Practice Questions Exam 4
51 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Type I Pneumocytes in the lungs?

  • Diffusion of gases (correct)
  • Movement of mucus
  • Production of Surfactant
  • Supporting tracheal structure

    • What is the best indicator of overall lung function according to a spirogram?

  • Residual Volume (RV)
  • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
  • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (correct)
  • Tidal Volume (TV)

    • What type of epithelium is responsible for the movement of mucus in the respiratory tract?

  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  • Cuboidal Epithelium
  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
  • Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (correct)

    • What is the name of the nerve that controls the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law explains the increase in oxygen diffusion in the lungs when a patient is given oxygen via nasal cannula?

    <p>Henry's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the medulla to increase breathing rate during exercise?

    <p>Increase in blood carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation?

    <p>FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the drive to breathe that occurs in response to low oxygen levels in the blood?

    <p>Hypoxemic Drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the modern way to assess vital capacity?

    <p>FEV6 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 6 seconds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Boyle's Law, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs when you breathe in?

    <p>Pressure decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between alveolar air pressure and alveolar size, according to LaPlace's Law?

    <p>Alveolar air pressure is inversely proportional to alveolar size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulmonary surfactant?

    <p>To decrease alveolar surface tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the vocal cords?

    <p>Vagus Nerve (CN X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hering-Breuer reflex primarily controls which aspect of breathing?

    <p>The depth of inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves are involved in transmitting information about blood gas levels (CO2, H+, O2) to the medulla?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) and Vagus Nerve (CN X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decrease in oxygen concentration (partial pressure) as you inhale room air?

    <p>Oxygen is diluted by water vapor and mixes with residual air in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences alveolar air pressure, according to LaPlace's Law?

    <p>The volume of air inhaled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the medulla in the neural control of breathing?

    <p>To regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Hering-Breuer reflex contribute to the regulation of breathing?

    <p>It prevents overinflation of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborns?

    <p>Collapse of tiny air sacs (alveoli) due to inadequate surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism responsible for regulating breathing rate during exercise?

    <p>Increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor directly involved in the mechanics of breathing (inspiration and expiration)?

    <p>Action of the heart in pumping blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the effect of surfactant on alveolar stability?

    <p>Surfactant decreases surface tension, making alveoli less likely to collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased breathing rate at high altitude?

    <p>Decreased oxygen partial pressure in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between alveolar pressure and lung volume during inspiration?

    <p>Alveolar pressure decreases as lung volume increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the physiological changes that occur in the lungs during a bout of vigorous exercise?

    <p>Increased breathing rate and increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?

    <p>To provide support for the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs as a result of hypercapnea?

    <p>Increased breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the receptors in the Aorta and Carotids with respect to breathing?

    <p>To provide feedback about CO2 and pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for relaying information from the stretch receptors in the lungs?

    <p>CN X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily prevented by the Hering-Breuer Reflex during inhalation?

    <p>Over-inflation of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates conducting airways from respiratory airways?

    <p>Conducting airways do not participate in gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the airway system includes structures primarily involved in gas exchange?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypoxemia influence medullary activity?

    <p>It stimulates an increase in breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Movement of mucus across its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the conducting airways?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason premature infants are at an increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome?

    <p>Premature infants have insufficient production of surfactant, which helps keep alveoli open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the oxygen cascade, which of the following represents the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

    <p>120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in a patient's blood?

    <p>Increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct factor contributing to the regulation of breathing rate by the medulla?

    <p>Body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the diaphragm contribute to the process of inspiration (breathing in) according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>The diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would have the most profound effect on breathing rate, as monitored by the medulla?

    <p>Hypercapnea (high CO2 levels)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the partial pressure of oxygen decrease as air is inhaled?

    <p>The air is warmed and humidified by the respiratory tract, diluting the oxygen concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between vital capacity (VC) and the movement of air during breathing?

    <p>VC represents the maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one breath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological mechanism responsible for compensating for the decreased partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude?

    <p>Hypoxemic drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the phrenic nerve in the neural control of breathing?

    <p>To regulate the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure inside the lungs when the volume of the lungs increases, according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>The pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of LaPlace's Law on alveolar air pressure?

    <p>It increases alveolar air pressure in smaller alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration of oxygen in the lungs when a person breathes in room air?

    <p>It decreases due to dilution by H2O and mixing with residual air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex primarily controls pontine breathing?

    <p>Hering-Breuer Reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Roles in the Lungs

    • Type I Pneumocyte: responsible for diffusion of gases
    • Type II Pneumocyte: produces surfactant
    • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: facilitates movement of mucous

    Spirogram Basics

    • Pontine breathing: represented by TV (tidal volume)
    • Overall lung function: best indicated by FVC (forced vital capacity)
    • Air left in lungs after normal exhalation: FRC (functional residual capacity)
    • Modern way to assess vital capacity: FEV6 (forced expiratory volume in 6 seconds)

    Anatomic Structures in the Lungs

    • Conducting airways: Trachea, Bronchi, Large, Small & Terminal Bronchioles
    • Respiratory airways: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveoli

    Muscles and Nerves Involved in Breathing

    • Main muscle for breathing: Diaphragm
    • Type of muscle: Skeletal
    • Nerve controlling the Diaphragm: Phrenic nerve

    Oxygen Therapy and Henry's Law

    • Increased ppO2 leads to increased diffusion of O2, which leads to increased PO2
    • Relying on Henry's Law, which states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas

    Medulla's Role in Breathing Rate

    • At high altitude: medulla senses low O2, increasing breathing rate to compensate (Hypoxemic Drive)
    • During exercise: medulla senses high CO2 levels, increasing breathing rate to remove CO2 (Hypercapnic Drive)

    Boyle's Law and Breathing

    • To breathe in: increase volume, decrease pressure
    • To breathe out: decrease volume, increase pressure

    LaPlace's Law and Alveolar Air Pressure

    • True: alveolar air pressure is inversely related to the size of the alveoli
    • Pulmonary surfactant decreases air pressure by decreasing surface tension

    Neural Control of Breathing

    • Vagus/CN X nerve controls the vocal cords
    • Hering-Breuer Reflex controls pontine breathing
    • CN IX and X (Glossopharyngeal and Vagus) nerves send information to the medulla regarding CO2, H+, and O2 levels in the blood

    Factors Affecting Oxygen Concentration

    • Concentration of oxygen decreases as you breathe in room air due to dilution by H2O and mixing with residual air in the lungs

    Respiratory System

    • Premature infants born before 32 weeks gestation are at risk for Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to the lack of surfactant production.
    • Without surfactant, smaller alveoli collapse, causing air to push into larger alveoli, leading to respiratory distress.
    • The Law of LaPlace explains this phenomenon.

    Oxygen Cascade

    • The partial pressure of oxygen decreases as you breathe in due to water absorption in the respiratory tract, which dilutes oxygen concentration.
    • Inspired oxygen: 160 mmHg
    • Alveolar oxygen: ~120 mmHg
    • Oxygen in the blood: ~100 mmHg
    • Oxygen at tissue level: ~4-20 mmHg

    Henry's Law

    • Delivering oxygen via mask or nasal cannula relies on Henry's Law, which states that increasing the partial pressure of a gas improves its diffusion.
    • Increasing oxygen partial pressure via nasal cannula increases diffusion, leading to increased PO2 in the blood.

    Spirogram

    • Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum volume of air that can be moved in one breath.
    • A spirogram is a diagram that measures lung function.

    Boyle's Law and Diaphragm Movement

    • The movement of the diaphragm during breathing exploits Boyle's Law, which states that volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

    Control of Breathing Rate

    • Hypercapnea has the most profound effect on breathing rate.
    • The medulla receives information about CO2, H+, and O2 levels from receptors in the aorta and carotids via the ninth and tenth cranial nerves.
    • The medulla also directly samples CSF for CO2 and pH levels.

    Pleura and Epithelium

    • The parietal pleura, visceral pleura, and pleural space fluid are connected.
    • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the posterior nasal passage, nasopharynx, and trachea, and serves to move mucous across its surface.

    Nerves and Lungs

    • The phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm.
    • The vagus nerve (CN X) controls the vocal cords.

    Conducting and Respiratory Airways

    • Conducting airways: trachea, bronchi, large, small, and terminal bronchioles.
    • Respiratory airways: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.

    Hering-Breuer Reflex

    • Stretch receptors in the lungs and chest wall monitor lung inflation and trigger exhalation and inhibit inspiration to prevent lung damage from over-inflation.

    Lung Structure and Function

    • The apex, base, and hilum of a lung are important structures.
    • The hilum is the root of the lung, where blood vessels and bronchi enter and exit.
    • Type I pneumocytes are squamous cells allowing for enhanced diffusion, while type II pneumocytes are cuboidal cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant.

    Bronchopulmonary Segments

    • A bronchopulmonary segment is an anatomical and functional subdivision of a lobe, supplied by its own tertiary bronchus, artery, vein, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves.
    • There are typically 10 segments in both the right and left lung.

    High Altitude and Emphysema

    • At high altitude, breathing rate and heart rate increase due to low oxygen levels.
    • This is similar to the physiological changes experienced by emphysemics, but unlike emphysemics, individuals at high altitude are not hypercapnic.

    Exercise and Respiratory Response

    • During vigorous exercise, breathing rate and cardiac output increase due to the stress of exercise, which stimulates the release of epinephrine, leading to increased heart rate and stroke volume via beta-1 receptors.

    Respiratory System

    • Type I Pneumocyte: responsible for diffusion of gases
    • Type II Pneumocyte: produces surfactant
    • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: facilitates movement of mucus
    • Tracheal C-ring: provides support to trachea and allows swallowing

    Spirogram

    • Pontine breathing: represented by TV (tidal volume)
    • Overall lung function: best indicated by FVC (forced vital capacity)
    • FRC (functional residual capacity): volume of air left in lungs after normal exhalation
    • FEV6: modern way to assess vital capacity

    Anatomic Structures

    • Conducting airways: include trachea, bronchi, large, small, and terminal bronchioles
    • Respiratory airways: include respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

    Breathing Mechanics

    • Main muscle for breathing: diaphragm, which is a skeletal muscle
    • Nerve controlling diaphragm: phrenic nerve

    Oxygen Therapy

    • Oxygen therapy: increases ppO2, leading to increased diffusion of O2 and increased PO2
    • Henry's Law: relates to the increase in oxygen diffusion

    Respiratory Control

    • Medulla's role in hypoxemic drive: senses low O2 in blood, increasing breathing rate to compensate
    • Medulla's role in hypercapnic drive: senses high CO2 levels in blood, increasing breathing rate to remove CO2

    Gas Laws

    • Boyle's Law: relates to breathing in (increasing volume, decreasing pressure) and breathing out (decreasing volume, increasing pressure)
    • Laplace's Law: alveolar air pressure is inversely related to the size of the alveoli
    • Pulmonary surfactant: decreases air pressure by decreasing surface tension

    Neural Control

    • Nerve controlling vocal cords: vagus/CN X
    • Hering-Breuer Reflex: controls pontine breathing
    • CN IX and X: send information to medulla regarding CO2, H+, and O2 levels in the blood

    Oxygen Concentration

    • Decrease in oxygen concentration: due to dilution by H2O and mixing with residual air in the lungs

    Pontine Breathing

    Definition and Characteristics

    • Pontine breathing is a type of abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid, shallow breaths
    • Rapid rate: 60-100 breaths per minute (normal rate: 12-20 breaths per minute)
    • Shallow depth: Limited chest expansion and minimal diaphragmatic movement
    • Irregular rhythm: Breaths can be irregular, with varying intervals between breaths

    Causes of Pontine Breathing

    • Brainstem injury: Damage to the pons, a part of the brainstem that regulates breathing
    • Cerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding in the brain, which can compress the brainstem
    • Trauma: Head or neck trauma that affects the brainstem
    • Infections: Meningitis, encephalitis, or other infections that affect the brainstem

    Clinical Significance of Pontine Breathing

    • Indicates brainstem dysfunction: Pontine breathing is a sign of severe brainstem injury or compression
    • Poor prognosis: Often associated with poor neurological outcomes or death
    • Monitoring: Close monitoring of respiratory and neurological status is essential

    Management of Pontine Breathing

    • Supportive care: Maintain airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs)
    • Mechanical ventilation: May be necessary to support breathing
    • Neurological monitoring: Close monitoring of neurological status and brainstem function

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Practice Exam 4 Key PDF
    Respiratory Paperchase Review PDF

    Description

    This practice exam tests knowledge on the respiratory system, including cell types and their roles, and spirometry concepts.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser