Medical Terminology Nervous System 2024 PDF

Medical Terminology Nervous System Learning Objectives 01 02 03 04 Define anatomy Recognize, the Identify main Interpret Main of Nervous main functions medical abbreviations system of the nervous terminology of an...

Medical Terminology Nervous System Learning Objectives 01 02 03 04 Define anatomy Recognize, the Identify main Interpret Main of Nervous main functions medical abbreviations system of the nervous terminology of and terms. system the nervous system Select the best correct answer: 1. The basic cell of the nervous system is a(n): 4. An extreme, persistent fear is a(n) : a. myofiber a. palliative b. neuron b. prognosis c. osteoblast c. analgesic d. phobia d. chondrocyte 3. Involuntary responses are controlled by the: 5. A disorder, often of unknown cause, characterized by a. somatic nervous system seizures is called: b. voluntary nervous system a. cystic fibrosis c. autonomic nervous system b. spina bifida d. diaphragm c. epilepsy d. thyrotoxicosis Overview of the Nervous System The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary activities. Anatomic divisions of the nervous system THE NEURON Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system with a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Dendrites bring signals to the cell body; axons send them away. Myelin covers some axons, helping signals travel faster; myelinated axons make up white matter, and unmyelinated ones form gray matter. Sensory neurons send signals to the CNS, while motor neurons send them away from the CNS. A synapse is where two neurons connect to pass signals using chemicals called neurotransmitters. Nerves Nerves are bundles of neuron fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies along a nerve pathway. Some nerves carry only sensory or motor signals, but most are mixed nerves, carrying both types of signals. Brain and spinal cord Brain: Spinal Cord: Cerebrum (memory, reasoning) Extends from the brainstem to Diencephalon (sensory relay, the lower back hormone control) connects to 31 pairs of nerves Brainstem (vital functions), for sensory and motor control. Cerebellum (coordination, balance) Autonomic Nervous system Terminology of Nervous system  Normal structure and function Lesion Description afferent Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry im toward the CNS (root fer means “to carry”) efferent Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry away from the CNS (root fer means “to carry”) autonomic nervous system The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system central nervous system The brain and spinal cord cerebrospinal fluid The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protecti synapse The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and or gland reflex A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus neurotransmitter A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse; examples are norepinephrine Root Meaning Example Definition of Example nervous system, nervous tissue, neurotrophin factor that promotes nerve neur/o, neur/i nerve growth (troph/o means “nourish”) gli/o neuroglia Glial pertaining to neuroglia gangli/o, ganglion/o ganglion Ganglioma tumor of a ganglion mening/o, meninge/o meninges meningocele hernia of the meninges myel/o spinal cord (also bone marrow) hematomyelia hemorrhage into the spinal cord encephal/o brain anencephaly absence of a brain narc/o stupor, unconsciousness narcosis state of stupor induced by drugs -phobia persistent, irrational fear agoraphobia fear of being in a public place (from Greek agora, meaning “marketplace”) Source: Online Etymology Dictionary  Some related terms Amyloid: A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases Coma: State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused Concussion: Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a brain concussion usually results in loss of consciousness Convulsion: A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions; a tonic convulsion involves prolonged muscle contraction Dementia: A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain Epilepsy: A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures  Some related terms Parkinsonism: A disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia (nuclei) and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face; also called Parkinson disease Paralysis: Temporary or permanent loss of function, movement or reflexes Alzheimer disease: A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia Tremor: A shaking or involuntary movement Anxiety: A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread Schizophrenia: A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior (schizo means “split,” and phren/o means “mind”) Depression: A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities Diagnostics and treatment terms Diagnostic Tools Electroencephalography (EEG): Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electric activity Cerebral angiography: Radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium  Test your knowledge 1. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? a) Myocyte b) Neuron c) Osteocyte d) Synapse 2. Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body? a) Somatic nervous system b) Autonomic nervous system c) Sensory neurons d) Motor neurons  Test your knowledge 3. What is the junction between two neurons called? a) Ganglion b) Myelin c) Synapse d) Dendrite 4. What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance? a) Cerebrum b) Brainstem c) Diencephalon d) Cerebellum Match the following terms with definitions Medical Term Definition a) Carrying impulses away from the 1. Synapse CNS 2. Afferent b) Junction between two neurons 3. Myelin c) Involuntary response to a stimulus 4. Reflex d) Fatty substance that insulates axons 5. Efferent e) Carrying impulses toward the CNS Study the case and answer the following What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient? questions a) Epilepsy b) Stroke A 52-year-old male presents c) Alzheimer's disease with sudden weakness on d) Parkinson's disease the right side of his body, Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected in this case? slurred speech, and difficulty understanding a) Peripheral nervous system spoken language. A CT scan b) Autonomic nervous system reveals a blockage in one of c) Central nervous system the blood vessels supplying the brain. d) Somatic nervous system