CHAPTER-1-The-Human-Body-An-Orientation.pdf

Human Anatomy and Physiology © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Or...

Human Anatomy and Physiology © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor Florence-Darlington Technical College © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships. Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function Pathophysiology Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross or Macroscopic anatomy Larger structures Can be seen with the naked eye Approached of study: Regional and Systemic Anatomy © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Anatomy—Levels of Study Surface anatomy Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic anatomy Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye Structures can only be viewed with a microscope Subdivisions include cytology and histology © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Anatomy—Levels of Study Developmental anatomy Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. Embryology – concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Anatomical Position © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  prone position - anatomical position is placed face-down © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  supine position- anatomical position is placed face-up © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  posterosuperior view combines the posterior and superior © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  B) anterosuperior © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Cephalic Regional Terms Frontal Orbital Upper limb Nasal Acromial Buccal Deltoid Anterior body Oral Mental Brachial (arm) Antecubital Cervical Thoracic landmarks Sternal Antebrachial (forearm) Axillary Abdominal Carpal (wrist) Umbilical Pelvic Manus (hand) Inguinal Digital (groin) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) KEY: Fibular Thorax Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral Figure 1.5a © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Upper limb Cephalic Occipital (back Acromial of head) Cervical Posterior body Brachial (arm) Olecranal Back (dorsal) landmarks Antebrachial (forearm) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Sacral Digital Gluteal Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular KEY: Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b  Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure the body; below © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Directional Terms Ventral (anterior) toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior) toward or at the backside of the body; behind © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Directional Terms Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Directional Terms Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Directional Terms Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface; more internal Ipsilateral: on the same side Contralateral: opposite side © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane Vertebral Right Left Spinal column lung Heart lung Liver Aorta cord Spleen Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Stomach fat layer © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6  Naming Structures of the Body PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE abdomin/o abdomen Peritoneal acr/o extremity Acromegaly aden/o gland Adenoma angi/o vessel Angiogram arthr/o joint Arthritis cardi/o heart chondr/o cartilage cyst/o bladder Cystitis cyt/o cell cytology den/o tooth dermat/o skin derm/o skin duoden/o duodenum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Naming Structures of the Body PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE gastro stomach Gastritis hepat/o liver Hepatitis / Hepatoma laryng/o larynx Laryngitis my/o muscle Myology/Myositis nephr/o kidney Nephritis neur/o nerve Neurology oste/o bone Osteoporosis ot/o ear Otitis path/o disease Pathologic Anatomy rhin/o nose Rhinitis / Rhinoplasty stomat/o mouth Stomatitis thorac/o Thorax (chest) Pleural © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Body cavities (and organs found within them): Dorsal Cranial cavity - within the rigid skull, contains the brain. Spinal cavity - which runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the spinal cord. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Body cavities (and organs found within them): Ventral Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity - stomach - intestines - liver, etc. Pelvic cavity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Called serous membranes or serosa Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Heart Serosae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10b  Serous Membrane Relationship © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in each region): Right upper Right lower Left upper Left lower © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Nine abdominopelvic regions (and organs in each regions): Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac (inguinal) Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal Cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Molecules Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made Atoms up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Blood 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of vessels similar types of cells. Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective Cardio– Human organisms are tissue vascular made up of many organ system systems. 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work Levels of Structural Organization together closely. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6  Organ System Overview Integumentary Protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and dehydration. Excretes salts and urea Helps regulate body Components temperature Skin Nails Produces vitamin D Hair Cutaneous sense organs and glands © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports internal organs Provides levers for muscular action Cavities provide a site of blood cell formation Components Stores minerals Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Endocrine system Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood Body functions controlled by hormones include: Growth Reproduction Use of nutrients Plays a role in regulating long-term homeostasis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Contributes to the acid- base balance of the blood © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material as feces © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organ System Overview Reproductive Produces offspring Testes produce sperm and male hormone Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Internal environment remains distinct from the external environment Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness or excitability Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Breakdown and absorption of nutrients © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Necessary Life Functions Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body Break down complex molecules into smaller ones Build larger molecules from smaller ones Produces energy Regulated by hormones Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Wastes may be removed in urine or feces © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Occurs on cellular level or organismal level Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Survival Needs Water 60 to 80 percent of body weight Most abundant chemical in the human body Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate for gas exchange © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information sent along afferent Control sent along efferent pathway to control Center pathway to effector. center. Afferent Efferent pathway pathway Receptor Effector 2 Receptor 5 Response detects change. of effector feeds back to reduce 1 Stimulus the effect of produces stimulus and change in returns variable variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) to homeostatic level. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4  1 Stimulus produces change in variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1  Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Receptor Sends information to control 2 Receptor detects change. center 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2  Control center 3 Input: Information sent along afferent Control Center Determines set pathway to control center. Afferent point pathway 2 Receptor Receptor Analyzes detects change. information 1 Stimulus produces Determines change in variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) appropriate response © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3  3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information sent along afferent Control sent along efferent pathway to control Center pathway to effector. center. Afferent Efferent pathway pathway Receptor Effector 2 Receptor detects change. 1 Stimulus produces Effector change in variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Provides a means for response to the stimulus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4  3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information sent along afferent Control sent along efferent pathway to control Center pathway to effector. center. Afferent Efferent pathway pathway Receptor Effector 2 Receptor 5 Response detects change. of effector feeds back to reduce 1 Stimulus the effect of produces stimulus and change in returns variable variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) to homeostatic level. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5  Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostatic imbalance + SEROSITIS – inflammation of the serous membrane 3 TYPES: Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium (heart) Pleuritis – also pleurisy - inflammation of pleura (lungs) Peritonitis – peritoneum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.