Fundamentals In Nursing 1st Semester PDF

Tab 1  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER ○ St. Agatha of Sicily NURSING HISTORY ★...

Tab 1  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER ○ St. Agatha of Sicily NURSING HISTORY ★ Christian civilization; crusade (war between christians and muslims) PERIODS OF NURSING PRACTICE ★ Kaiserswerth (in Germany): invented UTZ (ultrasound), EKG A. Prehistoric biakone/ Kaiserswerth Institute for B. Apprentice training of Deaconesses (founded by C. Dark Pastor Theodor Fliedner) D. Educative ★ Florence Nightingale trained there E. Contemporary for 3-6 months *Nursing started as early as civilization C Dark Period of Nursing A Prehistoric Era ★ Nursing and other sciences are eradicated ★ Fall of christian civilization and rise BEFORE HISTORY ★ Intuitive Nursing Period of Italian Renaissance ★ Women=Nursing ★ Persona: ★ Persona: ○ Martin Luther: ○ Shamans (uses white magic; (created the new government chants,& prayers) “communist”; created the ○ Wakiya (black magic; witch new religion “Lutheran”) craft) ★ Nurses were either captured/ free, ○ Herbolanios (uses plants, but hiding in the sewerage system trees & herbs to treat ★ Crimean War: battle between diseases) Russia and Turkey ○ Village doctors (old people/ wise men; based their : Russo Turkish War interventions on what they’ve : 1 of 12 wars learned) ★ Treaty of Paris: British, France & ★ 1st surgery was invented Sardinia Phedmont (cc) (Trephining) ★ Russian Orthodox: Ottoman Empire ★ Trephining: drill/ burr a hole on the ★ War happened in Sutani, Turkey skull ★ “All sickness are caused by evil a.k.a Istanbul spirits” ★ Florence Nightingale & Mary Seacole went there B Apprentice D Educative Period ★ Nursing is based on “experience” from hospital (training is 3-6 months) ★ Nursing is based on formal ★ Persona: education ○ St. Catherine of Sienna ★ Florence Nightingale founded the ○ St. Claire of Assisi first nursing school (Nightingale ○ St. Elizabeth of Hungary Training School and Midwifery) at SIR GREGGY VK 1  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER London (pioneer of modern ➔ Hospital De Indios (Tondo, Manila): nursing Franciscan order; first Filipino charity ★ “Mother of modern nursing” 1ST SCHOOL OF NURSING ➔ Ilo-Ilo Mission Hospital (Jaro Road, E Contemporary Ilo-Ilo City): 1906 ➔ Saint Paul’s Hospital (Manila): 1907 ➔ PGH School of Nursing (Manila): 1907 ★ Nursing is based on updates, upgrades, and new trends ➔ Loreto Tupaz: Florence Nightingale ★ WHO: Health is a state of complete of Ilo-Ilo physical, mental, and social ➔ Anastacia Giron-Tupaz: 1st nursing well-being, note merely the absence superintendent; 1st MAN; 1st chief of of disease or infirmity (1948) nurse; founder of FNA ★ President of WHO/ Director 1ST SCHOOL OF NURSING General: Dr. Tedros Adhanom ➔ Saint Luke’s Hospital Ghebreyesus ➔ Mary Jhoston Hospital ★ DOH secretary: Dr. Teodoro J. ➔ Philippine Christian Mission Herbosa Institute WORLD’S FIRST HISTORY 1st COLLEGE OF NURSING ➔ Temple of Hygeria: world’s 1st ➔ University of Santo Tomas: 1946 hospital ➔ Manila Central University: 1947 ➔ Fabiola: world’s 1st hospital for ➔ University of the Philippines: 1948 christians ➔ Deborah (nurse of Rebecca): world’s ➔ Rosario Del Gado: 1st PNA 1st nurse in the bible president ➔ St. Catherine of Sienna: world’s 1st ➔ June 1920: 1st board exam; 93 lady of the lamp candidates but only 68 passed ➔ Florence Nightingale: world’s 1st ➔ Anna Dahlgren: 1st board passer nursing theorist ➔ Nightingale Training School: world’s 1st training school NURSING THEORIES ➔ 1903: world’s 1st Nurse registration bill ➔ Ellen Dougherty: world’s 1st RN ➔ Nurses Association Alumnae: world’s Environmental Theory 1st nursing organization Interpersonal Relations Theory 14 Basic Needs Theory PHILIPPINE’S FIRST Self-care Deficit 1ST HOSPITALS IN THE PHILIPPINES Goal Attainment Theory ➔ Hospital Real De Manila (Intramuros, Care-Core-Cure Theory Manila): Gov. De Sande; Spanish Behavioral System Model Soldiers Adaptation Theory ➔ San Lazaro Hospital (Tayuman, Human Caring Theory Manila): founded by Bro. Juan 4 Principles of Conservation Clemente (Leprosy) SIR GREGGY VK 2  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER Human-to-Human Relationship ★ Virginia Henderson Neuman Systems Model ★ “Individuals have basic needs that Nursing Process Theory are competent of health & Theory of Comfort independence or a peaceful death” From Novice to Expert Postpartum Depression Theory 4.) Self-care Deficit Theory Peaceful End of Life Theory 21 Nursing Problems ★ “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve 1.) Environmental Theory human functioning at home level of effectiveness” ★ Florence Nightingale ★ Orem: NPO ★ “The act of utilizing the environment ★ Home level of effectiveness of the patient to assist him in his recovery” 5.) Goal Attainment Theory ★ C-leanliness L-ight ★ Imogene King A-ir ★ “Nursing is a process of action, W-ater reaction, and interaction whereby D-rainage nurses and client share information ★ May 12, 1820: Birthday of Florence about their perception in the nursing Nightingale situation” ★ Kaiserswerth 1847: FN studied ★ August 22, 1853: FN became a 6.) Care-Core-Cure Theory superintendent ★ October 1853: Crimean War ★ Lydia Hall ★ July 09, 1860: founded the ★ “Nursing is participation in CARE, Nightingale Training School CORE, CURE aspects of patient care, where care is the sole function of the nurses” 2.) Interpersonal Relations Theory ★ Hall: 3C’s ★ Vowel: a-o-u ★ Hildegard Peplau ★ “An interpersonal process of 7.) Behavioral System Model therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse ★ Dorothy Johnson especially educated to recognize, ★ “Nursing’s primary goal is to FOSTER respond to need of help” EQUILIBRIUM within the individual, ★ Peplau-People-Relationship which allows for the practice with individuals at any point in the health illness continuum” 3.) 14 Basic Needs Theory ★ Johnson: baby powder SIR GREGGY VK 3  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER ★ “State that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or 8.) Adaptation Theory stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing ★ Sr. Callista Roy practice” ★ “Clients exist through ADAPTATION within the environment, with the 13) Human Becoming Theory nurse as a regulatory mechanism in situations of health and illness” ★ Rosemarie Rizzo Parse ★ alis: RN (adaptation) ★ “Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self-care activities in relation to their health. The goal is 9.) Human Caring Theory to achieve a state of perceived optimum health and contentment ★ Jean Watsons ★ Parse: Person (Human) ★ “Theory of transpersonal CARING seeks to connect with and embrace 14) Nursing Process Theory the spirit of the client through processes of caring and healing” ★ Ida Jean Orlando ★ Watson: pharmacy, skin care ★ “Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations and therefore nurse must validate their 10) 4 Principles of Conservation inferences and analyses with ★ Myra Estrin Levine patients before concluding” ★ “The FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ★ IDA:ADPIE CONSERVATION, energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity” 15) Theory of Comfort ★ Myra: Myra E ★ ELevine: 11-7= 4 ★ Katharine Kolcaba ★ “Comfort is an antidote to the stressors inherent in health care 11) Human-to-Human Relationship situations today, and when comfort ★ Joyce Travelbee is enhanced, patients and families ★ “The purpose of nursing was to help are strengthened for the tasks and support an individual, family, or ahead. Also nurses feel more community to prevent or cope with satisfied with the care they are the struggles of illness and suffering giving” and, if necessary, to find ★ Kolcaba: “Call ka ba?”; “Cool ka significance in these occurrences, ba?” with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope” 16) From Novice to Expert ★ Travelbee: travel-jowa (human to human) ★ Patricia Benner ★ “Nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over 12) Neuman Systems Model time from a combination of a strong ★ Betty Neuman educational foundation and personal experiences” SIR GREGGY VK 4  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER ★ Benner:Beginner ★ Routes: oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic, temporal ★ Core: rectal, oral, tympanic (2-3 min.) 17) Postpartum Depression Theory ★ Surface: axillary, temporal ★ Cheryl Tatano Beck ★ Oral route: most convenient & ★ “The birth of a baby us an occasion accessible route; minimum of 2-3 for joy, but for some women, joy is min.; If a patient digests hot/ cold not an option” beverages, wait for 30 min. ★ Rectal Route: most accurate & reliable route; 1-2 cm; water based lubricant 18) Peaceful End of Life Theory ★ Contraindications (rectal route): ★ Shirley M. Moor rectal problems, rectal surgery, ★ “Nurses are integral to the creation cardiac problems, vagal stimulation: of peaceful end of life care, which ↑HR(MI)(death) includes freedom from suffering, ★ Axillary route: safest & non-invasive emotional support, closeness to and route; up to 2℃ deviation participation by significant others, ★ Contraindications (axillary route): and treatment with empathy and patients with burn, axillary lesion, respect” CVA ★ Tympanic Route: quickest & most compatible route; 3 y/o & below (pull 19) 21 Nursing Problems the pinna down and back) ★ Contraindications (tympanic ★ Faye Glenn Abdellah route): ear infections, ear lesions, ★ “Nursing is grouped broadly into 21 new borns NURSING PROBLEM AREAS to guide ★ Temporal: most comfortable; least care and promote the use of nursing accurate judgement” ★ Contraindications (temporal): burn, head injury, head surgery VITAL SIGNS METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER 4 COMMON VITAL SIGNS TERMS DEFINITION EXAMPLE 1. Temperature 2. Pulse Rate Conduction AO-0025 (ENC 3. Blood pressure C contact act of 2009) 4. Respiratory rate Early Skin to Skin Contact *Humans are considered as endotherms Radiation Sun, drop S contact light, bonfire 1.) TEMPERATURE Convection Air current Hair blower, heater ★ Normal temperature: 36.5-37.5 (adults); 35-36.2 (pedia) Evaporation Water vapor Steam, SIR GREGGY VK 5  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER sauna TYPES TERMS DEFINITION ALTERATIONS IN BODY TEMPERATURE OF FEVER Hyperthermia → alteration in body Intermittent -Within 24 hrs temperature above the normal range -Malaria → fever (1st signs of infection -temperature & inflammation that fluctuates between Hypothermia → alteration in body elevated and temperature below the normal range normal TYPES: Remittent -Brucellosis Induced (cryotherapy-ice bath) -temperature Accidental (drowning) that fluctuates & remains Nursing Intervention: above normal Chills: provide warmth, drop light, temperature warm beverages, warm compress Within 24 hrs, Shivering: provide warmth, drop light, temperature warm beverages, warm compress does not revert to normal FEVER EPISODES Relapsing -short, febrile Febrile → 37.6-37.9℃ episodes for Hyperthermia →38.0-39.5℃ few days Pyrexia →39.6-40.0℃ -behave fever Hyperpyrexia → 40.0℃ and above with -within 7 days, seizure still returns to normal *fever+seizure= Hyperpyrexia Constant -temperature NURSING INTERVENTIONS that fluctuates minimally & Febrile & Hyperthermia (37.6- 38.0℃) always above 1. Tepid sponge bath (distal to proximal) normal (Lukewarm (slightly than normal -within a few temperature days, 2. ↑OFI (to prevent dehydration) temperature does not revert to Pyrexia & Hyperpyrexia (39.9-37.5℃) normal-typhoi 1. Cold sponge bath d fever 2. Antipyretics(paracetamol, acetaminophen, ASA, bleeding (acetyl salicylic acid)) SIR GREGGY VK 6  FUNDAMENTALS IN NURSING OUTCOME BASED APPRAISAL 1 | APO REVIEW CENTER 1ST SEMESTER 2.) PULSE Breakfast-Brachial Are-Apical (5th intercostal space) (Allen’s ★ Wave of blood created by the left test: performed before ABG) ventricular contraction Fried-Femoral (inguinal area) ★ Sides of the heart: Right(women); Rice-Radial Left(men) Pancake-Popliteal (behind the knee) Pork Tapa-Posterior Tibial RIGHT LEFT Daing na Bangus-Dorsalis Pedis -Pulmonary -Bicuspid HEART SOUND LOCATIONS -Tricuspid -Mitral -Aortic All-Aortic (2nd intercostal space;right SB) *ACRONYM People-Pulmonic (2nd intercostal space;left “Palaging *ACRONYM SB) Tama” “Babaero, Enjoy-Erb’s point (3rd ICS;left SB) Manloloko, Tiktok-Tricuspid (4th ICS;left SB) Alak” Music-Mitral (point of maximum sounds) (5th ICS;left SB) S1- “lub” sound (in tricuspid & mitral) S2- “dub” sound (in aortic & pulmonic) S3- “lub” “dub” “dub” (galloping sound S4- “lub” “lub” “dub” Regular Rhythm- regular Irregular Rhythm- Dysrhythmia & Arrhythmia (irregular above/below normal range 2.) BLOOD PRESSURE ★ Measurement of the blood created against the arterial wall ★ AHA-2017 new BP Guidelines: