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence in the United States as the Commonwealth government was suddenly in exile. There was great tension between the two major groups: HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban Sa Hapon) - unified guerilla Stars" by Paz army against Japanese invasion KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) - political party approved by the Japanese Soil" in the Literary Jose P. Laurel - was appointed as the President of the Philippines under the Japanese-sponsored Republic. in 1921 is In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return, which he did in 1944. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese. Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon) freedom of Some Notable Writers Carlos P. Romulo - He won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as "I Saw the Fall of the Philippines", "I See the Philippines Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother Americans" Narciso Reyes - He won first prize with his short story "Lupang Tinubuan". LESSON 6: PHILIPPINE LITERARY PERIOD: MARTIAL LAW PERIOD/ CONTEMPORARY PERIOD President Of The Philippines 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901) - First Republic (Malolos Republic) 2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) - Commonwealth 3. José P. Laurel (1943-1945) - Second Republic 4. Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) - Commonwealth 5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) - Third Republic 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) - Third Republic 7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) - Third Republic 8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) - Third Republic 9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) - Third Republic 10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) - Third Republic (until 1972), Martial Law and Fourth Republic (1972-1986) 11. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) - Fifth Republic and - Fifth Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 for the Independent Second Republic of the Arroyo Philippines. Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a heart attack in 1948. In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected as the new president but died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957. love for our Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and served until 1961. Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date of Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by the revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose P. Laurel. Philippines During the Martial Law Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965 and got re-elected in 1969 making him the first to win two presidential terms. He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972, and led the country into what he calls "The New Society" against lawlessness, which incited much opposition. Marcos was forced to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the country's chaotic condition where he won again. Philippine The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling for Marcos' removal. Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed office in 1998, got re-elected, and served until 2010. During her term, many impeachment complaints were filed against her due to corruption and electoral sabotage where she got hospital arrest for her spinal surgery. 1986 which Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino Aquino, Jr. as the III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) was seated as the next president in 2010. as the Next to him is our current President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer and politician. Dimensions of Philippine Literature Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and techniques. The first notable work that appeared right Aquino's after the Second World War under Japanese occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled “Ginto sa Makiling” which was considered a narrative of the Philippines’ social, political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance to the work of Rizal and more on the work of Balagtas in terms of plot and style. The rise of English writers began after exposure to the American language and culture, although there were still many Filipino writers observed using the vernaculars. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributed to the flourishing of Filipino literature: 1. the establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily used as the medium of instruction - Another definition given is its connectedness with works of literature that are highly respected. It comes from the root word "canon" or a generally accepted rule, standard, or principle by which something is judged. History in Literature - A timeline of the important historical events in Philippine Literature. Luzon (Tagalog Literature): Canonical Authors Among the country's eighteen recognized National Artists, sixteen are from Luzon who mostly came from NCR such as; 1. Amado V. Hernandez - Luha ng Buwaya (Tears of the Crocodile). 2. Jose Garcia Villa - Footnote to Youth 3. Nick Joaquin- Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966) 4. Carlos P. Romulo - I am a Filipino 5. Francisco Arcellana - Wing of Madness 6. Rolando S. Tinio - Trick of Mirrors (1993) 7. Levi Celerio - O Maliwanag na Buwan 8. Carlos Quirino - Man of Destiny 9. Alejandro R. Roces - My Brother's Peculiar Chicken 10. Cirilo F. Bautista - The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus The National Artists from the other regions are: 1. Lazaro Francisco (Bataan) - “Binhi at Bunga” 2. Virgilio S. Almario (Bulacan) for Region III - “Ibong Adarna” 3. NVM Gonzales (Romblon) for Region IV-B Mimaropa - “A Grammar of Dreams” The National Artists from this region are; 1. Literary historian Resil B. Mojares of Cebu - “The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu Province” 2. Novelist Ramon L. Muzones of Iloilo province - “Ang Gugma sang Gugma Bayaran” The Award Winning Authors Are: 1. Peter Solis Nery – A recipient of multiple awards from the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature. Among his notable and award-winning works are a collection of poems Umanhon nga Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks), Hiligaynon's short story "Lirio", and a screenplay "Buyong". who 2. Merlie Alunan - Award-winning collections of poetry in English and Cebuano languages such as Susumaton: Oral Narratives of Leyte and Sa Atong Dila, Introduction to Visayan Literature which earned her Ong. This author's the title National Book Award for 2016 and 2017 and Carlos Palanca Awards. Also, a recipient of international awards such as ASEAN Poets in 2013 by the Kingdom of Thailand and the Lillian Jerome Thornton Award. Mindanao (Unique Landscape): Canonical Authors Multiple Awarded Authors in this region; 1. Anthony L. Tan - He was born in Siasi, Sulu whose writings have been appearing locally and internationally in magazines, journals, and anthologies. This poet, essayist, and fictionist is the author of The Bajao Cemetery and Other Poems and Poems for KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”. Below are the criteria, honors, and privileges for a National Artist with reference to the Official Gazette of the Philippines where some information has been changed prior to the new guidelines set by the NCCA Board of Commissioners Meeting on April 27, 2017. The order of National Artists is the highest recognition given to Filipinos who have contributed significantly to the status of Philippine arts, such as Music, visual arts, Poems literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, the dance architecture, design, and allied arts. The country’s president approves the rank and title of a National Artist based on the recommendation conferred by the NCCA in the and the CCP as mandated by an executive order. The criteria set to get this prestigious award are dreamlike but to be granted this is truly an honor. One of the most important privileges a National Artist can get is the gift of immortality as he/ she will be remembered for his great works forever. film and LESSON 8 - 9: LITERARY TEXT Jose Garcia Villa (1908 - 1997) - José Garcia Villa was born in Manila in 1908. He attended the University of the Philippines, but he was suspended in 1929 after publishing a series of erotic poems, titled "Man-Songs," in the Philippines Herald Magazine. That same year, he won a short story contest through the Philippines Free Press and used the prize money to travel to the United States, where he studied at the University of New Mexico Villa moved from New Mexico to Greenwich Village in New York City. There, he became the only Asian poet in a community that also consisted of E. E. Cummings, W. H. Auden, and other modernist poets. He was born on June 17, 1911, in Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union. His parents are Crisanto Arguilla, a farmer, and Margarita Estabillo, a potter, and despite having a tough life, it never hindered him from pursuing his passion for writing. He attended his elementary and high school in San Fernando. He was editor-in-chief of his school's newsletter, the La Union Tab. Apart from writing, he is also a swimming champ. He joined swimming events while he was young. During his tertiary education, he entered the University of the Philippines, and his love for scribbling words made him join the UP Writers Club which eventually led him to later become the president and the editor of the UP Literary Apprentice. He finished his education in 1933. He married Lydia Villanueva, an artist and writer just like him. He practiced his profession at the University of Manila and later on, became the editor of Welfare Advocate, Bureau of Public Welfare's publication. His famous story and other stories he wrote when he was 22 to 29 years old were all compiled in a book called How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife (And Other Stories) published by the Philippine Book Philippine Guild in 1940. However, in 1941, when the country was invaded by the Japanese, he joined freedom forces and led Marking's Guerillas. When he was captured in 1944, the Japanese imprisoned him in Fort Santiago along with his family. At the age of 33, he was executed at Fort William McKinley which is now known as Fort Bonifacio. piece that made LESSON 10: POETRY Poetry - uses language to evoke emotions, convey ideas, and paint vivid descriptions. the culture of the time. It recounts, in a continuous narrative, the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons. Dramatic poetry is a drama written in verse to be spoken or sung and appears in varying, sometimes related forms in many cultures. Satirical poetry - Poetry can be a powerful vehicle for satire. The Romans had a strong tradition of satirical poetry, often written for political purposes. Light poetry, or light verse, attempts to be humorous. Poems considered “light” are usually brief, can be on a frivolous or serious subject, and often feature wordplay, including puns, adventurous rhyme, and heavy alliteration. shared sound Lyric poetry is a genre that, unlike epic and dramatic poetry, does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more personal nature. Poems in this genre tend to be shorter, melodic, and contemplative. Rather than depicting characters and actions, it portrays the poet’s feelings, states of mind, and perceptions. An elegy is a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a lament for the dead or a funeral song. The term “elegy,” which originally denoted a type of poetic meter (elegiac meter), commonly describes a poem of mourning. type of The fable is an ancient literary genre, often (though not invariably) set in verse. It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that illustrate a moral. Hyperpoetry - Is a form of digital poetry that uses links using Hypertext Markup Language and is related to hyperfiction, interactive novels, and web novels. - Much of the hyperpoetry on the web is in the traditional forms of poetry. - Hyperpoetry included verses with links to sub-poems, footnotes, poetry generators, and sometimes even videos. with subjects How Is It Done Using a PC? 1. Type your text 2. Highlight your Text 3. Click Insert the Hyperlink 4. A dropdown menu will appear and paste a link at the bottom. Click ok and you're done. You may now incorporate it into your poem. How Is It Done Using Smartphones? 1. Type your text and Highlight it 2. Click the three dots and select hyperlink 3. Paste your desired address whether it is another file or web address. Tap ‘ok’ and if the text turns blue then it is a hyperlink. You may now incorporate it with poems to create HyperPoetry. that is LESSON 12: CREATIVE NONFICTION Creative NonFiction Prose True (not fabricated, not from the imagination) Plot-based Character based Organized through paragraphs and sentences Types: Narrative, Memoir, Literary Criticism, Literary Journalism The Elements Of Fiction and Drama complicated and or dynamic as he changes/transitions as the story unfolds; flat and or static as he remains the same up to the end of the story. 4. Theme – the central idea or overall message that the story conveys. 5. Point of view – the perspective from which a story is told. be internal Literary Devices 1. Deus ex Machina - a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence such as an introduction of a hero, a supernatural being, or a miracle or unlikely hero towards the conclusion of the plot. It has its origin in Greek plays when a god is suddenly lowered to the stage to solve all problems. Example : A dolphin out of nowhere rescued the drowning baby 2. Dialogue –a conversation or verbal exchange between two or more character Example: "I am done!" He said. "Please give me a chance," she pleaded. 3. Flashback –The use of past events to help readers/audience understand the present or achieve dramatic effect; usually uses a often or music to express expected to what is those who cannot be any - or feelings in have your day with to a the house

21st Century Literature From The Philippines And The World PDF

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