Origin Of The Universe PDF

This theory states that God, the Supreme Being created the whole universe out of nothing. The proof can be read in the Holy Bible stipulating that God created the heavens and the earth including man.  The big bang theory is cosmological model that explains how the univ...

This theory states that God, the Supreme Being created the whole universe out of nothing. The proof can be read in the Holy Bible stipulating that God created the heavens and the earth including man.  The big bang theory is cosmological model that explains how the universe began. It suggest that the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago.  The bread represents the universe; while raisins are galaxies. The galaxies represented by dots, are not expanding  Distances in relation to other galaxies just increases because of the expanding universe. In the big bang theory, matter dilutes as the universe expands.  The universe started as a “​singularity​” - an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with very high temperature and density. The intense heat resulted to formation of matter and antimatter particles that were destroyed every time they collided with each other.  The expansion of the universe is supported by the observation that galaxies are receding from us. The high amount of light elements like H, He and Li. These elements were formed through the fusion of protons and neutrons immediately after the Big Bang. The detection of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation which is the residue or heat leftover from the Big Bang.  was the first proponent of the theory. He suggested the idea of the expanding universe  who established the Hubble’s law ​which provided an evidence that the universe was not static but expanding.  discovered that microwaves with Arno Penzias wavelengths of about 7 centimeters were present in space. These waves were referred to as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Robert Wilson  It failed to explain how the universe was created. It just explains how it evolve and not where it originated. It also failed to explain how the galaxies formed.  As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity.  Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady. state. In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created as the universe expand.  Has no beginning and has no end. Has always been here and will always be present. Always looks the same in any time and space. Creates new matter as it continuously expands.  Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle proposed the steady state theory in 1948. Herman Bondi Thomas Gold Fred Hoyle  It is not parallel with the law of conservation of energy and mass. The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation significantly supported the explanations given by the big bang theory and led many scientists to reject the steady state theory in 1965.  It has been proven that radiation is equal in any direction of the universe and could not have resulted from supernovae.  Oscillating Universe theory, also known as pulsating theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity.  Big crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses causing the formation of a singularity. Once the universe reverses and Singularity result to a big bang attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born. and the birth of a new universe.  Richard Tolman, a Caltech professor, proposed it. Tolman called the birth of another universe as the big bounce. Richard Tolman  The suggestion that the universe would collapse on its own after it reached its full expansion violates some current laws of physics, such as the postulated existence of dark energy. The currently postulated end of the universe is by big freeze or heat death.  According to the Nebular Theory, the solar system originated from a nebula. It is the widely accepted view about the formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.  A nebula is defined by NASA as giant cloud of gas and dust in space. This interstellar cloud of dust contains hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Dusty discs surrounding nearby young stars  The formation of the solar system from a nebula occurs in three major steps: (1) cloud collapse, (2) formation of protoplanetary disk, and (3) growth of planets.  Hypothetically, a shockwave from a supernova or the effect of a passing star may cause a cloud collapse. The collapse at the center of the cloud due to gravity occurs when gas pressure becomes insufficient to support the mass of the cloud.  The collapsed cloud of interstellar gas and dust results to a smaller radius which means it will spin faster.  Metals and silicates could exist near the sun because these compounds have higher boiling points  As a result, terrestrial planets were eventually formed containing high concentration of these compounds. Terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.  The terrestrial planets could not grow in huge diameter because of the limited reserve of metallic elements Terrestrial planets. From left to right: in the solar nebula Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.  Dust and grains surrounding the sun eventually formed clumps. These clumps then accreted forming planetesimals. Planetesimal is a small celestial body that once collide together, it tend to fused to form the planets of the solar system. Growth of planets in the nebular theory.  Emanuel Swedenborg Immanuel Kant Pierre-Simon Laplace Emmanuel Immanuel Pierre-Simon Swedenborg Kant Laplace  Particles surrounding Saturn repel each other which is contrary to the assumption that dust particles will be attached to each other forming a planet.  It does not follow the law of angular momentum because if the nebular theory is correct then the sun should be spinning at a higher rate than the others.  It did not consider Uranus and Venus, which rotates in a clockwise direction while other planets rotates in a counterclockwise direction.  The Encounter Theory proposes that the planets were formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object, such as another star.  Planetesimal Theory​, is a form of encounter theory. It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star nearly collided with the protosun. The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes the protosun to eject filaments of material which then condensed into planetesimals. This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size.  Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin proposed that accretion of minute solid particles created planets and their moons rather than by gaseous or liquid material Thomas Chrowder condensation. Chamberlin  Forest Ray Moulton provided the mathematical calculations to Chamberlin’s idea.  Planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today due to the fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates rather than contract  In addition, the force from the passing star will pull dust and gases far away from the sun, that they would not be able to form the planets in the solar system.  The Tidal Theory explains that the solar system formed as a result of a near collision between a passing star and the sun. This theory proposes that the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of condensing into planetesimals. The lengthy tidal tails of the colliding antennae galaxies  The tidal theory was proposed by James Jeans, an English physicist and astronomer, and Harold Jeffreys, an English mathematician and Sir James Jeans astronomer in 1918.  One problem of the tidal theory is that the hot material from either star cannot contract. Thus, planets will not Stars Collision form.