Medical Terminology: Nervous System Chapter 12 PDF

Medical Terminology: A Living Language Seventh Edition Chapter 12 Nervous System and Mental Health Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, I...

Medical Terminology: A Living Language Seventh Edition Chapter 12 Nervous System and Mental Health Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System at a Glance The nervous system coordinates and controls body functions. It also receives sensory input, makes decisions based on that input, and orders appropriate body responses. The primary structures of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Illustrated Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Combining Forms (1 of 4) Combining Form Definition alges/o sense of pain astr/o star centr/o center cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum clon/o rapid contracting and relaxing concuss/o to shake violently dur/o dura mater Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Combining Forms (2 of 4) Combining Form Definition encephal/o brain esthesi/o sensation, feeling gli/o glue medull/o medulla oblongata mening/o meninges meningi/o meninges ment/o mind myel/o spinal cord Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Combining Forms (3 of 4) Combining Form Definition neur/o nerve peripher/o away from center poli/o gray matter pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root thalam/o thalamus thec/o sheath, meninges tom/o to cut Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Combining Forms (4 of 4) Combining Form Definition ton/o tone ventricul/o ventricle Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Suffixes Suffix Definition -paresis weakness -phasia speech -taxia muscle coordination Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System The nervous system coordinates all body activities. – It receives information from both external and internal sensory receptors. – It uses that information to adjust the activity of muscles and glands to match the body’s needs. It is divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. – Sensory information comes into the CNS for processing. – Motor messages exit the CNS with commands for muscles and glands. – The PNS consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves. – Sensory nerves carry messages into the CNS. – Motor nerves carry commands away from the CNS. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue (1 of 3) All parts of the nervous system are composed of nervous tissue. There are two types of nervous cells: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons have three basic parts: – Dendrites are highly branched projections that receive impulses. – The nerve cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles of the cell. – The axon is the projection from the cell body that conducts the impulse toward its destination. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue (2 of 3) The axon of one neuron meets a dendrite of the next neuron at the synapse. A gap called the synaptic cleft exists between the two neurons. Electrical impulses cannot directly pass the synaptic cleft. A chemical neurotransmitter released by the axon carries them across. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue (3 of 3) Neuroglial cells are the other type of nervous tissue. A variety of neuroglia serve different neuron support functions. Some neuroglia produce the fatty substance myelin. – Myelin is insulation for the axon. – It allows the axon to conduct impulses faster. – Neuroglia do not conduct electrical impulses. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.1A The structure of a neuron, showing the dendrites, nerve cell body, and axon. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.1B Photomicrograph of typical neuron showing the nerve cell body, nucleus, and dendrites. (Christopher Meade/Shutterstock) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Central Nervous System The CNS is a combination of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives impulses, processes the information, and responds with an action. It is made up of gray matter and white matter. – Gray matter is unsheathed cell bodies and dendrites. – White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. – Bundles of interconnecting nerve fibers form tracts. – Three meninges encase and protect the CNS. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (1 of 7) The brain is one of the largest organs of the body. It coordinates most body activities. Each part of the brain is responsible for different body functions. The brain is divided into four sections: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.2 The regions of the brain. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (2 of 7) The cerebrum is the largest section and the upper portion of the brain. It processes thought, judgment, memory, problem solving, and language. The outer layer is the cerebral cortex, and is made of folds of gray matter. – Elevated portions are called gyri. – Fissures between gyri are called sulci. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (3 of 7) The cerebrum is subdivided into right and left cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes: – The frontal lobes are anterior and control motor function, personality, and speech. – The parietal lobes are superior and interpret nerve impulses and language. – The occipital lobes are posterior and control vision. – The temporal lobes are lateral and control hearing and smell. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.3 The brain; colors indicate the different cerebral lobes. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (4 of 7) The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is made of gray matter. – It relays impulses from the eyes, ears, and skin to the cerebrum. – It also controls pain perception. The hypothalamus is below the thalamus. – It controls temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotion. – It also controls the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and the pituitary gland. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (5 of 7) The cerebellum is the second largest portion of the brain. It is located beneath the posterior part of the cerebrum. It aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium. It also refines muscular movements initiated in the cerebrum. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (6 of 7) The brainstem has three components: – The midbrain is a pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord. – The pons connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. – The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord.  It control centers for respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure.  It is the site where nerve tracts cross from one side of the brain to the other side of the body. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain (7 of 7) There are four interconnected ventricles in the brain. There is one ventricle in each hemisphere, one in the thalamus, and one in front of the cerebellum. The ventricles contain a clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF provides shock and motion protection to the brain and spinal cord. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Spinal Cord (1 of 2) The spinal cord is a pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain. It is a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra. It is within the vertebral column in the spinal cavity. CSF flows down the center of the spinal cord within the central canal. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Spinal Cord (2 of 2) The inner portion of the spinal cord is made of cell bodies and dendrites and is gray matter. The outer portion of the spinal cord is myelinated white matter. – Ascending tracts carry sensory information up to the brain. – Descending tracts carry motor commands down from the brain to a peripheral nerve. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.4A The levels of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.4B Photograph of the spinal cord as it descends from the brain. The spinal nerve roots are clearly visible branching off from the spinal cord. (Video Surgery/Science Source) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Meninges The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The tissue layers are separated by spaces. – The dura mater (tough mother) is the tough, fibrous outermost sac. – The subdural space is between the dura mater and arachnoid layer. – The arachnoid (spiderlike) layer is delicate and attached to the pia mater by filaments. – The subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid layer and pia mater. – The pia mater (soft mother) is applied directly to the brain and spinal cord surface. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.5 The meninges. This figure illustrates the location and structure of each layer of the meninges and their relationship to the skull and brain. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Peripheral Nervous System (1 of 5) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves arise from the brain, typically the medulla oblongata. Spinal nerves split off of the spinal cord, with one pair of nerves between each pair of vertebrae. The point where a nerve is attached to the CNS is the nerve root. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.6 The major spinal nerves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Peripheral Nervous System (2 of 5) Number Name Function I Olfactory sense of smell II Optic sense of sight controls eye muscles and the III Oculomotor pupil of eye controls superior oblique IV Trochlear muscles of the eye facial impulses and control of V Trigeminal chewing muscles controls the eyeball muscle that VI Abducens turns the eye to the side Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Peripheral Nervous System (3 of 5) Number Name Function controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and VII Facial taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue responsible for equilibrium and VIII Vestibulocochlear hearing carries sensory impulses from IX Glossopharyngeal the pharynx and taste on posterior third of the tongue supplies abdominal and X Vagus thoracic organs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Peripheral Nervous System (4 of 5) Number Name Function controls neck and shoulder XI Accessory muscles XII Hypoglossal controls tongue muscles Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Peripheral Nervous System (5 of 5) Most nerves carry information to and from the CNS, but individual neurons carry information in only one direction: – Afferent neurons (sensory neurons) carry information from a receptor to the CNS. – Efferent neurons (motor neurons) carry information from the CNS to muscles or glands. – Nerve cell bodies of neurons are grouped in a knot-like ganglion outside of the CNS. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.7 A reflex arc showing afferent and efferent neurons. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Autonomic Nervous System (1 of 2) The PNS is subdivided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nerves. The ANS controls involuntary or unconscious body functions: – It affects smooth muscle function in the viscera and vessels. – It increases and decreases activity of cardiac muscle in the heart. – It influences activity of the glands. – The ANS is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Autonomic Nervous System (2 of 2) The sympathetic branch controls the “fight-or-flight” reaction. – Is active in times of stress and crisis. – It increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline. The parasympathetic branch controls the “rest-and-digest” function. – It is a counterbalance to the sympathetic branch. – It causes the heart rate to slow, lowers the blood pressure, and stimulates the return of digestion. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Somatic Nerves The somatic nerves serve the skin and skeletal muscles. They are mainly involved with conscious and voluntary activities of the body. The sensory receptors of the dermis use somatic nerves to send information about touch, temperature, pressure, and pain to the brain. The somatic nerves also carry motor commands to skeletal muscles. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Combining Forms (1 of 6) Combining Form Definition alges/o sense of pain angi/o vessel arteri/o artery astr/o star cephal/o head cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum clon/o rapid contracting and relaxing Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Combining Forms (2 of 6) Combining Form Definition concuss/o to shake violently crani/o skull cyt/o cell dur/o dura mater electr/o electricity encephal/o brain esthesi/o sensation, feeling gli/o glue Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Combining Forms (3 of 6) Combining Form Definition hal/o to breathe hemat/o blood hydr/o water isch/o to hold back later/o side lumb/o low back medull/o medulla oblongata mening/o meninges Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Combining Forms (4 of 6) Combining Form Definition meningi/o meninges ment/o mind my/o muscle myel/o spinal cord neur/o nerve poli/o gray matter pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Combining Forms (5 of 6) Combining Form Definition scler/o hard spin/o spine thalam/o thalamus thec/o sheath tom/o to cut ton/o tone topic/o a specific area Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Combining Forms (6 of 6) Combining Form Definition vascul/o blood vessel ven/o vein ventricul/o ventricle vertebr/o vertebra Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Suffixes (1 of 4) Suffix Definition -al pertaining to -algia pain -ar pertaining to -ary pertaining to -asthenia weakness -cele protrusion -eal pertaining to -ectomy surgical removal Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Suffixes (2 of 4) Suffix Definition -emic pertaining to a blood condition -gram record -graphy process of recording -ia condition -ic pertaining to -ical pertaining to -ine pertaining to -ion action Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Suffixes (3 of 4) Suffix Definition -itis inflammation -logy study of -nic pertaining to -oma tumor, mass -osis abnormal condition -otomy cutting into -ous pertaining to -paresis weakness Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Suffixes (4 of 4) Suffix Definition -pathy disease -phasia speech -plasty surgical repair -rrhaphy suture -taxia muscle coordination -tic pertaining to -trophic pertaining to development epi- above Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes (1 of 3) Prefix Definition a- without an- without anti- against bi- two de- without dys- abnormal, difficult endo- within epi- above Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes (2 of 3) Prefix Definition hemi- half hyper- excessive in- inward intra- within mono- one para- abnormal, two like parts of a pair poly- many Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes (3 of 3) Prefix Definition quadri- four semi- partial sub- under trans- across tri- three un- not Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adjective Forms of Anatomical Terms (1 of 3) Term Definition cephalic pertaining to the head cerebellar pertaining to the cerebellum cerebral pertaining to the cerebrum cerebrospinal pertaining to the cerebrum and spine cranial pertaining to the skull encephalic pertaining to the brain intracranial pertaining to within the skull intrathecal pertaining to inside the meninges Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adjective Forms of Anatomical Terms (2 of 3) Term Definition medullary pertaining to the medulla oblongata meningeal pertaining to the meninges myelonic pertaining to the spinal cord neural pertaining to nerves neuroglial pertaining to glial cells pontine pertaining to the pons spinal pertaining to the spine subdural pertaining to under the dura mater Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adjective Forms of Anatomical Terms (3 of 3) Term Definition thalamic pertaining to the thalamus ventricular pertaining to the ventricles vertebral pertaining to the vertebrae Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Specialties (1 of 2) Term Definition Branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation anesthesiology measures, and the management of acute and chronic pain. Physician is an anesthesiologist. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Specialties (2 of 2) Term Definition Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases neurology and conditions of the nervous system. Physician is a neurologist. Branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of the neurosurgery nervous systems by surgical means. Physician is a neurosurgeon. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (1 of 6) Term Definition epileptic seizure characterized by loss of absence awareness and absence of activity; seizure formerly called a petit mal seizure analgesia absence of pain anesthesia lack of feeling or sensation inability to communicate verbally or in aphasia writing due to damage to the language centers of the brain ataxia lack of muscle coordination Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (2 of 6) Term Definition sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure aura or migraine; seeing colors or smelling odors cephalalgia a headache coma state of profound unconsciousness condition of being awake and aware of conscious surroundings Severe involuntary muscle contractions and convulsion relaxations Abnormal mental state of confusion, delirium disorientation, and agitation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (3 of 6) Term Definition Progressive impairment of intellectual dementia function that interferes with activities of daily living difficulty communicating verbally or in dysphasia writing focal seizure seizure in only one limb or body part hemiparesis weakness on one side of body hemiplegia paralysis on one side of body abnormally heightened sense of feeling, hyperesthesia sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (4 of 6) Term Definition monoparesis muscle weakness in one limb monoplegia paralysis of one limb neuralgia nerve pain temporary or permanent loss of ability to palsy control movements temporary or permanent loss of paralysis voluntary movement paraplegia paralysis of the lower portion of the body Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (5 of 6) Term Definition abnormal sensations such as burning or paresthesia tingling quadriplegia paralysis of all four limbs sudden, uncontrollable onset of seizure symptoms, such as in epileptic seizure state of being aware of surroundings semiconscious and responding to stimuli only part of the time syncope fainting Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (6 of 6) Term Definition epileptic seizure with strong muscle tonic-clonic spasms and loss of consciousness; seizure formerly called a grand mal seizure involuntary repetitive alternating tremor movements of a body part state of being unaware of surroundings unconscious and unable to respond to stimuli Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Signs and Symptoms Terms Dysphagia – dys- + -phasia – Difficulty with speech Anesthesia – an- + esthesi/o + -ia – Condition of being without feeling or sensation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain Pathology (1 of 5) Term Definition disorder characterized by dementia, Alzheimer's progressive disorientation, apathy, and disease (AD) loss of memory congenital defect in which parts of the anencephaly brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth tumor originating in star-shaped astrocytoma neuroglial cells called astrocytes benign or malignant intracranial mass; brain tumor dangerous because it causes pressure cerebellitis inflammation of cerebellum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.8 CT scan showing large malignant tumor in left hemisphere of the brain. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain Pathology (2 of 5) Term Definition localized, abnormal dilation of a blood cerebral vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common aneurysm cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident cerebral bruising of brain from a blow or impact contusion brain damage resulting from defect, cerebral trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation palsy (CP) before, during, or shortly after birth Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.9 Common locations for cerebral artery aneurysms in the Circle of Willis. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain Pathology (3 of 5) Term Definition cerebrovascular infarct due to loss of blood supply to the accident (CVA) brain; commonly called a stroke chronic traumatic characterized by blows to the head that encephalopathy result in progressive degeneration of (CTE) brain tissue mild traumatic brain injury from a blow concussion or impact encephalitis inflammation of the brain seizures and loss of consciousness epilepsy caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.10 The four common causes for cerebrovascular accidents. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain Pathology (4 of 5) Term Definition accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid hydrocephalus within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt specific type of headache with severe migraine pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea chronic disorder of brain with fine Parkinson's tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and disease a shuffling gait Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.11 Hydrocephalus. The figure on the left is a child with the enlarged ventricles of hydrocephalus. The figure on the right is the same child with a shunt to send the excess cerebrospinal fluid to the abdominal cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Brain Pathology (5 of 5) Term Definition combination of acute encephalopathy and Reye's organ damage; follows viral infection; also syndrome associated with aspirin caused by violent shaking; symptoms shaken baby include subdural hematoma, brain swelling, syndrome (SBS) and retinal bleeding transient temporary interference with blood supply to ischemic attack brain; may lead to a CVA (TIA) traumatic brain damage to the brain resulting from impact, injury blast waves, or a penetrating projectile Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Spinal Cord Pathology (1 of 2) Term Definition condition of degeneration of motor amyotrophic lateral neurons of the spinal cord; also sclerosis (ALS) called Lou Gehrig's disease protrusion of the meninges through meningocele an opening in the vertebral column myelitis inflammation of the spinal cord protrusion of the meninges and the myelomeningocele spinal cord through an opening in the vertebral column Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Spinal Cord Pathology (2 of 2) Term Definition viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord; paralysis may be poliomyelitis mild and temporary or severe and permanent congenital defect where laminae of spina bifida the vertebra do not meet or close to form the spinal canal damage to spinal cord due to spinal cord injury trauma; cord may be bruised (SCI) (temporary) or severed (permanent) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.12 A) Meningocele, the meninges sac protrudes through the opening in the vertebra. B) Myelomeningocele, the meninges sac and spinal cord protrude through the opening in the vertebra. C) Spina bifida occulta, the vertebra is not complete, but there is not protrusion of nervous system structures. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nerve Pathology (1 of 3) Term Definition one-sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation; inflammation is Bell's palsy typically viral in nature; most patients recover loss of myelin sheath from nerves; may Guillain-Barré be autoimmune; begins in the legs and syndrome progresses up toward the trunk inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes multiple weakness and numbness due to loss of sclerosis (MS) myelin sheath from nerves; plaques appear Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nerve Pathology (2 of 3) Term Definition myasthenia muscular weakness and fatigue due to gravis insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse tumor of a nerve or the sheath around a neuroma nerve general term for disease of or damage to neuropathy a nerve polyneuritis inflammation of two or more nerves radiculitis inflammation of a nerve root Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nerve Pathology (3 of 3) Term Definition condition caused by herniated disc radiculopathy putting pressure on a nerve root eruption of painful blisters on body along shingles a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus sudden, sharp pain in an area of the face trigeminal served by the trigeminal cranial nerve; neuralgia usually caused by pressure on and irritation of the nerve Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.13 Photograph of the skin eruptions associated with shingles. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Meninges Pathology Term Definition epidural mass of blood in the space outside the hematoma dura mater of the brain and spinal cord meningioma tumor in the meninges inflammation of the meninges due to viral meningitis or bacterial infection mass of blood forming beneath the dura subdural mater due a tear in the meninges; can hematoma exert fatal pressure on the brain Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.14 A subdural hematoma. A meningeal vein is ruptured and blood has accumulated in the subdural space, producing pressure on the brain. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Pathology Terms Polyneuritis – poly- + neur/o + -itis – Inflammation of many nerves Sclerosis – scler/o + -osis – Abnormal condition of being hardened Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical Laboratory Tests Term Definition cerebrospinal examination of the CSF; may detect fluid analysis infections and blood in the fluid Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Diagnostic Imaging (1 of 2) Term Definition image of the brain taken after brain scan injection of radioactive isotopes into the bloodstream X-ray of the blood vessels of the cerebral angiography brain after injection of radiopaque dye Recording of ultrasonic echoes in echoencephalography the brain Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Diagnostic Imaging (2 of 2) Term Definition myelogram X-ray record of the spinal cord X-ray of the spinal canal following myelography injection of radiopaque dye image of the brain cut along a plane positron produced by measuring gamma rays emission emitted after injection with radioactive tomography glucose; glucose update by the tissue is (PET) indicative of metabolic activity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Diagnostic Tests (1 of 2) Term Definition reflex test that reveals nervous Babinski's reflex system lesions; performed by stroking the sole of the foot Electroencephalogram a record of brain's electrical (EEG) patterns a recording of the electrical electroencephalography activity of the brain by placing (EEG) electrodes on the scalp; also used during sleep studies Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Diagnostic Tests (2 of 2) Term Definition puncture with a needle in the lumbar area to remove CSF for lumbar puncture examination or to inject anesthesia measures the speed at which nerve conduction an impulse travels along a velocity nerve; reveals nerve damage Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.15 A lumbar puncture. The needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae and into the spinal canal. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Diagnostic Terms Electroencephalogram – electr/o + encephal/o + -gram – Record of brain's electricity Lumbar – lumb/o + -ar – Pertaining to the low back Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Procedures (1 of 2) Term Definition administration of medication to produce a anesthesia loss of feeling or sensation general produces loss of consciousness and anesthesia absence of pain sensation (GA) intravenous route for administering general anesthesia anesthesia via injection into a vein (IV) inhalation route for administering general anesthesia anesthesia by breathing it in Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Procedures (2 of 2) Term Definition produces loss of sensation in a localized local part of the body; does not cause a loss of anesthesia consciousness interrupts pain sensation in a region of regional the body; anesthetic is injected near the anesthesia nerve that will be blocked method of applying local anesthesia subcutaneous under the skin; used to deaden sensation anesthesia in skin prior to suturing topical method of applying local anesthesia by anesthesia placing a liquid or gel directly on the skin Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surgical Procedures (1 of 2) Term Definition carotid removes blockage of major artery in endarterectom the neck that carries blood to the brain y cerebrospinal shunt carries CSF from the ventricles to fluid shunt abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus removes part of a vertebra; relieves laminectomy pressure on a spinal nerve neurectomy surgical removal of a nerve neuroplasty surgical repair of a nerve Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surgical Procedures (2 of 2) Term Definition suturing of the connective tissue of neurorrhaphy around a nerve precise, surgical cutting of a nerve tractotomy tract; treats severe chronic pain Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Therapeutic Terms Neurectomy – neur/o + -ectomy – Surgical removal of a nerve Neuroplasty – neur/o + -plasty – Surgical repair of a nerve Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Pharmacology (1 of 2) Drug Type Use Examples treats minor to moderate aspirin, analgesic pain without loss of ibuprofen consciousness produces loss of sensation lidocain, anesthetic or loss of consciousness propofol reduces nerve excitability Tegretol, anticonvulsant to prevent seizures Nembutal dopaminergic levodopa, treat Parkinson's disease drugs Sinemet Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Pharmacology (2 of 2) Drug Type Use Examples hypnotic promotes sleep Seconal, Restoril treats severe pain; morphine, narcotic potentially habit OxyContin, analgesic forming Demerol has a calming or sedative Amytal, Butisol relaxing effect Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Abbreviations (1 of 3) Term Definition AD Alzheimer’s disease AHT abusive head trauma ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ANS autonomic nervous system CNS central nervous system CP cerebral palsy CSF cerebrospinal fluid CTE chronic traumatic encephalopathy Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Abbreviations (2 of 3) Term Definition CVA cerebrovascular accident CVD cerebrovascular disease EEG electroencephalography, electroencephalogram GA general anesthesia HA headache ICP intracranial pressure IV intravenous LP lumbar puncture MS multiple sclerosis PET positron emission tomography Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous System Abbreviations (3 of 3) Term Definition PNS peripheral nervous system SBS shaken baby syndrome SCI spinal cord injury TBI traumatic brain injury TIA transient ischemic attack VS vital signs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health at a Glance Mental disorders are often misunderstood and inadequately treated. They are legally defined as “impaired judgment and lack of self-control.” The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DMS-5) is the guide for terminology and classification of disorders. The DSM-5 recognizes 19 categories of disorders, but disorders are sometimes simply characterized as neuroses or psychoses. – Neuroses are inappropriate coping mechanisms. – Psychoses are extreme distortions of reality and disorganized thinking. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Combining Forms (1 of 3) Combining Form Definition amnes/o forgetfulness anxi/o fear, worry compuls/o to drive, to compel delus/o false belief depress/o to press down electr/o electricity hallucin/o imagined perception klept/o to steal Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Combining Forms (2 of 3) Combining Form Definition ment/o mind narc/o stupor, sleep neur/o nerve obsess/o besieged by thoughts ped/o child pharmac/o drug phob/o irrational fear phren/o mind Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Combining Forms (3 of 3) Combining Form Definition psych/o mind pyr/o fire schiz/o split soci/o society somat/o body somn/o sleep vers/o turn Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Suffixes (1 of 3) Suffix Definition -al pertaining to -ar pertaining to -ia condition -iatric pertaining to medical treatment -iatrist physician -iatry medical treatment -ic pertaining to Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Suffixes (2 of 3) Suffix Definition -ile pertaining to -ism state of -lepsy seizure -logist one who studies -logy study of -mania frenzy -orexia appetite Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Suffixes (3 of 3) Suffix Definition -philic pertaining to being attracted to -phoria condition to bear -therapy treatment -tic pertaining to Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Prefixes (1 of 2) Prefix Definition an- without anti- against auto- self bi- two de- without dis- apart dys- difficult Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Prefixes (2 of 2) Prefix Definition ex- outward hyper- excessive in- not para- abnormal post- after pre- before Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior and thought processes. Behavior is divided into two categories: – Normal psychology includes how the personality develops, how people handle stress, and stages of mental development. – Abnormal psychology studies behaviors that are outside of normal and are detrimental to the individual or society. A clinical psychologist is a specialist in evaluating and treating persons with mental or emotional disorders. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychiatry Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. A psychiatrist is a medical physician specializing in the care of patients with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Other health professions have specialties for clients with mental illness, such as psychiatric nurses and psychiatric social workers. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anxiety Disorders Term Definition generalized dread in the absence of a clearly anxiety disorder identifiable stress trigger intense apprehension of terror or a panic disorder sense of impending danger phobias irrational fears Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bipolar and Related Disorders Term Definition alternation between periods of deep bipolar disorder depression and mania; patients (BPD) experience extreme emotions that may change rapidly Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Depressive Disorders Term Definition feelings of hopelessness, major depressive helplessness, and worthlessness; disorder lack of pleasure in activities; potential for suicide extreme elation and hyperactivity; talkativeness, impaired judgement, mania and distractibility; grandiose delusions Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Term Definition explosive disorder violent rages kleptomania impulse to steal things pyromania uncontrollable impulse to set fires Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Dissociative Disorders Term Definition dissociative loss of memory amnesia dissociative having two or more distinct identify disorder personalities Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Elimination Disorders Term Definition voiding feces in inappropriate places encopresis after toilet training voiding urine in inappropriate places enuresis after toilet training Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Feeding and Eating Disorders Term Definition distorted body image, pathological anorexia nervosa fear of becoming fat, and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting binge eating followed by intentional bulimia vomiting Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12.16 Photograph of a young woman suffering from anorexia nervosa, posterior view. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gender Dysphoria Term Definition identifying as a gender contrary to the birth gender; may be male to gender dysphoria female (MTF) or female to male (FTM) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Neurocognitive Disorders Term Definition Alzheimer’s degenerative brain disorder with disease (AD) gradual loss of cognitive abilities progressive confusion and dementia disorientation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Neurodevelopmental Disorders Term Definition attention-deficit/ hyperactivity inattention and impulsive behavior disorder (ADHD) deficits in social interaction and autism spectrum communication skills; restricted disorder patterns of behavior intellectual below-average intellectual development functioning disorder Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders Term Definition obsessive– performing repetitive rituals to compulsive reduce anxiety from persistent disorder (OCD) thoughts, ideas, or impulses Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Paraphilic Disorders Term Definition pedophilic sexual interest in children disorder sexual masochism sexual gratification derived from disorder being hurt or abused sexual gratification derived from voyeuristic observing others engaged in sexual disorder acts Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Personality Disorders Term Definition antisocial behaviors that are against legal or personality social norms disorder narcissistic an abnormal sense of self- personality importance disorder paranoid personality exaggerated feelings of persecution disorder Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Term Definition delusional false beliefs held in the face of disorder contrary evidence perceptions of things that are not hallucinations there Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sexual Dysfunctions Term Definition erectile difficulty achieving or maintaining an dysfunction erection premature ejaculation of semen before or ejaculation shortly after penetration Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sleep–Wake Disorders Term Definition insomnia disorder condition of the inability to sleep recurring episodes of sleeping during narcolepsy daytime; difficulty sleeping at night Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Term Definition anxiety transformed into physical conversion symptoms like heart palpitations, disorder paralysis, or blindness physical symptoms that cause distress and disrupt daily life; patient somatic symptom is preoccupied with the symptoms disorder (SSD) and shows behavior based on the symptoms Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Term Definition gambling disorder inability to stop gambling overindulgence in or dependence on substance use chemical substances including disorder alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Term Definition impaired social interactions and posttraumatic capacity to work as a result of stress disorder exposure to actual or implied death, serious injury, or sexual violence Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Pathology Terms Dementia – de- + ment/o + -ia – Condition of being without a mind Amnesia – amnes/o + -ia – A state of forgetfulness Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Therapeutic Procedures Term Definition placement of electrodes on the sides of Electroconvul the head to conduct a mild electric shock; sive therapy causes a convulsive seizure; patient is (ECT) anesthetized and administered muscle relaxants Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Psychopharmacology Term Definition stimulants that alter mood by affecting levels antidepressan of neurotransmitters; nonaddictive but may t drugs have unpleasant side effects tranquilizers that reduce agitation and panic; antipsychotic major side effect is involuntary muscle drugs movements special category of drug to calm patients lithium with bipolar disorder minor CNS depressants used for anxiety tranquilizers Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychotherapy Term Definition family or patients are encouraged to state and group discuss goals and then find ways to therapy achieve them patients are taught how to use internal humanistic resources to deal with problems in an therapy atmosphere that builds self-esteem patients are encouraged to discuss psychoanalys repressed, painful, or hidden experiences is in the hope of eliminating or minimizing the problems they cause Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Abbreviations (1 of 2) Term Definition AD Alzheimer's disease ADD attention-deficit disorder ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder BPD bipolar disorder CA chronological age Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of DSM Mental Disorders ECT electroconvulsive therapy Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health Abbreviations (2 of 2) Term Definition FTM female to male MA mental age MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MTF male to female OCD obsessive–compulsive disorder PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder SAD seasonal affective disorder SSD somatic symptom disorder Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved