Introduction to Human Anatomy and Terminology PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy A. Taha Demirbaş, Asst Prof and Terminology Assessments are composed Exams just Presentations of two exams include...

Introduction to Human Anatomy A. Taha Demirbaş, Asst Prof and Terminology Assessments are composed Exams just Presentations of two exams include are given 1.Midterm multiple 2.Final choices questions If you want to reach me → [email protected] Attendence is compulsory →%70  Hippocrates B.C 460-377 The father of the medicine and the founder of the anatomy «Primum non nocere»  Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) -Belgian The founder of the modern anatomy Vesalius “Anatomy is the entrance and base of all medicine art ” «de humani corporis fabrica» Seven books on the structure of the human body 5 Organization of Human Body The organism is composed of organ systems Organ systems are composed of organs ✓ The organs that comes together to perform certain function Organs are composed of tissues Tissues are composed of cells What is Anatomy? It is the science that examines; ✓ Shape and structure of the body ✓ Organs that make up the body ✓ Structural and functional relationships among organs Anatomy* term was formed by combining the words that Ana (=inside) and Tome (-Temnein) (=dissection, cut) *ancient greek Latin equivalent of the term anatomy is dissection Anatomy Subdisciplines Macroanatomy (Gross Anatomy): Systemic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Microanatomy Histology Cytology According to Education Surgical Anatomy Radiological Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Skeletal System Muscular System Digestive System Respiratory System Cardiovasculary System Reproductive System Urinary System Nervous System Anatomical Position In describing the human body, anatomists assume that it is in anatomical position; ✓ that of a person standing upright with the feet flat on the floor and close together, ✓ arms at the sides, ✓ And the palms and face directed forward Clear communication requires a universal terminology and frame of reference.  Major Body Regions Knowledge of the external anatomy and landmarks of the body is important in performing a physical examination and many other clinical procedures For purposes of study, the body is divided into two major regions called the axial and appendicular regions Axial region: Head, neck (servical region) and trunk (thoracal and abdominal region) Appendicular region: Upper limb and lower limb ✓ The upper limb→Arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), hand (carpal region) ✓ The lower limb→ Thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), foot (tarsal region) hypo = below; chondr = cartilage; inguin = groin; epi = above, over; gastr = stomach; ante = fore, before; brachi = arm Body Cavities and Membranes The body wall encloses several body cavities, each lined by a membrane and containing internal organs called the viscera (singular is viscus) Anatomical Planes Many views of the body are based on real or imaginary “slices” called sections or planes Section implies an actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy, whereas plane implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body. The three major anatomical planes are sagittal, frontal, and transverse  Sagittal Plane A sagittal plane extends vertically and divides the body or an organ into right and left portions The median (midsagittal) plane passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves Other sagittal planes parallel to this (off center), called parasagittal planes, divide the body into unequal right and left portions The head and pelvic organs are commonly illustrated on the median plane sagitta = arrow; para = next to; al = like  Frontal Plane A frontal plane also extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions A frontal section of the head, for example, would divide it into one portion bearing the face and another bearing the back of the head Contents of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are commonly shown in frontal section corona = crown 14  Transverse Plane A transverse (horizontal) plane passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions CT scans are typically transverse sections, but not always  Coronal suture Sagittal suture Directional Terms In “navigating” the human body and describing the locations of structures, anatomists use a set of standard directional terms You will need to be very familiar with these in order to understand anatomical descriptions later in this lesson The terms assume that the body is in anatomical position