21st Century Literature From The Philippines & World (1st Quarter) PDF

21ST CENTURY FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD (1ST QUARTER) Introductory Lesson: ▪ Literature has utility The term “utile” refers to the intellectual, What is Literatu...

21ST CENTURY FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD (1ST QUARTER) Introductory Lesson: ▪ Literature has utility The term “utile” refers to the intellectual, What is Literature? emotional, and social function of any creative LITERATURE or literary work. Through literature, we can ✓ Literature was said to be derived from the obtain relevant information to better understand Latin word literatura which means writing, people, society and culture. and literatus means learning. ✓ Literature covers both oral and written REASONS FOR READING LITERATURE works which manifest expressive or ✓ Acquisition of relevant information and also imaginative quality, nobility of entertainment thoughts, timeliness, and lastly ✓ Satisfy one’s curiosity universality. ✓ Uplifting cultural understanding ✓ It is also described as for having an ✓ Escape from reality excellent form which the expression of ✓ Fulfill one’s desires and aspirations permanent and universal ideas can be established aesthetically. Mainly, interest in literature is attributed to ✓ Literature takes significant human one’s desire to better understand life. With experiences as its main subject. literature, man has the power to enrich his ✓ It mainly discusses various dimensions experiences and to explore the world which of life as well as its miseries and may propel to great discoveries and genuine glories. realizations about the various dimensions of life and of the world in a broader sense. KEY FEATURES OF LITERATURE ▪ Literature is a form of communication. REASONS WHY LITERATURE IS SO Montealegre described literature mainly as IMPORTANT a product or a commentary on the life process. 1. Expanding Horizons. Thus, man’s inner thoughts, feelings, and Literature opens our eyes and makes conditions can be disclosed and revealed through us see more than just what front the power of literature. door shows. It helps us realize the wide world outside, surrounding us. ▪ Literature is an art. “Dulce” is a term which refers to beauty 2. Building Critical Thinking Skills. and magnificence. Literature takes an excellent When we read, we learn to look form. Its beauty is a deliberate manifestation of between the lines, we are taught to the mind’s ability to create and imagine. In find symbols, make connections, addition, it is said to be an artistic expression of find themes, learn about characters. man’s desires, aspirations, and conditions. Reading expands these skills, and we begin to look at a sentence with ▪ Nobility of thoughts a larger sense of detail and depth It is necessary to highlight ideas of great and realize the importance of importance and significance. Literature should hidden meanings. deal with ideas that can lead to new responses to the world and can move people to achieve 3. A Leap into the Past. great discoveries of the dimensions of human History and literature are entwined life and experience. with each other. History is not just about power struggles, wars, ▪ Timeliness names, and dates. It is about people The significant truth about life that a who are products of their time, with literary work reveal should not wane and dissipate their own lives. as time passes by. A work must have an enduring quality in which its beauty as well as its 4. Appreciation for other Cultures and applicability can withstand the change of time. Beliefs. Reading about history, anthropology, ▪ Universality or religious studies provides a A work must have global applicability in method of learning about cultures which a work transcends across space. and beliefs other than our own. It From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 1  allows you to understand and i. Myths – are prose narratives experience these other systems of explaining how the world and living and other worlds. people came to be in their form. 5. Better Writing Skills. ii. Legends – explain the origin of When you open a book, your eyes things. read the words and you take in its ✓ Folktales – narrative of sustained length contents. based on oral tradition revolving around 6. Addressing Humanity. supernatural events or heroic deeds. These All literature, whether it be poems, are made up of stories about life, essays, novels, or short stories, adventure, love, horror, and humor where helps us address human nature and one can derive lessons about life. An conditions which affect all people. example of this is THE MOON AND THE Lesson 1: SUN. c. Epics – stories about a hero or about Geographic, Linguistic and Ethnic exciting events or adventures. Epics are Dimensions of Philippine Literary long narrative poems in which a series of History from Pre-Colonial to the heroic achievements or events, usually of a Contemporary hero, are dealt with at length. Our forefathers already had their literature, Most of these primitive forms of literature which reflected in their customs and revealed our ancestors’ way of life, belief traditions. They had their alphabet even before system, traditions, norms, and mores. they had colonized. The Spanish friars burned their alphabet in the belief that they were works Literature during such period was passed of the devil or were written on materials that through the word of mouth or the oral quickly perished, like the barks of trees, dried tradition. leaves, and bamboo cylinders, which could not Below are some important motifs and features of have remained firm even if efforts were made to the pre-colonial period: preserve them. Our unique geographic location is The beginning of life and the earth the reason why we are rich and varied. Accounts about great people or 1. PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE supernatural heroes Before the coming of foreign occupation, our The inclusion of gods and goddesses forebears or ancestors had developed their own The inclusion of mythical creatures like literature in the form of: duwende, aswang, tikbalang, and the like. Themes on morality; good and bad a. Folk Songs – a form of folk lyric which practices in life expresses the hopes and aspirations, the Daily encounters and activities in life people’s lifestyles as well as their loves. Short lyrics These are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the Proverbs (Salawikain) – is a simple, concrete, pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth the early forms of culture. Many of these based on a common sense or experience. have 12 syllables. Examples of which are Riddles – battle of wits among the participants Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Verses for rituals - in religious contexts, a ritual Soliraning and Talindaw is set form of worship. b. Folk Narratives – Consist of myths, Chants – a repeated rhythmic phrase, typically legends, and folktales. one shouted or sung in unison by a crowd. From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 2  2. SPANISH COLONIZATION (1565 – traditions brought here became assimilated 1872) in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. ✓ Christianity was proclaimed by the first a. Folk Songs group of colonizers of the land as the ✓ It manifests the artistic feelings of the penultimate impetus of Spain’s Filipinos and shows their innate occupation in the Philippines during appreciation for and love of beauty. the height of the 16th century ✓ The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, ✓ The Doctrina Christiana which was Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, written by friars in both Tagalog, and and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing. Spanish languages contained religious texts. b. Recreational Plays there are many ✓ The Pasion highlights the life, death, recreational plays performed by and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Filipinos during the Spanish times. ✓ Popular forms of literature during this Almost all of them were in a poetic form period: such Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong and Zarzuela. A. Comedia de Capa y Espada (Cloak and Sword Drama) – plays of upper middle-class manners and intrigue. The name derives from the 3. PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1972- cloak and sword that were part of typical street 1898) dress of students, soldiers, and cavaliers, the ✓ In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals favorite heroes. educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization. B. Karagatan – isang larong patula bilang pang- aliw sa mga naulila ng isang yumao, subalit sa 4. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1872- katagalugan ang karagatan ay isang dulang 1896) nababatay sa isang alamat tungkol sa singsing ng ✓ This movement was spearheaded mostly isang prinsesa. by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez C. Duplo – isang larong may kaugnayan sa Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose kamatayan ng isang tao at may layuning aliwin Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. ang mga naulila. Ito ay patula ngunit hindi ✓ Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me nangangailangan ng palagiang sukat at tugma Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios, Sobre La D. Sarwela (Zarzuela) – is a Spanish lyric- Indolencia Delos Filipinos and Filipinas dramatic genre that alternates between spoken Dentro De Cien Aňos. and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic ✓ Some of Del Pilar’s writings: Pagibig sa and popular songs, as well as dance. Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country), Kaingat E. Korido – metrical tale Kayo (Be Careful), and Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes). F. Awit – colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting. ✓ Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang Fray Botod, La Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Understanding Literary Friar). and Everything Is Hambug History Literature in this period may be classified (Everything is mere show), Sa Mga as religious prose and poetry and secular prose Pilipino...1891), and Talumpating Pagunita and poetry. Kay Kolumbus (An Oration to ✓ Spanish Influences on Philippine Commemorate Columbus). Literature. The first Filipino alphabet, called ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman alphabet. Also, the teaching of the 5. THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1944) Christian Doctrine became the basis of ✓ In this early part of American occupation, religious practices. European legends and Spanish, Tagalog, and other local From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 3  languages were used and later on English ✓ Stories were written: Lupang Tinubuan by was used. Narciso Reyesand Dugo at Utak by ✓ Contemplations as to the conditions of the Cornelio S. Reyes country remained as a transcending ✓ Three types of poems emerged during this theme of most works under such period. period: ✓ Imitation of the writing style and methods a. Haiku - a poem of free verse that the of the Americans Japanese like. It was made up of 17 ✓ Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino syllables divided into three lines writers to write using English language. b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but ✓ Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his it had measure and rhyme. free verse. ✓ Characteristics of Literature during c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) this period. The languages used in writing 8. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects (1941-1945) of the different regions, but the writers in ✓ Because of the strict prohibitions imposed Tagalog continued in their lamentations on by the Japanese in the writing and the conditions of the country and their publishing of works in English, Philippine attempts to arouse love for one’s native literature in English experienced a dark tongue and the writers in English imitated period. the themes and methods of the Americans. ✓ For the first twenty years, many books 6. PERIOD OF INITIAL AUTONOMY were published both in Filipino and in (1935-1942) English. ✓ The Panitikan, a group of aristocratic ✓ In the New Filipino Literature, Philippine writers was formed. literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. 7. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) ✓ Most themes in the writings dealt with ✓ Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature Japanese brutalities, the poverty of life was interrupted in its development when under the Japanese government, and the another foreign country, Japan, conquered brave guerilla exploits. the Philippines. ✓ The journalistic writing was ceased and 9. POST WAR PERIOD/ PERIOD OF THE placed under strict monitoring. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (1949-1972) ✓ Golden period for short stories and ✓ The first republic was established. Tagalog drama ✓ Two forms of short writing emerged – the ✓ Filipino Poetry During This Period. The commercial and literary forms. common theme of most poems during the ✓ Commercial magazines featured numerous Japanese occupation was nationalism, short stories of neophyte writers. country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, ✓ Themes on social issues and domestic religion, and the arts. conditioned were mostly revealed by the ✓ Philippine literature in English came to a texts written. halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the ✓ The period of the New Society started on PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all news- September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca papers in English were stopped by the Awards which started in 1950 continued to Japanese. give annual awards. Poems dealt with ✓ Filipino Poetry During This Period. The patience, regard for native culture, common theme of most poems during the customs, and the beauties of nature and Japanese occupation was nationalism, surroundings. Newspapers donned new country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, forms. religion, and the arts. 10.PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972) st From 21 Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 4 ✓ According to Pociano Pineda, youth Palad Ko, and Mr. Lonely were the forms of activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic recreation of those without television. and worldwide causes. Because of the ills ✓ Filipino Films - A yearly Pista ng mga of society, the youth moved to seek Pelikulang Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film reforms. Festival) was held during this time. During ✓ The Literary Revolution The youth became the festival which lasted usually for a vocal with their sentiments. They month, only Filipino films were shown in all demanded a change in the government. It theaters in Metro Manila. was manifested in the bloody 13.PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC demonstrations and the sidewalk (1981-1985) expressions but also in literature. ✓ After ten years of military rule and some 11.PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972- changes in the life of the Filipino, which 1980) started under the New Society, Martial Rule ✓ The period of the New Society started on was at last lifted on January 2, 1981. September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca ✓ The Philippines became a new nation, and Awards continued to give annual awards. this; former President Marcos called “The Poems dealt with patience, regard for New Republic of the Philippines.” native culture, customs, and the beauties ✓ Poems during this period of the Third of nature and surroundings. Republic were romantic and revolutionary. ✓ Newspapers donned new forms. News on ✓ Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that economic progress, discipline, culture, were true-to-life like those of grief, tourism, and the like were favored more poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of than the sensationalized reporting of God, of country and fellowmen. killings, rape, and robberies. 14.POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986- ✓ Filipinos before were hooked in reading 1995) magazines and comics. ✓ History took another twist. 12.PERIOD OF THE NEW REPUBLIC (1972- ✓ Once more, the Filipino people regained 1980) their independence, which they lost twenty ✓ Poems dealt with patience, regard for years ago. In four days from February 21- native culture, customs, and the beauties 25, 1986, the so-called People Power of nature and surroundings. (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. ✓ News on economic progress, discipline, ✓ In the short span of the existence of the culture, tourism, and the like were favored real Republic of the Philippines, several more than the sensationalized reporting of changes already became evident. It was killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos noticed in the new Filipino songs, before were hooked in reading magazines newspapers, speeches, and even in the and comics. television programs. ✓ Comics, Magazines and other ✓ The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an Publications - In this period of the New overnight increase in circulation were THE Society, newspapers donned new forms. INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S News on economic progress, discipline, JOURNAL. culture, tourism and the like were favored 15.21st CENTURY PERIOD more than the sensationalized reporting of ✓ The new trends have been used and killings, rape and robberies. introduced to meet the need and tastes of ✓ Radio and Television - Radio continued the new generation. to be patronized during this period. The ✓ 21st Century learners are demanded to be play series like Si Matar, Dahlia, Ito Ang ICT inclined to compete with the style and format of writing as well. From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 5  ✓ New codes or lingos are used to add flavor the Cordillera Administrative Region, the northeast in the literary pieces produced nowadays. and southeast by Cagayan Valley and the South by ✓ Literature arises are the following: Central Luzon. Most of the inhabitants of the Text Tula – a poetry genre mastered by Ilocano homeland are concentrated along a narrow Frank Rivera where entire poems are coastal plain. Because of geographical boundaries, written and read on mobile phones. these people often experience heavy rains and Chick Literature/Chick Lit – a genre violent typhoons, especially during rainy seasons. which addresses issues of modern The region, then, takes pride in long stretches of womanhood, often humorously and light white sand and clear waters alongside its rich hearted. cultural heritage. What you are about to read is a Spoken Poetry - is a poetic performance poem written by a Carlos Palanca Memorial art that is word-based. It is an oral art that Awardee in Poetry in 1964, Carlos A. Angeles. His focuses on the method of communication collection of poems entitled, Stun of Jewels, also that depends on bagged him the Republic Cultural Heritage Award conveying meaning through non-musical in Literature in the same year. grammatical, tonal and rhythmic rules A Moment of Silence Gabu depicts a imitating speech. coastline in Ilocos that is constantly experiencing ✓ Some writers are: the battering restlessness of the sea. The water Rio Alma – one of the most notable that comes back to the shore seems furious and Filipino writer is Virgilio Almario or aka Rio ruthless with its daylong bashing, which havocs Alma. He is a National Artist for Literature the wasteland. Being an archipelagic country, the and has won several awards for his works. Philippines knows the importance of water and the Paolo Manalo – a poet born in Manila and sea. an assistant professor of English, literature and creative writing in UP-Diliman. He was A Taste of Tagalog Essay a recipient of Carlos Palanca Memorial More popularly known now as the Awards for Literature in 2002 with his first CALABARZON referring to the provinces of Cavite, book of poems entitled “Jolography”. Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon, Region IV- Mina V. Esguerra – writes contemporary A is home to Tagalog-speaking people in the romance and young adult novellas. She Philippines. Recognized all over the country for works as trainer and content management their bravery and fearlessness in battles, consultant. CALABARZON has participated actively in the Cirilo F. Bautista – a National Artist for country’s fight for freedom and democracy. It is literature, a poet, fictionist, critic, and home to many a Philippine hero foremost, and writer of non-fiction. He received a among them are Rizal of Laguna, Mabini of fellowship to attend the International Batangas, and Aguinaldo of Cavite. Writing Program at the University of Iowa A Taste of Creative Nonfiction and was awarded an honorary degree – the The island of Visayas is one of the major only Filipino to have been so honored there. geographical divisions in the Philippines, the other two being Luzon and Mindanao. It is divided into Lesson 2: Western, Central, and Eastern Visayas. The Identifying Representative Texts Visayas region is comprised of several islands from the Regions circling the Visayan Sea. Its people, therefore, A Taste of Philippine Poetry share a sea-based culture and tradition that may Located in the northwest of Luzon, the be rooted in a strong religious foundation. The Ilocos Region or Region 1 is comprised of four dwelling place of many festivals such as the Ati- provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Atihan, Di-nagyang, Sinulog, Pintados, and Union, and Pangasinan. It is bordered to the west Maskara, the Visayas may indeed be considered as by the turbulent South China Sea, to the east by one of the cradles of Philippine civilization. From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 6  Span all genres. Examples include The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Lesson 3: Brian Selznick and The Arrival by Shaun Tan. Conventional And 21st Century 2. DIGI-FICTION Genres Triple Media Literature Let’s recall the major literary genres! Combines three media: book, movie/video and 1. POETRY- is an imaginative awareness of internet website to get the full story, students experience expressed through meaning, must engage in navigation, reading, viewing in all sound and rhythmic language choices to three forms. evoke an emotional response. Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony ✓ It has been known to employ meter Zuiker’s Level 26 are examples. and rhyme. ✓ The very nature of poetry as an 3. GRAPHIC NOVEL authentic and individual mode of Narrative in comic book formats expression makes it nearly Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to impossible to define. the reader using a comic form. The term is employed broadly manner, 2. DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse encompassing non-fiction works and thematically presenting in dialogue or pantomime a linked short stories as well as fictional stories story involving conflict more contrast of across a number of genres. character, especially on intended to be Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, acted on a stage: a play. It may be any Bob Montana, is a good example. situation or series of events having vivid, emotional, conflicting or striking interest. 4. MANGA Japanese word for comics 3. FICTION- is literature created from the It is used in the English-speaking world as a imagination, not presented as fact, though generic term for all comic books and graphic it may be based on a true story or situation. novels originally published in Japan. Considered as ✓ Types of literature in the fiction an artistic and storytelling style. include the novel, short story and Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to novella. comics created by American artists in manga style. 4. NON-FICTION- is based on facts and the Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One author’s opinion about a subject. Piece) ✓ The purpose of non-fiction writing is Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon) to inform and sometimes to Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira) Josei- Women’s persuade. Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss) ✓ Examples are biographies, articles Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello from textbooks and magazines and Kitty) newspapers. 5. DOODLE FICTION 21st Century Literature Genres Literary presentation where the author 1. ILLUSTRATED NOVEL incorporates doodle writing and drawings and Story through text and illustrated images handwritten graphics in place of the traditional 50% 0f the narrative is presented without words font. The reader must interpret the images to Drawing enhances the story, often adding comprehend the story completely. humorous elements Textual portions are presented in traditional Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff form. Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis. Some illustrated novels may contain no text at 6. TEXT-TALK NOVELS all. Blogs, email and IM format narratives From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 7  Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating 12. BLOG social network exchanges. A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly. 7. CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE Some blogs are written by one person containing Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern their own opinions, interests and experiences, womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly. while others are written by different people. Chick Lit typically features a female protagonist whose femininity is heavily thermalizing in the 13. HYPER POETRY plot. Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext Scarlet Bailey’s The night before Christmas and mark-up Miranda Dickinson’s It started with a Kiss are It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, examples of this. etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can 8. FLASH FICTION contain parts of the poem that move and mutate. Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and There is no widely accepted definition of the diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date length and category. It could range from word to to no later than the mid-1980’s. a thousand. 9. SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION Lesson 4: Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never Context and Text’s Meaning worn. Context originates from the notion of Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit. weaving together. It is defined as the 10. CREATIVE NON-FICTION circumstances that form the setting of events, Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative statements, or ideas and in the way of which it can non-fiction be fully understood and assessed. Reading a A genre of writing that uses literary styles and literary piece may contribute to the production of techniques to create factually accurate narratives. the author and the reception of the reader as they Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as appreciate and explore. technical writing or journalism, which is also The writer's context is knowing about the rooted in accurate fact, but is not primarily written writer's life, values, assumptions, gender, race, in service to its craft. race, sexual orientation, and the political and As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively economic issues related to the author. young and is only beginning to be scrutinized with the same critical analysis given to fiction and Reader's context is about the reader's previous poetry. reading experience, values, assumptions, political 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and and economic issues. Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery are examples. The text's context is about its publishing 11. SCIENCE FICTION history. It is part of the larger text such as Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with newspaper, history, events, translated in it. imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and Social context and socio-cultural of a text technology, space travel, time travel, faster than feature the society in which the characters live and light travel, a parallel universe and extraterrestrial in which the author's text was produced. life. Often explores the potential consequences of In this lesson, you will unravel what goes scientific and other innovations and has been with the poem. The structure of the poem refers called a “literature of ideas”. Examples include to words that are put together or arranged such Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ that they make sense. Imagery is creating a Kingdom of Ash. picture in the reader's mind by using words that From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 8 appeal to the senses. There are types of Imagery information to better analyze, that are used in this module. (Menoy 2016). comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas. You can use Microsoft Visual imagery produced by the use of words Word or online mind mapping tools in that appeal to the sense of sight. creating a mind map (Pasuello 2017). Auditory Imagery produced by the use of 3. Mobile phone text tula is a traditional words that appeal to the sense of hearing. Filipino poem. A particular example of this Kinesthetic imagery produced by the use of poem is a tanaga that consists of 4 lines words that appeal to the actions and movement. with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. (DepEd 2013, 8). Literary Techniques are methods the author or writer of a literary piece used to convey 4. Slideshow presentation is created with what they want to impart to the reader, such as the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. It contains Flashback where the events have taken place series of pictures or pages of information before the present time the narration is following. (slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video Lesson 5: projector (Computer Hope 2018). Creative Representation of Literary 5. Tag cloud is a visual, stylized arrangement Text of words or tags within a textual content Have you found studying literature more such as websites, articles, speeches and exciting with multimedia supports where you can databases (Techopedia 2020). actively and collaboratively build knowledge 6. Video is an electronic device used to structures using technology? Evidently most of the record, copy, playback, broadcast, and learners like you have realized the huge impact of display moving visual media (Lexico 2020). the use of multimedia in studying literature. It provides opportunities for learners like you to Lesson 6: construct and reconstruct your ideas in audio and visual formats. Through multimedia platforms, you Applying ICT Skills in Interpreting can apply a wide range of strategies to Literary Texts understand, interpret and evaluate texts. Have you read an anecdote? Have you ever retold a personal experience to someone? How do Marshall (2001) defined multimedia as you find recalling past experiences? computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), We are fond of sharing humorous animation, audio, and any other media where experiences in life to our family members and every type of information can be represented, friends. We might not be aware that we are stored, transmitted and processed digitally. Here already sharing stories like anecdotes all day, are some of the multimedia formats that you can every day. use to creatively interpret various genres of An anecdote is a short entertaining or literary texts. interesting story about a real incident or person 1. Blog or a “weblog” is a website containing (Nagpal 2016). informational articles about a person’s own Anecdotes tell about a variety of stories opinions, interests and experiences. These and tales, since they can be about any topic under are usually changed regularly (DepEd the sun. It is a short story about a real person or 2013, 9). event which usually intends to make the listeners 2. Mind mapping is a graphical technique to laugh or ponder over a topic (Your Dictionary visualize connections of ideas and pieces of 2020). information. This tool structures From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 9  For example, if a group of learners tell ✓ Here is an example of an inspirational about their favorite pets, and one learner shares a anecdote: Before beginning a remedial story about how his dog cuddles every time he class, the teacher tells the students how a comes home from school, then that learner has boy who used to struggle in reading just imparted an anecdote. Let's look at how John managed to be a proficient reader. Jack Wigley made use of anecdotes in his memoir “Home of the Ashfall”. Lesson 7: Elements of a Short Story Let’s explore some of the purposes of anecdotes: BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 1. To Bring Cheer 1. Character ✓ Stories pop up anywhere and these are just ✓ A character in a short story is a person, in sometimes making people laugh to some stories an animal, who takes part in brighten their mood. the action of the story or other literary ✓ Here is an example of an anecdote meant work. to look back on happy memories: At the ✓ he way an author develops the character in dinner, a Grade 11 learner shared his story a story is very important in making the on his first day at school when he got lost story appeal to the readers. and attended a wrong class. ✓ It is said that the heart of the story are the 2. To Reminisce characters. ✓ In most anecdotes, people are talking ✓ The two most important characters in a about their experiences in the past. short story are the protagonist and the ✓ They try to look back on moments in their antagonist. lives and share the joy of that time with others. a. The protagonist is considered as the main ✓ Here is an example of an anecdote with a character or most important of all the hint of reminiscence: A mother tells her characters. children a story about her life in the ✓ It is the character who learns something or province when she was teenager. undergoes some changes throughout the course of the story. 3. To Caution ✓ Some stories depict the protagonist as the ✓ Sometimes, just giving rules for individuals hero of the story, while in other stories the is not effective. Sharing to them 48 protagonist is not considered a hero as he frightening stories of dangers can be has done nothing heroic. helpful for them to realize the possible ✓ In any case, the story always revolves consequences of their actions. around the protagonist. ✓ Here is an example of cautionary anecdote: Before beginning a lecture on not b. The antagonist is the character that following traffic rules, a father tells his son challenges the main character. an incident of collision that caused many ✓ It has no concern for the well-being of the lives due to ignoring traffic signs. main character. ✓ The antagonist may be a person, the 4. To Persuade or Inspire nature, the society, or any intangible ✓ Sometimes, people share stories on how matter that contends with or creates a they surpassed their struggles in life. problem for the protagonist. ✓ These, most of the time, give encouragement to others who have been in 2. Setting– The place (locale) and time similar situations. (period) when the story happens is called ✓ The message usually conveys successes in the setting. life as a fruit of hard work. From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 10 ✓ The setting may be based on real place and ✓ The main character, also called the real time or it may also be based on the protagonist, needs to have someone or author’s imagination. something to challenge him. ✓ When analyzing the setting of the story, ✓ Without conflict, the story will not go consider where the action is taking place. anywhere and will not be very interesting ✓ Most authors use descriptive words to to the readers. The main character may be describe the landscape, scenery, buildings, faced with one of the four different types of season, or weather to provide a strong conflict. sense of setting which will help the reader ✓ These four types of conflict are: visualize the story and connect to the man versus man; story’s plot. man versus nature; man versus himself; and 3. Plot– A plot is the actual story. man versus society. ✓ It is what the story is all about. ✓ It is also the series of events and 5. Theme- This is the central idea in a short characters’ actions that lead to the highest story and a general truth. point of interest in a short story. ✓ This is considered as the author’s message ✓ The following are the different parts of a to the readers. story’s structure: 6. Point of View – This is the way the story a. Exposition –This is the beginning of the is told or narrated. story. ✓ It is also known as the vantage point that ✓ This is where the author introduces the a writer uses to narrate the story. characters, identifies where the story is ✓ The following are the types of point of view happening, and establishes the main in a short story: conflict. a. First Person – the narrator participates in b. Rising Action – This event occurs as you and tells the story using the pronoun ‘I’. begin to move throughout the story. ✓ This is where conflicts start to build. b. Limited Third Person – the narrator is c. Climax– It is the most exciting part of a not in the story and narrates using the short story. pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. ✓ This is the part in the story when important ✓ Also, the narrator is unable to see into the decisions are made or important things are minds of the characters. discovered. c. Omniscient Third Person – the narrator d. Falling Action– This point occurs after the is not in the story and tells the story using climax as the problems in the story start to the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. work themselves out. ✓ In this point of view, the narrator can tell ✓ The excitement becomes less and less as the thoughts of the characters as he can the conflict is resolved. see into their minds. e. Resolution– This is the solution to the problem in a story. ✓ The solution may not be what you hoped for but as long as it fits the story in tone and theme, the conflict has been resolved. 4. Conflict– Every story needs to have a problem and this problem is called conflict. From 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module Summarized by: JMGLlegado 11