Human Body and Anatomical Terminology PDF

An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy - The study of the structure of the The Human Body human body Physiology - The study of bod...

An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy - The study of the structure of the The Human Body human body Physiology - The study of body function An Orientation Prepared by: Christian Joseph N. Ong, M.Sc., LPT Instructor/Professor Capitol Medical Center Colleges, Inc. An Overview of Anatomy The Hierarchy of Structural Organization ❑ Anatomical terminology Molecular/Chemical level – atoms form molecules Based on ancient Greek or Latin Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits Provides standard nomenclature Tissue level – a group of cells performing a worldwide common function ❑ Branches of anatomy Organ level – a discrete structure made up of Gross anatomy more than one tissue Organ system – organs working together for a Microscopic anatomy (histology) common purpose Surface anatomy Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in unison  The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Systemic Anatomy v.s. Regional Anatomy Systemic – study of anatomy by system Regional – study of anatomy by region Most students use a combination of regional and systemic study Figure 1.1 The Integumentary System The Skeletal System Forms external body covering Protects and Protects deeper tissues supports body from injury organs Synthesizes vitamin D Provides a framework for Site of cutaneous muscles receptors Blood cells formed (pain, pressure, etc.) within bones and sweat and oil Stores minerals glands The Muscular System The Nervous System Allows Fast-acting control manipulation of system environment Responds to internal Locomotion and external changes Facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat The Endocrine System The Cardiovascular System Glands secrete Blood vessels transport hormones that blood regulate Carries oxygen and Growth carbon dioxide Reproduction Also carries nutrients and wastes Nutrient use Heart pumps blood through blood vessels Figure 1-2(f) The Lymphatic System The Respiratory System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels Keeps blood supplied Disposes of debris in the with oxygen lymphatic system Removes carbon Houses white blood cells dioxide (lymphocytes) Mounts attack against Gas exchange occurs foreign substances in the through walls of air body sacs in the lungs The Digestive System The Urinary System Breaks down food Eliminates nitrogenous into absorbable wastes units Regulates water, Indigestible electrolyte, and acid- foodstuffs base balance eliminated as feces Reproductive System Gross Anatomy – An Introduction ▪ Anatomical position – a common visual reference point Overall function is to produce offspring ▪ Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones ▪ Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones body Mammary glands produce milk Figure 1.3 Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Orientation and Directional Terms ❑ Regional terms – names of specific body areas ❑ Axial region – the main axis of the body ❑ Appendicular region – the limbs ❑ Directional terminology ❑ Refers to the body in anatomical position ❑ Standardized terms of directions are paired terms Figure 1.3 Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3) Table 1.1 (3 of 3) Regional Terms Regional Terms Figure 1.4a Figure 1.4b Body Planes and Sections Body Planes and Sections Transverse plane - runs horizontally and Coronal (frontal) plane - divides body into superior and inferior parts Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline Body Planes and Sections Body Cavities and Membranes Oblique section through the trunk Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity houses the brain. Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord Figure 1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity – Ventral body cavity subdivided into: Abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic cavity – – divided into two divided into three parts parts Abdominal cavity – Two lateral parts contains the liver, each containing a stomach, kidneys, lung surrounded by and other organs a pleural cavity Pelvic cavity – Mediastinum – contains the contains the heart bladder, some surrounded by the reproductive pericardial sac organs, and rectum Body Cavities and Membranes Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs Other Body Cavities Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Oral cavity Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into Nasal cavity nine regions Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and THANK YOU! left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants