New Public Ad and Dev't Administration PDF

New Public Administration October 5, 2024 OUR LINK TO THE PAST PA is assumed to be Informal organizations functioning in a stable exist within stable systems political system and environments The bureaucracy is an Decision making is an...

New Public Administration October 5, 2024 OUR LINK TO THE PAST PA is assumed to be Informal organizations functioning in a stable exist within stable systems political system and environments The bureaucracy is an Decision making is an effective and efficient form important element of of organization administration  A philosophy or Conference was held in September 1968 at movement for reform Minnowbrook, Syracuse in the late 60s University, New York New Public Emerged from a conference of young public administrationists Reason for calling the event the Minnowbrook conference and the reforms the Minnowbrook Administration in their 30s perspective Conference sponsored by Dwight Waldo, in response to what he described as “grave happenings and urgent problems of the times” and the”uncertainty, discontinuities, and growing turbulence” in America THE PERIOD WAS MARKED BY Disillusion by the youth, student protests, anti-Vietnam war sentiments, neglect of minorities. Social inequality, poverty, unemployment, poor health and ignorance within prosperity Racial tension, characterized by white supremacy movements and the black civil rights movement NEW PA CALLED FOR A REDEFINITION OF THE FIELD, AND REFORMS IN RELATION TO THE PRACTICE OF PA 1. IT RAISED SEVERAL COMPELLING ISSUES a. The relevance of the field in relation to the larger society. The young writers described the field as subject to great conceptual confusion and exists within old and inappropriate analytical models. (The world has changed and is changing) b. Social equity. It is the responsibility of administrators to work for the redistribution of opportunities and wealth in (American) society. c. Post-positivism. PA must go beyond the prevailing norms of empiricism and rationality d. Adaptation (or adaptability). PA must be able to adjust to a turbulent environment marked by social change, tentativeness, and instability e. Rejection of the politics-administration dichotomy and the assumptions that administrators are value-free and neutral. Administrators should be committed to good management and social equity as values or rationales. 2. NPA EMPHASIZED NEW VALUES TO STRENGTHEN PA: Representativeness Responsibility Responsiveness 3. CONVENTIONAL AND CLASSIC PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEEKS TO ANSWER EITHER OF THESE QUESTIONS: How can we offer more or better services with available resources (efficiency)? How can service levels be maintained while spending less money (economy)?  SOCIAL EQUITY The fair, just and equitable management of all institutions serving the public directly or by contract; and the fair and equitable 4. A new public administration adds this question: distribution of public services, and implementation of Does this service enhance social equity? public policy; and the commitment to promote fairness, To say that a service may be well managed and justice and equity in the formation of public policy. that a service may be efficient and economical still begs these questions: Well, managed for whom? Efficient for whom? Economical for whom? (Frederickson, 1980) 5. NPA would add another E to the traditional values of management: Efficiency Effectiveness Economy EQUITY  SOCIAL EQUITY in public administration is particularly important because the underlying working mechanism is different from the one operating in the private sector. For instance, amusement parks such as Six Flag or Disney World sell Fast Pass for customers who want to beat the long waiting line. This type of practice does not work in public organizations. One must wait if required in a long line at the Department of Motor Vehicle to renew their driver license regardless of how much money he or she has. In principle, the government should treat citizens without bias and promote fairness. In this regard, an impartial process is a key facet of public administration.  Post-World War II, focus on rehabilitation and rebuilding of economies Developing nations adopted national economic development plans but lacked the institutional and administrative capacities to carry them out Brief overview US and Western European countries exported public administration experts as well as technology to the developing nations. US governmental grants; Ford Foundation supported studies on developmental aspects of developing nations Context Desired goal was “to Context was the Cold War, and modernize developing nations US’ and Western democracies’ through the ‘developmental desire to ensure emerging and power of administrative tools developing countries go in the devised in the West’ (Siffin, direction of liberal democracy. 1976).” FOCUS OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION The possibility of Developmental exporting the needs of developing Industrial West nations, mainly model of achieving economic in development to the orientation developing nations The possibility of The transferability changing the of development political, social, know-how from the economic and West to the cultural conditions developing of less developed countries countries Assumptions of Development Administration Development was Development could be Poverty could be Obstacles to development desirable planned, directed, and eliminated by improving could be overcome controlled by public the quantity and quality of agencies public goods and services Systems approach Technocratic approach Development was largely seen as economic development, and development administration was about economic administration. Development could be planned, directed, and controlled by public agencies A SYSTEMS APPROACH is a holistic A TECHNOCRACY is a model of and interdisciplinary way of governance wherein decision- understanding and solving complex makers are chosen for office based problems. It views the world as a on their technical expertise and collection of interconnected and background. interdependent elements or people, and emphasises the relationships and interactions between them. U.S. DOT adopts a Safe System Approach as the guiding paradigm to address roadway safety. The Safe System Approach has been embraced by the transportation community as an effective way to address and mitigate the risks inherent in our enormous and complex transportation system. It works by building and reinforcing multiple layers of protection to both prevent crashes from happening in the first place and minimize the harm caused to those involved when crashes do occur. It is a holistic and comprehensive approach that provides a guiding framework to make places safer for people. https://www.transportation.gov/NRSS/SafeSystem A TECHNOCRACY is a model of governance wherein decision-makers are chosen for office based on their technical expertise and background. https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/technocracy/ DEFINITIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Administration in developing countries Planned change in the economy (in agriculture or industry, or the capital infrastructure supporting these sectors) (Montgomery 1970) The implementation of programs designed to bring about modernity, and the changes within the administrative system to increase its capacity to implement such programs (Friedman, 1970)  The complex of organizational arrangements for the achievement of action through public authority in pursuance of socio-economic goals and nation-building. (Inayatullah, 1970) Presupposes policies, plans, programs with a bias for development Assumes the existence of a bureaucracy that consciously and continuously seek to modernize itself to meet the demands of planned change The combined process of administration of development (implementation of development policies, plans and programs) and the development of administration (improvement of administrative capabilities) (Riggs, 1970) What the Definitions Imply? Development must be planned by way of plans, policies, and programs Development is to be carried out systematically by a well-functioning bureaucracy The Meaning of Development Administration Evolved in the 1950s Refers to to represent the Refers to the government aspects and changes First used by Donald blending of all the administration that in public Stone but elements and indicates the way a administration which popularized by Fred resources (human country’s are needed to carry Riggs and Edward and physical) … into a government acts to out policies, projects, Weidner in the concerted effort to fulfill its role in and programs to 1960s. achieve agreed upon achieving improve social and goals (Donald Stone). development (Riggs, economic conditions 1977). (Gantt, 1979).  stresses the role of the state in The Meaning directing, managing and controlling the means used in and by the Third World of nations to achieve development goals. Development Administration is more innovative, since it is concerned with the societal changes involved in achieving developmental objectives.  1. Development can be obtained by modernization (Westernization). Five Major 2. Economic development is defined in terms of growth, that is, Themes of expansion of GNP per capita over a period of time. Development 3. Quantitative change (economic change) would produce a critical mass leading to qualitative changes; economic growth will bring about social Administration changes and then political development; wealth will trickle down. 4. Process of development entails the movement of societies between traditional agrarian stage/ underdevelopment to take off stage to development/industrial). 5. Emphasis on harmony: stable and orderly change.  Critical Assumptions of Development Administration 1. Developmental needs are the most important needs of developing countries. 2. Developmental needs of developing and developed countries are inherently different. 3. Development can be administered. 4. Developmental know-hows are transferable. 5. The political, social and cultural content of development can be easily altered. Concern/Objectives of Development Administration “How can the ideas and mechanisms of public administration be used as instruments of social and economic development?” 1. How purposefully to guide government action toward development objectives; 2. How actually to take account of the many and complex interdependencies of societal change; and 3. How to ensure that governmental administration is dynamic and innovative. A society in which there is a mixture of traditional and modern structures is called PRISMATIC. In administration in developing countries (1964), Riggs presented the concept of "prismatic society" to explain the unique conditions and the dynamics of politics and administration in developing countries. Context matters: it is not just a case of transferring technological knowhow to a new setting. What may have worked in the Western industrialized world may not work similarly in third world countries, because of differences in historical development, institutions, and interests by the developed nations themselves Developing countries have imperfect institutions and imperfect bureaucracies. Development approaches from an industrial perspective will need to be configured to adjust to the weak capacities and administrative frameworks of these countries.  The important role of the bureaucracy and the need to develop its administrative capacities No “one-size, fits all” relating to policies or approaches solutions to issues of that are standard and not tailored development to individual needs THANK YOU!