Theoretical Foundations of Nursing PDF

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING TOPIC TITLE: EVOLUTION OF NURSING YR & SEMESTER: BSN 1-E learned through NURSING THEORIES IMPORTANCE appre...

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING TOPIC TITLE: EVOLUTION OF NURSING YR & SEMESTER: BSN 1-E learned through NURSING THEORIES IMPORTANCE apprenticeship education - Guide the thought and action of - Important for nursing to be nursing practice recognized as a serious - Guide the critical thinking required profession for professional practice HILDEGARD PEPLAU HISTORY OF NURSING THEORIES THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL 1859/ 1992 RELATIONS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE - nurse-client relationship ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY - Both patient and nurse - Environment that benefits mature as a result of the patient therapeutic interaction - “Putting patient in the best VIRGINIA HENDERSON condition for nature to act NURSING NEED THEORY upon him or her” - 14 fundamental needs - Act of utilizing the - Helping sick and healthy environment of a patient to individuals gain assist in recovery independence by meeting EXAMPLES: basic needs - Health of houses, EXAMPLES: ventilation, light, noise, - Breathing, eating, moving variety, bed and bedding, around cleanliness, nutrition, petty 1960s management THE YALE SCHOOL 1950s NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP THE COLUMBIA SCHOOL - Emphasized the relationship BIOMEDICAL MODEL between the patient and - What nurses do, their the nurse functional roles - Even though nursing was - The main concern was on becoming professional, it solving patient problems still reflected its roots in and meeting their needs. vocational heritage/training NURSING SCHOLARS COLUMBIA TEACHER’S COLLEGE - Nursing should develop its VIRGINIA HENDERSON + own scientific knowledge IDA JEAN ORLANDO instead of just relying on - Emphasized reciprocal principles and traditions relationship between the patient and nurse Mariano Marcos State University - Dep’t of Nursing | cj viado ⋆.ೃ࿔*:･  - Professional function of - The revision of title was to nursing is finding out and ensure that her theory was meeting the patient’s inclusive and reflective to all immediate need for help people FAYE ABDELLAH JEAN WATSON - “Typology of 21 Nursing THEORY OF HUMAN CARING Problems” - Humanistic/ holistic care to - Shifted the focus of nursing patients (mind, body, soul), from disease-centered not just technical skills approach to a - Detailed explanation in her patient-centered one (not book NURSING: THE just treating the disease but PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE focusing on the person as a OF CARING whole) 1980s NURSING AS A PROCESS PRE-PARADIGM TO PARADIGM PERIOD - View nursing as a process rather - Transition from pre-paradigm (where than an end to itself nursing was starting to develop) to - How nurses do their work and how paradigm period (where theories patients experience the care, rather became more clearly defined and than focusing on the end result widely accepted) 1970s REVISED THEORIES: SHIFT FROM VOCATION TO PROFESSION DOROTHY JOHNSON - Nursing began transitioning from BEHAVIOURAL SYSTEM MODEL being seen as a job or trade to - Looks at how different being seen as a true profession behaviors impact a patient GROWTH OF NURSING THEORIES health - Many theories were presented - Helping patient function MARTA ROGERS effectively and efficiently to SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN prevent illness BEINGS BETTY NEUMAN - First introduced but later SYSTEM MODEL refined in the 1990s - Patients have many needs ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE that may affect their MAN-LIVING-HEALTH THEORY balance or stability - First introduced in the 1970s - The goal is to reduce stress but later changed its name to help maintain patient’s to THEORY OF HUMAN stability and overall BECOMING well-being - “Man” can be interpreted THE FUTURE OF NURSING (MELEIS, 1992) as gender-based or UNDERSTANDING DAILY EXPERIENCES gender-specific rather than - Understand how people (patients as a universal term and nurses) experience and “mankind” or “humanity” interpret daily lives Mariano Marcos State University - Dep’t of Nursing | cj viado ⋆.ೃ࿔*:･ PRACTICE-ORIENTED APPROACH AS A DISCIPLINE - There should be a greater focus on “The discipline is dependent upon a theory” practical, real world nursing - Relies on theories to guide its practices rather than just the practice. Guide on how nursing theoretical ideals should be practiced - Includes developing theories and “The theoretical works have taken nursing to practices that are used in daily lives a higher level” not just what should ideally be done - Theories have raised the standards EMPOWERING THRU THEORY and understanding on what nurses - Create theories that empower do nurses, the discipline, and clients “Emphasis has shifted on what nurses know (support nurses and the people they and how they use knowledge to guide their care for) thinking and decision making” - Theories help nurses understand their SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE DISCIPLINE AND practice and make better decisions PROFESSION “Nursing as an academic discipline is DISCIPLINE dependent upon the existence of nursing - Is specific to academia and knowledge” refers to a branch of - As a field in the academia, nursing education, a department of needs a solid base of knowledge, learning, or a domain of which is the theories knowledge “This knowledge is transmitted to those - It involves the body of entering the profession as a basis for their knowledge, theories, and practice in the profession” research specific to that - Theories and knowledge are passed field on to new nurses to learn how to - Nursing as a subject in practice effectively in their school profession PROFESSION “By studying them and by practicing with - a specialized field of them, the members of their corresponding practice, which is founded community learn their trade.” - Kuhn on the scientific structure of - By studying and applying theories, science of knowledge of nurses learn their profession and that discipline and the develop their skills accompanying practice abilities - Involves both scientific knowledge and skills - Nursing as a profession (apply what you learned in school) Mariano Marcos State University - Dep’t of Nursing | cj viado ⋆.ೃ࿔*:･ AS A PROFESSION see their work as a lifelong career, “Utilizes in its practice a well-defined body of rather than just a job specialized knowledge that is on the “Strives to compensate its practitioners by intellectual level of the higher learning” providing freedom of action, opportunity for - Uses advanced body of knowledge continuous professional growth, and studied at a high academic level economic security” - Crucial for providing quality care - Aims to provides its practitioners with “Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge opportunities for ongoing it uses and improves its techniques of professional development, education and service by the use of autonomy, and fair compensation scientific method” to support career and personal - Continuously improving how nurses well-being are trained and how care is provided NURSING THEORY AND THE PRACTICING “Entrusts the education of its practitioners to NURSE institutions of higher learning” Theory assists the practicing nurse to: - Education is provided by colleges - Organize, examine, and analyze and universities, which comes from patient’s data nursing theories and researches - Make decisions about effective and “Nursing as an academic discipline is efficient nursing interventions dependent upon the existence of nursing - Make a specific, measurable, knowledge” attainable, realistic, and - Relies on knowledge from theories time-bounded plan of care and researches - Predict and evaluate outcome of “Applies its body of knowledge in practical care services that are vital to human and social welfare” - Nursing knowledge is used to provide essential services to help human health and welfare “Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity thereby” - Has the ability to create its own policies and manage its activities independently “Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work” - Nursing draws people who are committed to serving others and Mariano Marcos State University - Dep’t of Nursing | cj viado ⋆.ೃ࿔*:･ NURSING SCIENCE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING DR. TERUKO TAKAHASHI (JAPAN) SCIENCE - Unique human science which RATIONALISM focuses on phenomena related to - Makes use of reason gained thru health expert study, tested theory, and - Focuses on the quality of life for established facts to evidently prove each person something. - Does not investigate health - Deductive reasoning (general phenomena based on causality principles to draw specific - Health as lived experience is conclusions) investigated from the point of view - Main purpose is to know the harm or of healthcare consumers benefit of an act to an individual - EXPLANATION: - Rationalists believe that knowledge Instead of looking at health through can be gained through thought and a scientific lens of cause and effect, reasoning, without needing sensory nursing science studies how health is experience experienced from the patient’s - Example: “Slavery is wrong” is based point of view. It emphasizes on reason and ethical beliefs, not understanding and improving the sensory experience patient’s lived experience of health. EMPIRICISM DR. WILLIAN K. CODY (USA) - Makes use of objective and tangible - Nursing discipline requires data on those that are perceived knowledge and methods other than by the senses to observe and collect nursing science data. - Nursing science is the essence of - There is no knowledge that arises nursing (there would be no nursing through reason alone without it) - Where there is no experience there - EXPLANATION: is no knowledge Nursing science is crucial for the - Inductive reasoning (specific field of nursing. While nursing uses observation to form general knowledge and methods from other knowledge or principles) areas, its core is nursing science. - Empiricists believe that knowledge Without it, nursing would lack a comes from experience and scholarly foundation and would just observation, and that without be about providing care without a sensory experience, there can be theoretical basis no knowledge - Example: Nurses uses observations and collects data to make decisions about their care Mariano Marcos State University - Dep’t of Nursing | cj viado ⋆.ೃ࿔*:･ EARLY 20TH CENTURY VIEWS THEORY EXPERIMENTATION - Is a creative and rigorous structuring - Is the step in the scientific method of ideas that project a tentative, that helps people decide between purposeful, and systematic view of two or more competing phenomena explanations or hypotheses. - Hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon, or predict the results of an action. - Nurses strives to base their actions on evidence and scientific data POSITIVISM - Positive knowledge is exclusively derived from experience of natural phenomena and their properties and relations - Combines logical reasoning and empirical data to develop scientific knowledge - EXAMPLE: The certainty of a Christian’s belief in God, while based on personal faith, highlights the coexistence of empirical and objective data in forming beliefs. EMERGENT VIEWS - Nursing science evolution was further studied and tested that led to the contemporary practices in nursing - The role of nurses became more defined depending on the different fields of practice - Nurses now have a vital role in the maintenance of health and survival of the sick and dying in collaboration with other health professionals. COLLABORATION is the process of two or more people or organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal. Mariano Marcos State University - Dep’t of Nursing | cj viado ⋆.ೃ࿔*:･