Earth and Life Science: Big Bang Theory (Grade 11/12) PDF

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‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ LESSON‌‌1.1‌‌ ‌ Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ Table‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ ontents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Competency‌ 2‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌ Warm-Up‌ 2‌ ‌ Learn‌‌about‌‌It‌ 4‌ ‌ Overview‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ 4‌ ‌ Proponents‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ 6‌ ‌ Georges‌‌Henri‌‌Joseph‌‌Edouard‌‌Lemaître‌ 6‌ ‌ Edwin‌‌Powell‌‌Hubble‌ 7‌ ‌ Arno‌‌Penzias‌‌and‌‌Robert‌‌Wilson‌ 8‌ ‌ Drawbacks‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ 9‌ ‌ Key‌‌Points‌ 10‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Understanding‌ 10‌ ‌ Photo‌‌Credits‌ 12‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ 13‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌1.1‌ ‌ Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ The‌‌vast‌‌universe‌‌showing‌‌several‌‌galaxies‌ ‌ ‌ Introduction‌ ‌ Have‌ ‌you‌ ‌ever‌ ‌wondered‌ ‌how‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌began?‌ ‌Don’t‌ ‌worry.‌ ‌You‌ ‌are‌ ‌not‌ ‌alone.‌ ‌Most‌‌ people‌ ‌seek‌ ‌the‌ ‌answer‌ ‌to‌ ‌this‌ ‌question.‌ ‌The‌ ‌good‌ ‌thing‌‌is,‌‌scientists‌‌are‌‌working‌‌hard‌‌to‌‌ find‌ ‌accurate‌ ‌answers.‌ ‌There‌ ‌are‌ ‌various‌ ‌theories‌ ‌trying‌ ‌to‌ ‌explain‌ ‌the‌ ‌origin‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ universe.‌‌The‌‌most‌‌common‌‌is‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌‌‌How‌‌does‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌explain‌‌ the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Competency‌ ‌ ‌ At‌‌the‌‌end‌‌of‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌the‌‌given‌‌enrichment‌‌competency‌‌should‌‌be‌‌met‌‌by‌‌ the‌‌students.‌ ‌ Describe‌‌the‌‌historical‌‌development‌‌of‌‌theories‌‌that‌‌explain‌‌the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌ the‌‌universe.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ ‌ ‌ In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌following:‌ ‌ Explain‌‌the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌ ‌ Identify‌‌different‌‌proponents‌‌who‌‌support‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌ ‌ Enumerate‌‌the‌‌negative‌‌implications‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Warm-Up‌ ‌ ‌ Big‌‌Bang‌‌Balloon‌‌Activity‌ ‌ ‌ Materials‌‌ ‌ balloon‌ ‌ clothespin‌ ‌ permanent‌‌marker‌ ‌ string‌ ‌ ruler‌‌or‌‌measuring‌‌tape‌ ‌ ‌ Procedure‌ ‌ 1. Partially‌‌inflate‌‌the‌‌balloon.‌‌Use‌‌the‌‌clothespin‌‌to‌‌clip‌‌the‌‌end‌‌so‌‌that‌‌the‌‌air‌‌will‌‌not‌‌ ‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ escape.‌ ‌ 2. Using‌‌a‌‌permanent‌‌marker,‌‌draw‌‌six‌‌widely‌‌spaced‌‌dots‌‌on‌‌the‌‌balloon.‌‌Label‌‌one‌ dot‌‌H,‌‌which‌‌indicates‌‌home‌‌and‌‌the‌‌other‌‌dots‌‌A‌‌to‌‌E.‌ ‌ 3. As‌‌the‌‌balloon‌‌is‌‌curved,‌‌a‌‌string‌‌could‌‌be‌‌used‌‌first‌‌to‌‌measure‌‌the‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌H‌‌ to‌‌each‌‌dot.‌‌Then,‌‌use‌‌a‌‌ruler‌‌or‌‌measuring‌‌tape‌‌to‌‌measure‌‌the‌‌length‌‌of‌‌the‌‌string.‌‌ Record‌‌each‌‌distance‌‌on‌‌the‌‌initial‌‌measurement‌‌column‌‌in‌‌the‌‌table‌‌provided.‌ ‌ 4. Remove‌‌the‌‌clothespin.‌‌Then,‌‌inflate‌‌the‌‌balloon‌‌again‌‌to‌‌make‌‌it‌‌bigger.‌‌ ‌ 5. Observe‌‌what‌‌happens‌‌to‌‌the‌‌dots.‌‌Repeat‌‌step‌‌3‌‌but‌‌record‌‌the‌‌distances‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ Trial‌‌1‌‌column‌‌in‌‌the‌‌table‌‌provided.‌ ‌ 6. Repeat‌‌steps‌‌4‌‌and‌‌5‌‌two‌‌more‌‌times.‌‌Record‌‌your‌‌measurements‌‌under‌‌the‌‌Trial‌‌2‌‌ and‌‌3‌‌columns.‌ ‌ ‌ Data‌‌Table‌ ‌ Table‌‌1.1.1.‌D ‌ istance‌‌between‌‌location‌‌points‌‌on‌‌the‌‌balloon‌ ‌ ‌ Distances‌‌(cm)‌‌ ‌ Location‌‌ ‌ H‌‌to‌‌A‌ ‌ H‌‌to‌‌B‌ ‌ H‌‌to‌‌C‌ ‌ H‌‌to‌‌D‌ ‌ H‌‌to‌‌E‌ ‌ Initial‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ measurement‌ ‌ Trial‌‌1‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Trial‌‌2‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Trial‌‌3‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Guide‌‌Questions‌ ‌ 1. As‌‌the‌‌balloon‌‌gets‌‌bigger,‌‌what‌‌happens‌‌to‌‌the‌‌distances‌‌from‌‌the‌‌H‌‌dot‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ other‌‌dots?‌ 2. What‌‌dot(s)‌‌move(s)‌‌the‌‌farthest?‌‌Is‌‌it‌‌the‌‌dot‌‌near‌‌the‌‌H‌‌or‌‌the‌‌dot‌‌farther‌‌from‌‌H?‌ ‌ 3. If‌‌the‌‌dots‌‌correspond‌‌to‌‌groups‌‌of‌‌stars‌‌and‌‌the‌‌balloons‌‌represent‌‌the‌‌universe,‌‌ how‌‌will‌‌you‌‌explain‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌universe?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ Learn‌‌about‌‌It‌ ‌ Overview‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ The‌ ‌big‌ ‌bang‌ ‌theory‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌cosmological‌ ‌model‌ ‌explaining‌ ‌how‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌began.‌ ‌It‌‌ suggests‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌started‌ ‌its‌‌expansion‌‌about‌‌13.8‌‌billion‌‌years‌‌ago‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ latest‌‌calculations.‌ ‌ ‌ Essential‌‌Question‌ ‌ How‌‌does‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌explain‌‌the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe?‌ ‌ ‌ Some‌ ‌might‌ ‌think‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌concept‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌big‌ ‌bang‌ ‌as‌‌an‌‌explosion‌‌of‌‌something‌‌leading‌‌to‌‌ the‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe.‌‌The‌‌idea‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory,‌‌however,‌‌is‌‌somewhat‌‌similar‌‌ to‌‌the‌‌bread-raisin‌‌model.‌‌The‌‌bread‌‌is‌‌compared‌‌with‌‌the‌‌universe,‌‌whereas‌‌the‌‌raisins‌‌are‌‌ the‌ ‌galaxies.‌ ‌As‌ ‌shown‌ ‌in‌ ‌Fig.‌ ‌1,‌ ‌the‌ ‌raisin‌ ‌does‌ ‌not‌ ‌expand.‌ ‌It‌ ‌only‌ ‌moves‌ ‌apart‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌‌ dough‌‌rises.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌1.‌‌‌The‌‌raisin-bread‌‌model‌‌of‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌universe‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌bread-raisin‌ ‌model‌ ‌is‌ ‌similar‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe.‌ ‌As‌ ‌shown‌ ‌in‌ ‌Fig.‌ ‌2,‌ ‌the‌ ‌galaxies,‌‌ represented‌‌by‌‌dots,‌‌are‌‌not‌‌expanding.‌‌Distances‌‌in‌‌relation‌‌to‌‌other‌‌galaxies‌‌just‌‌increase‌‌ due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌universe.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ccording‌‌to‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory,‌‌matter‌‌dilutes‌‌as‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌expands.‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌2.‌A ‌ Remember‌ ‌ The‌ ‌big‌ ‌bang‌ ‌theory‌ ‌states‌ ‌that‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌expands,‌ ‌its‌ ‌density‌‌ decreases.‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌because‌ ‌no‌ ‌new‌ ‌matter‌ ‌is‌ ‌added‌ ‌as‌ ‌it‌ ‌expands.‌ ‌As‌‌ density‌ ‌is‌ ‌equivalent‌ ‌to‌ ‌mass‌ ‌per‌ ‌volume,‌ ‌increasing‌ ‌volume‌ ‌at‌ ‌constant‌‌ mass‌‌yields‌‌decreased‌‌density.‌ ‌ ‌ The‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌suggests‌‌that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌began‌‌as‌‌a‌‌“singularity.”‌‌This‌‌is‌‌a‌‌point‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ universe‌‌that‌‌is‌‌predicted‌‌to‌‌be‌‌in‌‌the‌‌core‌‌of‌‌a‌‌black‌‌hole‌‌with‌‌extremely‌‌high‌‌temperature‌‌ and‌‌density.