Paperchase Review Respiratory System-Notes.pdf

Respiratory Paperchase Review 1. With a drawing, please label the apex, base, and hilum of a lung. What is the importance of the hilum? See the Model Video & Picture Exam Practice 2. What are the roles for the following: Slides, 14, 18 19 Type I Pneumocyte: a squamous cell, allows en...

Respiratory Paperchase Review 1. With a drawing, please label the apex, base, and hilum of a lung. What is the importance of the hilum? See the Model Video & Picture Exam Practice 2. What are the roles for the following: Slides, 14, 18 19 Type I Pneumocyte: a squamous cell, allows enhanced diffusion Type II Pneumocyte: a cuboidal cell, it secretes pulmonary surfactant Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: the cilia beat to move mucous and help keep the airway clear 3. With a drawing, please label the cricoid, thyroid, and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx. Slide 7 4. Describe a bronchopulmonary segment. Slide 10 Typically, there are 10 segments in both the right & left lung. Each segment functions independently and is supplied by its own tertiary bronchus (or segmental bronchus) artery, vein, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves. Thus, if one segment is infected or damaged, others in the same lobe may not be affected. Basically, each bronchopulmonary segment is an anatomical and functional subdivision of a lobe. 5. Please explain the physiological changes which can occur during your trip to the mountains (~8,000 feet above sea level). a. What immediately happens to breathing rate and heart rate? Both Increase b. Show how the breathing rate change is related to the environmental conditions. Slide 27 c. In what way is the person at altitude similar to an emphysemic? In what way are they dissimilar? Emphysemics are always hypoxemic, as you would be at altitude. However, the emphysemics are also hypercapnic, which you at altitude would not be. 6. During a bout of vigorous exercise, explain the following using a flow chart to answer: a. What happens to breathing rate and why? Slide 27 b. What happens to cardiac output and why? CO increases because of the stress of exercise causes an increase in Epi, which causes an increase in both HR and SV via Beta-1 receptors. (Last Unit) 7. If an infant is born prior to 32 weeks gestation, they are at an increased risk for a respiratory condition. What problem would this condition cause, and why? Slide 32-33 Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The premature infants are more likely to collapse their alveoli because they do not produce surfactant. Without surfactant, the smaller alveloli have the higher pressure of air, which forces them to push their air into the larger alveoli, thus collapsing. (Please see the Law of LaPlace) 8. What happens to the concentration (partial pressure) of oxygen as you breath in room air? Why? Slide 36 The Oxygen Cascade Inspired oxygen 160 mmHg Alveolar oxygen ~ 120 mmHg Oxygen in the blood ~ 100 mmHg Oxygen at tissue level ~ 4-20 mmHg The partial pressure (concentration) of oxygen decreases as you breathe in because the air picks up water from the lining of the respiratory tract. The water “dilutes” the partial pressure (concentration) of the oxygen. 9. When you deliver oxygen to a patient via mask or nasal cannula, what law are you relying upon? Slide 36 Henry’ Law (increasing the partial pressure of the gas to improve diffusion of the gas) 10. A patient is dosed with 2 liters of O2 via nasal cannula. Describe what changes for the patient, and why. 2 liters of O2 via nasal cannulaàIncreased partial pressure of oxygenàincreased diffusionàincreased PO2 in blood 11. Please draw and label the spirogram. What does vital capacity represent? Slide 34 VC is the maximum volume of air you can move in one breath in & out. 12. Explain how the movement of the diaphragm can be used to exploit Boyle’s Law during breathing. Slide 30 Và P Và P  13. Diagram how the medulla would change breathing rate in response to the following: hypercapnea, acidemia, and hypoxia/hypoxemia. Which condition would have the most profound effect on breathing? How does the medulla find out about the changes in blood involving CO2, H+, or O2? Slide 23-26 Hypercapnea would have the Hypercapnea ( CO2)à Medullary Activityà. Breathing Rate most profound effect on breathing rate Acidemia ( pH)à Medullary Activityà. Breathing Rate The medulla receives information about these physiologic markers from receptors in the Aorta and Carotids, via Hypoxemia ( O2)à Medullary Activityà. Breathing Rate the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The medulla also directly samples the CSF for CO2 and pH. 14. What is the relationship of the parietal pleura, the visceral pleura, and the pleural space fluid? Slide 13 15. Name two important locations where pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found. What important function does the epithelium serve? Posterior Nasal Passage, Nasopharynx, and Trachea. It moves mucous across its surface. 16. What cranial nerve controls the vocal cords? CN X From Screencast 17. What nerve controls the diaphragm? The Phrenic From Screencast 18. What is the difference between a conducting airway and a respiratory airway? Please list examples of each. Slide 22 Conducting Trachea. Bronchi. Large, Small & Terminal Bronchioles. Respiratory Respiratory Bronchioles. Alveolar Ducts. Alveoli. 19. What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex? Slide 24 Stretch Receptors in the lungs and chest wall monitor the Amount Of Stretch as you breathe in. As the lungs inflate they also stretch, the stretch receptors signal the respiratory centers of the Pons to trigger exhalation and inhibit inspiration. This mechanism (Herring-Breuer) prevents damage to the lungs that would be caused by over-inflation. 20. List and define the different kinds of respiration. Slide 22 Also, Chemical Respiration (aka metabolism)