‌‌The‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌singularity‌‌is‌‌still‌‌a‌‌mystery‌‌to‌‌many‌‌scientists,‌‌but‌‌they‌‌have‌‌ stated‌ ‌that‌ ‌this‌ ‌singularity‌ ‌expands‌ ‌and‌ ‌cools‌ ‌constantly.‌ ‌The‌ ‌rate‌ ‌of‌ ‌expansion‌ ‌is‌‌almost‌‌ equal‌‌to‌‌the‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌cooling.‌‌The‌‌intense‌‌heat‌‌led‌‌to‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌matter‌‌and‌‌antimatter‌‌ particles‌‌that‌‌were‌‌destroyed‌‌every‌‌time‌‌they‌‌collided‌‌with‌‌each‌‌other.‌ ‌ ‌ Essential‌‌Question‌ ‌ How‌ ‌did‌ ‌the‌ ‌proponents‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌come‌‌up‌‌with‌‌their‌‌ideas‌‌ about‌‌the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe?‌ ‌ ‌ Nucleosynthesis‌‌‌is‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌elements,‌‌such‌‌as‌‌hydrogen‌‌and‌‌helium.‌‌The‌‌presence‌‌ of‌‌these‌‌elements‌‌led‌‌to‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌stars‌‌and‌‌galaxies.‌‌The‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌stars‌‌led‌‌to‌‌ the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌other‌‌cosmic‌‌bodies‌‌such‌‌as‌‌planets,‌‌comets,‌‌and‌‌asteroids.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 5‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌3.‌N ‌ ucleosynthesis‌‌of‌‌helium‌ ‌ ‌ Proponents‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ ‌ There‌ ‌are‌ ‌different‌ ‌proponents‌ ‌who‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌an‌ ‌explanation‌ ‌of‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌universe.‌‌ They‌‌are‌‌Georges‌‌Henri‌‌Joseph‌‌Edouard‌‌Lemaître,‌‌Edwin‌‌Powell‌‌Hubble,‌‌Arno‌‌Penzias,‌‌and‌‌ Robert‌‌Wilson.‌ ‌ ‌ Georges‌H ‌ enri‌J‌ oseph‌E ‌ douard‌L ‌ emaître‌ ‌ Georges‌ ‌Henri‌ ‌Joseph‌ ‌Edouard‌ ‌Lemaître,‌ ‌a‌ ‌Belgian‌‌ priest,‌‌suggested‌‌the‌‌idea‌‌of‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌universe.‌‌He‌‌ is‌‌considered‌‌the‌‌first‌‌proponent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌1931,‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌British‌ ‌Association‌ ‌meeting,‌ ‌he‌‌ explained‌‌that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌originated‌‌in‌‌an‌‌explosive‌‌act‌‌ of‌‌a‌‌primeval‌‌atom‌‌or‌‌the‌‌‌“cosmic‌‌egg,”‌‌‌which‌‌was‌‌like‌‌a‌‌ huge‌ ‌atomic‌ ‌nucleus.‌ ‌The‌ ‌immense‌ ‌energy‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌‌ explosion‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌‌primeval‌‌atom‌‌was‌‌sufficient‌‌to‌‌initiate‌‌ the‌ ‌expansion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe.‌‌His‌‌theory,‌‌however,‌‌was‌‌ not‌ ‌recognized‌ ‌by‌ ‌most‌ ‌cosmologists‌ ‌as‌ ‌it‌ ‌was‌ ‌not‌‌ supported‌‌by‌‌empirical‌‌evidence‌‌at‌‌that‌‌time.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 6‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ Lemaître‌ ‌thought‌‌that‌‌if‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌came‌‌from‌‌a‌‌hot‌‌state,‌‌it‌‌would‌‌leave‌‌traces‌‌that‌‌can‌‌ be‌‌subjected‌‌to‌‌analysis.‌‌He‌‌then‌‌realized‌‌that‌‌there‌‌were‌‌traces‌‌in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌cosmic‌‌rays.‌‌ He‌ ‌explained‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌rays‌ ‌were‌ ‌“ashes‌ ‌and‌ ‌smoke‌ ‌of‌ ‌bright‌ ‌but‌ ‌very‌ ‌rapid‌‌ fireworks,”‌ ‌and‌ ‌they‌ ‌originated‌ ‌when‌ ‌the‌ ‌primeval‌ ‌atom‌ ‌disintegrated.‌ ‌He‌ ‌first‌ ‌visualized‌‌ that‌ ‌the‌ ‌primeval‌ ‌atom‌ ‌would‌ ‌disintegrate‌ ‌into‌ ‌atomic‌ ‌stars.‌ ‌Then‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌atomic‌ ‌stars‌ disintegrate,‌ ‌they‌ ‌would‌ ‌produce‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌rays‌ ‌and‌ ‌become‌ ‌ordinary‌ ‌matter.‌ ‌Therefore,‌‌ cosmic‌ ‌rays‌ ‌were‌ ‌not‌ ‌the‌ ‌direct‌ ‌product‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌primeval‌ ‌atoms‌ ‌but‌ ‌rather,‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌early‌‌ formation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌stars‌‌10‌‌billion‌‌years‌‌ago.‌‌ ‌ ‌ In‌‌his‌‌publication,‌‌he‌‌stated‌‌that‌‌“Cosmic‌‌rays‌‌would‌‌be‌‌glimpses‌‌of‌‌the‌‌primeval‌‌fireworks‌‌ of‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌a‌‌star‌‌from‌‌an‌‌atom,‌‌coming‌‌to‌‌us‌‌after‌‌their‌‌long‌‌journey‌‌through‌‌free‌‌ space.”‌ ‌ ‌ Edwin‌P ‌ owell‌H ‌ ubble‌ ‌ Edwin‌ ‌Powell‌ ‌Hubble‌ ‌was‌ ‌an‌ ‌American‌ ‌astronomer‌‌ who‌‌established‌‌Hubble’s‌‌law,‌‌which‌‌provided‌‌evidence‌‌ that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌was‌‌not‌‌static‌‌but‌‌expanding.‌‌In‌‌1923,‌‌ Hubble‌‌spotted‌‌what‌‌he‌‌thought‌‌was‌‌a‌‌flaring‌‌nova‌‌star‌‌ in‌ ‌the‌ ‌M31‌ ‌nebula‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌ ‌Andromeda‌ ‌constellation‌‌ using‌‌a‌‌Hooker‌‌telescope.‌‌The‌‌Andromeda‌‌constellation‌‌ is‌ ‌now‌ ‌known‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌Andromeda‌ ‌galaxy‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌nearest‌‌ galaxy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Milky‌‌Way.‌ ‌ ‌ Hubble‌ ‌carefully‌ ‌studied‌ ‌the‌ ‌photographic‌ ‌plates‌‌ captured‌ ‌by‌ ‌other‌ ‌astronomers‌‌and‌‌realized‌‌that‌‌what‌‌ he‌‌saw‌‌was‌‌a‌‌‌Cepheid‌‌star‌,‌‌a‌‌star‌‌that‌‌pulsates‌‌radially,‌‌ brightening‌‌and‌‌dimming‌‌periodically.‌‌Hubble‌‌used‌‌this‌‌ radial‌ ‌pulse‌ ‌to‌ ‌measure‌ ‌the‌ ‌distance‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌star‌ ‌from‌ ‌Earth.‌‌‌Based‌‌on‌‌his‌‌calculations,‌‌he‌‌ was‌‌able‌‌to‌‌postulate‌‌the‌‌existence‌‌of‌‌other‌‌galaxies.‌‌He‌‌noted‌‌that‌‌there‌‌was‌‌more‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ universe‌‌beyond‌‌the‌‌Milky‌‌Way.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 7‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌6.‌T ‌ he‌‌Hooker‌‌telescope‌‌(left)‌‌and‌‌a‌‌Cepheid‌‌star‌‌(right).‌ ‌ ‌ He‌ ‌then‌ ‌began‌ ‌to‌ ‌classify‌ ‌other‌ ‌nebulae,‌‌ measuring‌ ‌their‌ ‌velocities‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌their‌‌ emitted‌ ‌spectral‌ ‌lights.‌ ‌Then‌ ‌in‌ ‌1929,‌ ‌he‌‌ noticed‌ ‌that‌ ‌all‌ ‌the‌ ‌galaxies‌ ‌seemed‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌‌ moving‌ ‌away‌ ‌from‌ ‌Earth‌ ‌with‌ ‌velocities‌ ‌that‌‌ increased‌ ‌in‌‌proportion‌‌to‌‌their‌‌distance.‌‌‌This‌‌ means‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌amount‌ ‌of‌ ‌redshift‌ ‌is‌‌ proportional‌‌to‌‌the‌‌distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌galaxy‌‌(i.e.,‌‌ nearby‌ ‌galaxies‌ ‌have‌ ‌smaller‌ ‌redshifts‌ ‌than‌‌ distant‌ ‌galaxies).‌ ‌This‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ velocities‌ ‌of‌ ‌distant‌ ‌objects‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌universe‌‌in‌‌ proportion‌ ‌to‌ ‌their‌ ‌distance‌ ‌from‌‌Earth‌‌is‌‌called‌‌‌Hubble’s‌‌law‌.‌‌He‌‌published‌‌a‌‌report‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ same‌ ‌year‌ ‌about‌ ‌his‌ ‌discovery.‌ ‌This‌ ‌ultimately‌ ‌supported‌ ‌Lemaître’s‌ ‌proposal‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ expanding‌‌universe.‌ ‌ ‌ Arno‌P ‌ enzias‌a ‌ nd‌R ‌ obert‌W ‌ ilson‌ ‌ American‌ ‌astronomers‌ ‌Arno‌ ‌Penzias‌ ‌and‌ ‌Robert‌ ‌Wilson‌ ‌studied‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌radiation‌ ‌in‌ ‌1964.‌‌ They‌‌discovered‌‌that‌‌microwaves‌‌with‌‌wavelengths‌‌of‌‌about‌‌7‌‌centimeters‌‌were‌‌present‌‌in‌‌ ‌ ‌ 8‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ space.‌‌These‌‌waves‌‌were‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌as‌c‌ osmic‌‌microwave‌‌background‌‌(‌ C ‌ MB‌)‌r‌ adiation‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌8.‌A ‌ rno‌‌Penzias‌‌(born‌‌1933)‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌9.‌R ‌ obert‌‌Wilson‌‌(born‌‌1941)‌ ‌ ‌ CMB‌ ‌radiation‌ ‌is‌ b ‌ elieved‌ ‌to‌ b ‌ e‌ ‌the‌ ‌thermal‌ ‌energy‌ ‌released‌ ‌when‌ ‌the‌ ‌ionized‌ ‌gases‌‌ became‌ ‌neutral‌ ‌particles‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌early‌ ‌universe‌ ‌cooled‌ ‌down.‌ ‌This‌ ‌radiation‌ ‌served‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌‌ “leftover”‌ ‌when‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌was‌ ‌formed.‌ ‌The‌ ‌discovery‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌radiation‌‌provided‌‌ strong‌‌evidence‌‌that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌began‌‌from‌‌the‌‌sudden‌‌expansion‌‌of‌‌a‌‌singularity,‌‌which‌‌ supported‌‌Lemaître’s‌‌study.‌ ‌ ‌ Drawbacks‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌‌ ‌ For‌‌critics,‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory’s‌‌claim‌‌that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌began‌‌to‌‌spring‌‌forth‌‌from‌‌nothing‌‌ is‌‌unwarranted‌‌based‌‌on‌‌two‌‌main‌‌reasons:‌ ‌ 1) It‌ ‌fails‌ ‌to‌ ‌explain‌ ‌how‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌was‌ ‌created.‌ ‌It‌ ‌just‌ ‌explains‌ ‌how‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌‌ evolves‌‌and‌‌not‌‌where‌‌it‌‌originated.‌‌In‌‌addition,‌‌this‌‌theory‌‌also‌‌fails‌‌to‌‌explain‌‌how‌‌ the‌‌galaxies‌‌formed;‌‌and‌ ‌ 2) The‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌‌violates‌‌the‌‌assumptions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌first‌‌law‌‌of‌‌thermodynamics‌,‌‌where‌‌ it‌ ‌is‌ ‌assumed‌ ‌that‌ ‌matter‌ ‌or‌ ‌energy‌ ‌cannot‌ ‌be‌ ‌created‌ ‌nor‌ ‌destroyed.‌ ‌Moreover,‌‌ other‌‌critics‌‌argue‌‌that‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌galaxies‌‌and‌‌millions‌‌of‌‌stars‌‌in‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌ is‌‌‌against‌‌the‌‌assumptions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌law‌‌of‌‌entropy‌,‌‌where‌‌it‌‌is‌‌predicted‌‌that‌‌systems,‌‌like‌‌ ‌ ‌ 9‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ the‌ ‌universe,‌ ‌tend‌ ‌to‌ ‌become‌ ‌less‌ ‌organized‌ ‌over‌ ‌time.‌ ‌The‌ ‌supporters‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌big‌‌ bang‌ ‌theory,‌ ‌however,‌ ‌invalidate‌ ‌this‌ ‌claim‌ ‌by‌ ‌viewing‌ ‌the‌ ‌early‌ ‌universe‌ ‌like‌ ‌an‌‌ isotropic‌‌and‌‌homogeneous‌‌system,‌‌thus‌‌the‌‌current‌‌universe‌‌exhibits‌‌signs‌‌of‌‌being‌‌ disorganized‌‌that‌‌obey‌‌the‌‌law‌‌of‌‌entropy.‌ ‌ ‌ Key‌‌Points‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌big‌ ‌bang‌ ‌theory‌ ‌suggests‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌universe‌ ‌started‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌“singularity,”‌ ‌an‌ ‌area‌‌ predicted‌‌to‌‌be‌‌in‌‌the‌‌core‌‌of‌‌a‌‌black‌‌hole‌‌with‌‌very‌‌high‌‌temperature‌‌and‌‌density.‌ ‌ There‌ ‌are‌ ‌different‌ ‌proponents‌ ‌who‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌an‌ ‌explanation‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌ ‌expanding‌‌ universe.‌ ‌They‌ ‌are‌ ‌Georges‌ ‌Henri‌ ‌Joseph‌ ‌Edouard‌ ‌Lemaître,‌ ‌Edwin‌ ‌Powell‌ ‌Hubble,‌‌ Arno‌‌Penzias,‌‌and‌‌Robert‌‌Wilson.‌ ‌ Hubble’s‌ ‌law‌ ‌states‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌velocities‌ ‌of‌ ‌distant‌ ‌objects‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ universe‌‌is‌‌directly‌‌proportional‌‌to‌‌their‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌Earth.‌ ‌ The‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌fails‌‌to‌‌explain‌‌how‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌was‌‌created.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Understanding‌ ‌ ‌ A. Identify‌‌the‌‌proponent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌theory‌‌that‌‌explains‌‌the‌‌following‌‌statements.‌ ‌ 1. He‌‌used‌‌the‌‌radial‌‌pulse‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Cepheid‌‌star‌‌to‌‌measure‌‌the‌‌distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌star‌‌ from‌‌Earth.‌ ‌ 2. He‌ ‌stated‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌amount‌ ‌of‌ ‌redshift‌ ‌is‌ ‌proportional‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌distance‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ galaxy.‌ ‌ 3. He‌ ‌concluded‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌velocities‌ ‌of‌ ‌distant‌ ‌objects‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ universe‌‌is‌‌in‌‌proportion‌‌to‌‌their‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌Earth.‌ ‌ 4. He‌ ‌explained‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌rays‌ ‌were‌ ‌“ashes‌ ‌and‌ ‌smoke‌ ‌of‌ ‌bright‌ ‌but‌ ‌very‌‌ rapid‌‌fireworks,”‌‌and‌‌they‌‌originated‌‌when‌‌the‌‌primeval‌‌atom‌‌disintegrated.‌ ‌ 5. He‌‌discovered‌‌cosmic‌‌microwave‌‌background‌‌radiation.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 10‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ 6. He‌‌used‌‌the‌‌Hooker‌‌telescope‌‌to‌‌support‌‌his‌‌idea.‌ ‌ 7. He‌ ‌discovered‌ ‌that‌ ‌microwaves‌ ‌with‌ ‌wavelengths‌ ‌of‌ ‌about‌ ‌7‌ ‌centimeters‌‌were‌‌ present‌‌in‌‌space.‌‌ ‌ 8. He‌‌studied‌‌the‌‌photographic‌‌plates‌‌captured‌‌by‌‌other‌‌astronomers‌‌and‌‌realized‌‌ that‌‌what‌‌he‌‌saw‌‌was‌‌a‌‌Cepheid‌‌star.‌ ‌ 9. He‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌the‌‌first‌‌proponent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌ ‌ 10. He‌‌proposed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌originated‌‌in‌‌an‌‌explosive‌‌act‌‌of‌‌a‌‌primeval‌‌atom‌‌ or‌‌the‌‌“cosmic‌‌egg.”‌ ‌ ‌ B. Use‌ ‌the‌ ‌data‌ ‌provided‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌table‌ ‌below‌ ‌to‌ ‌do‌‌the‌‌following‌‌tasks‌‌and‌‌answer‌‌the‌‌ questions.‌ ‌ ‌ Sample‌‌Data‌ ‌ Distance‌‌ 0.45‌ ‌ 0.9‌ ‌ 0.9‌ ‌ 1.7‌ ‌ 2.0‌ ‌ 2.0‌ ‌ 2.0‌ ‌ (Mpc)‌ ‌ Velocity‌‌ 200‌ ‌ 650‌ ‌ 500‌ ‌ 960‌ ‌ 850‌ ‌ 800‌ ‌ 1‌‌090‌ ‌ (km/s)‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Plot‌‌a‌‌graph‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌data‌‌given‌‌in‌‌the‌‌table‌‌above.‌‌ ‌ 2. Calculate‌ ‌the‌ ‌range‌ ‌of‌ ‌distances‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌galaxies‌ ‌(in‌ ‌light-years)‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌given‌‌ sample.‌ ‌Take‌ ‌note‌ ‌that‌ ‌one‌ ‌megaparsec‌ ‌(Mpc)‌ ‌is‌ ‌equal‌ ‌to‌ ‌3.26‌ ‌million‌‌ light-years.‌‌ ‌ 3. According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌data,‌‌are‌‌the‌‌distances‌‌and‌‌speeds‌‌of‌‌the‌‌galaxies‌‌correlated,‌‌ anti-correlated‌‌or‌‌unrelated?‌ ‌ 4. What‌ ‌can‌ ‌you‌ ‌conclude‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌ ‌galaxy‌ ‌that‌ ‌is‌ ‌extremely‌ ‌far‌ ‌away‌ ‌from‌‌ Earth?‌ ‌ 5. How‌‌can‌‌you‌‌summarize‌‌Hubble's‌‌law‌‌by‌‌using‌‌the‌‌data‌‌provided?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 11‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ C. Complete‌‌the‌‌table‌‌by‌‌listing‌‌the‌‌strengths‌‌and‌‌weaknesses‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌in‌‌ explaining‌‌the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Strengths‌ ‌ Weaknesses‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Photo‌‌Credits‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌ ‌4.‌‌ ‌Georges‌ ‌Henri‌‌Joseph‌‌Edouard‌‌Lemaître‌‌by‌‌‌Tonynetone‌‌is‌‌licensed‌‌under‌‌‌CC‌‌BY‌‌2.0‌‌ via‌F ‌ lickr‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌ ‌6.‌‌ ‌100inchHooker‌ ‌by‌ ‌Andrew‌ ‌Dunn‌ ‌is‌ ‌licensed‌ ‌under‌ ‌CC‌ ‌BY‌ ‌2.0‌ ‌via‌ ‌Wikimedia‌‌ Commons‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌ ‌8.‌‌ ‌Arno‌ ‌Penzias‌ ‌by‌ ‌Kartik‌ ‌J‌ ‌at‌ ‌English‌ ‌Wikipedia‌‌from‌‌Arinaga,‌‌Canary‌‌Islands,‌‌Spain‌‌is‌‌ licensed‌‌under‌C ‌ C‌‌BY-SA‌‌3.0‌‌‌via‌W ‌ ikimedia‌‌Commons‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌ ‌9.‌‌ ‌Robert‌ ‌Wilson‌ ‌(28215880301)‌ ‌(cropped)‌ ‌by‌ ‌Victor‌ ‌R.‌ ‌Ruiz‌ ‌from‌ ‌Arinaga,‌ ‌Canary‌‌ Islands,‌‌Spain‌‌‌is‌‌licensed‌‌under‌C ‌ C‌‌BY‌‌2.0‌‌‌via‌W ‌ ikimedia‌‌Commons‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 12‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ ‌ ‌ Darling‌ ‌D.‌ ‌2016.‌ ‌“C ‌ hamberlin-Moulton‌ ‌Planetesimal‌ ‌Hypothesis”‌.‌ ‌Accessed‌ ‌March‌ ‌16,‌ ‌2017.‌‌ http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CMplanhypoth.html‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Chambers‌ ‌J.‌ ‌and‌ ‌Jacqueline‌ ‌Mitton.‌ ‌2013.‌ ‌From‌ ‌Dust‌‌to‌‌Life:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌andEvolution‌‌of‌‌Our‌‌ Solar‌‌System‌.‌‌New‌‌Jersey:‌‌Princeton‌‌University‌‌Press.‌ ‌ ‌ Woolfson‌ ‌M.‌‌2012.‌‌‌Time,‌‌Space,‌‌Stars,‌‌and‌‌Man:‌‌The‌‌Story‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Big‌‌Bang‌.‌‌Singapore:‌‌World‌‌ Scientific.‌ ‌ ‌ Holder‌ ‌R.‌ ‌and‌ ‌Simon‌ ‌Mitton.‌ ‌2013.‌ ‌Georges‌ ‌Lemaître:‌ ‌Life,‌ ‌Science,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Legacy‌.‌ ‌Germany:‌‌ Springer‌‌Science‌‌&‌‌Business‌‌Media.‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌University‌ ‌of‌ ‌Oregon.‌ ‌“Extrasolar‌ ‌Systems‌ ‌or‌ ‌Exoplanets.”‌ ‌Accessed‌ ‌January‌ ‌31,‌‌2022‌‌ http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec24.html‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 13‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ ‌ Answer‌‌Key‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌1.1.‌B ‌ ig‌‌Bang‌‌Theory‌ ‌ Warm-Up‌ ‌ Guide‌Q ‌ uestions‌ ‌ 1. As‌ ‌the‌ ‌balloon‌ ‌gets‌ ‌bigger,‌ ‌what‌ ‌happens‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌distances‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌H‌ ‌dot‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌‌ other‌‌dots?‌ Answer:‌T ‌ he‌‌H‌‌dot‌‌goes‌‌farther‌‌away‌‌from‌‌the‌‌other‌‌dots.‌‌ ‌ 2. What‌‌dot(s)‌‌move(s)‌‌the‌‌farthest?‌‌Is‌‌it‌‌the‌‌dot‌‌near‌‌the‌‌H‌‌or‌‌the‌‌dot‌‌farther‌‌from‌‌H?‌ ‌ Answer:‌T ‌ he‌‌other‌‌dot‌‌goes‌‌farther‌‌compared‌‌with‌‌the‌‌H‌‌dot.‌‌ ‌ 3. If‌ ‌the‌ ‌dots‌ ‌correspond‌ ‌to‌ ‌groups‌‌of‌‌stars‌‌and‌‌the‌‌balloons‌‌represent‌‌the‌‌universe,‌‌ how‌‌will‌‌you‌‌explain‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌the‌‌expanding‌‌universe?‌ ‌ Answer:‌T ‌ he‌‌universe‌‌is‌‌continually‌‌expanding.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌Y ‌ our‌U ‌ nderstanding‌‌ ‌ A. Identify‌‌the‌‌proponent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌theory‌‌that‌‌explains‌‌the‌‌following‌‌statements.‌ ‌ 1. He‌‌used‌‌the‌‌radial‌‌pulse‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Cepheid‌‌star‌‌to‌‌measure‌‌the‌‌distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌star‌‌ from‌‌Earth.‌A ‌ nswer:‌‌‌Hubble‌ ‌ 2. He‌ ‌stated‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌amount‌ ‌of‌ ‌redshift‌ ‌is‌ ‌proportional‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌distance‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ galaxy.‌A ‌ nswer:‌‌‌Hubble‌ ‌ 3. He‌ ‌concluded‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌velocities‌ ‌of‌ ‌distant‌ ‌objects‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ universe‌‌is‌‌in‌‌proportion‌‌to‌‌their‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌Earth.‌A ‌ nswer:‌‌‌Hubble‌ ‌ 4. He‌ ‌explained‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌rays‌ ‌were‌ ‌“ashes‌ ‌and‌ ‌smoke‌ ‌of‌ ‌bright‌ ‌but‌ ‌very‌‌ rapid‌ ‌fireworks,”‌ ‌and‌ ‌they‌ ‌originated‌ ‌when‌ ‌the‌ ‌primeval‌ ‌atom‌ ‌disintegrated.‌‌ Answer:‌ L ‌ emaître‌ ‌ 5. He‌ ‌discovered‌ ‌cosmic‌ ‌microwave‌ ‌background‌ ‌radiation.‌ ‌Answer:‌ ‌Penzias‌ ‌and‌‌ Wilson‌ ‌ 6. He‌‌used‌‌the‌‌Hooker‌‌telescope‌‌to‌‌support‌‌his‌‌idea.‌A ‌ nswer:‌‌‌Hubble‌ ‌ 7. He‌ ‌discovered‌ ‌that‌ ‌microwaves‌‌with‌‌wavelengths‌‌of‌‌about‌‌7‌‌centimeters‌‌were‌‌ present‌‌in‌‌space.‌A ‌ nswer‌:‌‌Penzias‌‌and‌‌Wilson‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ 8. He‌ ‌studied‌ ‌the‌ ‌photographic‌ ‌plates‌ ‌captured‌ ‌by‌ ‌other‌ ‌astronomers‌ ‌and‌‌ realized‌‌that‌‌what‌‌he‌‌saw‌‌was‌‌a‌‌Cepheid‌‌star.‌A ‌ nswer:‌‌‌Hubble‌ ‌ 9. He‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌the‌‌first‌‌proponent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory.‌A ‌ nswer:‌ L ‌ emaître‌ ‌ 10. He‌‌proposed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌originated‌‌in‌‌an‌‌explosive‌‌act‌‌of‌‌a‌‌primeval‌‌atom‌‌ or‌‌the‌‌“cosmic‌‌egg.”‌A ‌ nswer:‌‌‌Lemaître‌ ‌ ‌ B. Use‌ ‌the‌ ‌data‌ ‌provided‌‌in‌‌the‌‌table‌‌below‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌following‌‌tasks‌‌and‌‌answer‌‌the‌‌ questions.‌ ‌ 1. Plot‌‌a‌‌graph‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌data‌‌given‌‌in‌‌the‌‌table‌‌above.‌‌ ‌ Answer:‌‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Calculate‌ ‌the‌ ‌range‌ ‌of‌ ‌distances‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌galaxies‌ ‌(in‌ ‌light-years)‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌given‌‌ sample.‌ ‌Take‌ ‌note‌ ‌that‌ ‌one‌ ‌megaparsec‌ ‌(Mpc)‌ ‌is‌ ‌equal‌ ‌to‌ ‌3.26‌ ‌million‌‌ light-years.‌‌‌Answer:‌‌‌The‌‌range‌‌is‌‌from‌‌0.45‌‌megaparsec‌‌to‌‌2‌‌megaparsecs.‌‌As‌‌1‌‌ megaparsec‌ ‌=‌ ‌3.26‌ ‌light-years,‌ ‌the‌ ‌range‌ ‌is‌ ‌450,000‌ ‌parsecs‌ ‌x‌ ‌3.26‌‌ light-years/parsec‌ ‌=‌ ‌1,467,000‌ ‌light-years‌ ‌to‌ ‌2,000,000‌ ‌parsecs‌ ‌x‌ ‌3.26‌‌ light-years/parsec‌‌=‌‌6,520,000‌‌light-years.‌‌ ‌ 3. According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌data,‌‌are‌‌the‌‌distances‌‌and‌‌speeds‌‌of‌‌the‌‌galaxies‌‌correlated,‌‌ anti-correlated,‌ ‌or‌ ‌unrelated?‌ ‌Answer:‌ ‌The‌ ‌data‌ ‌indicate‌ ‌a‌ ‌correlated‌‌ relationship‌‌between‌‌the‌‌two‌‌quantities‌‌as‌‌they‌‌show‌‌an‌‌increasing‌‌speed‌‌with‌‌ increasing‌‌distance.‌ ‌ 4. What‌‌can‌‌you‌‌conclude‌‌about‌‌the‌‌galaxy‌‌that‌‌is‌‌extremely‌‌far‌‌away‌‌from‌‌Earth?‌‌ Answer:‌A ‌ s‌‌the‌‌galaxy‌‌gets‌‌farther‌‌away‌‌from‌‌Earth,‌‌its‌‌velocity‌‌increases.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Earth‌‌and‌‌Life‌‌Science‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Grade‌‌11/12‌‌ ‌‌Unit‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌Origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Universe‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Solar‌‌System‌ ‌ 5. How‌ ‌can‌ ‌you‌ ‌summarize‌ ‌Hubble's‌ ‌law‌ ‌by‌ ‌using‌ ‌the‌ ‌data‌ ‌provided?‌ ‌Answer:‌‌ Hubble’s‌ ‌law‌ ‌states‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌velocities‌ ‌of‌ ‌distant‌ ‌objects‌‌in‌‌ the‌‌universe‌‌is‌‌in‌‌proportion‌‌to‌‌their‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌Earth.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ C. Complete‌ ‌the‌ ‌table‌ ‌by‌‌listing‌‌the‌‌strengths‌‌and‌‌weaknesses‌‌of‌‌the‌‌big‌‌bang‌‌theory‌‌ in‌‌explaining‌‌the‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe.‌‌ Strengths‌ ‌ Weaknesses‌ ‌ Explains‌‌the‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe‌‌ Has‌‌a‌‌limited‌‌scope‌‌in‌‌explaining‌‌the‌‌ based‌‌on‌‌scientific‌‌background‌ ‌ origin‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe‌ ‌ Provides‌‌evidence-based‌‌data‌‌on‌‌ Violates‌‌the‌‌law‌‌of‌‌thermodynamics‌ ‌ chemical‌‌reactions‌ ‌ Provides‌‌evidence-based‌‌data‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ physical‌‌properties‌‌of‌‌molecules‌‌in‌‌ Violates‌‌the‌‌law‌‌of‌‌entropy‌ ‌ space‌‌and‌‌time‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ ‌ ‌