Electronic Media Notes PDF

ELECTRONIC MEDIA What is Media? The term media generally refers to the tools that help to create, collect, and distribute content whether it is entertaining, informative, or educative. There are a few different types of mass media available from print media to electrical media and even internet media including television, radio, newspaper, online article, blogs etc. What are different types of media? There are popularly three types of media exist traditional media or print media, electronic media and digital or Internet media. An example of print ‘media’ is newspapers, leaflets, and handbills. And the example of electronic media is television, radio etc. Social media handles, YouTube videos, and online study materials are examples of internet media. Examples of Digital Media: Digital media is a form of mass media that includes the internet and electrical energy to produce and distribute media content. Online articles, videos, movies, music clips, social media platforms, websites, news portals etc. are common examples of internet media. Is Newspaper a media? Yes, the newspaper is the classic form of media known as the print media. Media can be found in various forms and newspapers are one among them. The newspaper provides various media contents from entertainment to educational as well as entertainment and informational purposes in print. ELECTRONIC MEDIA- Definition The root of the term ‘media’ is the Latin word medium or medius which means “the medium layer.” The term usually refers to a tool through which any kind of information whether for educational or entertainment purposes is distributed among the masses. In the present day, all of us are surrounded by media whether it is traditional like newspapers or electronics like radio, TV BV, etc. We cannot avoid media in our daily lives and some sociologists even go to the extent to say that we have even become a product of mass media. What is electronic media? Electronics Media is a form of media that one can create and distribute among people via electronic medium. Unlike print media, this form of media has a broad range of audiences. And therefore, it has a greater reach than the static or print media. So, in simple words, every media that is involved with electrical energy and platforms is called electronic media. Examples of electrical media are television, radio, etc. Difference between print media and electronic media There is a lot of difference between print media and electronic media. Here we will be discussing some of the major or key differences between print and electronic media bellow – The main difference between print and electronic media is that print media is a classic form of mass media and electronic media is a modern version of mass media. Print media is a printed form of media that includes newspapers, leaflets, handbills, etc. On the other hand, electronic media is a form of media that includes electronic energy to create and distribute media content like television, radio etc. In print, media one needs to be literate because all of them are presented in printed form. But in electronic media contents are available in different forms like audio, video etc. So it is more accessible to a wide range of populations irrespective of literacy. Print media do not have the facility of live discussion but electronic media provides facilities like live chat, live polls, and live conferences to engage people in live discussions. The static media is limited in terms of information collection so, the audiences must wait for the next scheduled release to get the latest information. On the other hand, there are no limitations on information in electronic media. And one can update the latest information about anything at any point in time. Like you must wait for newspapers as the newspapers are released daily, weekly or on a monthly basis. But you do not have to wait for any information when you access any news channel or radio stations that are part of electronic media. And therefore, electronic media is preferable for a larger audience today than the classic printed form of mass media. Different types of electronic media Electronic media is a form of mass media that needs electronic energy to create and distribute informative or entertaining content in the form of audio, visual, written, or audio-visual etc. And there are several different types of media from print to digital and electronic. Here we will list some of the top electronic media below- Radio – By using the radio waves to produce and distribute informative, educative, and entertaining content for the audience is called radio. From different radio stations, people used to cover interviews, talk with the audience, and share daily and recent political, economic and other news updates. Due to its High popularity and wide reach, it was one of the biggest types of media in older times. And even to date, many people use the radio to get the latest weather or traffic update while travelling. Also, the radio’s wide reach makes it more useful for promoting or advertising products, and services as well as spreading social messages and important information. Television– In the beginning television used to provide a limited number of channels that offered various types of content like education, entertainment, news etc. But with the passing of time and advancement, today television provides numerous channels that offer a variety of different content. Nowadays, television provides different channels that serve a different set of audiences like cinema channels, news channels, daily soaps and children’s entertainment channels, cooking, wildlife and nature, travelling channels etc. Digital Media Digital Media is the newest form of media and this form of mass media includes electricity and the internet to produce different types of media content. The transmission of digital media is achieved by distributing digital data through satellites or digital cables to be devices that are able to translate them into texts, graphics, audio, videos and so on. Different forms of digital media include music, videos, advertisement, podcasts etc that you can find in any web-based system. Conclusion Media is a way by which people collect, create and distribute informative, educative or entertaining content to the mass. Electronic media is the form of mass media that needs electrical energy to create and distribute the contents. Electronic media is more accessible and diverse than the classic print media. In electronic media, one can share or collect any kind of information without any barriers such as time limitations, and literacy which are the major drawbacks of print media. And Internet media is also considered as the extended version of electronic media as it also needs electronic energy to distribute and create content along with satellite or cable internet. History of Electronic Media and its evolution Broadcasting started in India in 1927 with two privately-owned transmitters at Bombay and Calcutta. Government took over the transmitters in 1930 and started operating them under the name of Indian Broadcasting Service. AKASHVANI Broadcasting started in India in 1927 with two privately-owned transmitters at Bombay and Calcutta. Government took over the transmitters in 1930 and started operating them under the name of Indian Broadcasting Service. It was changed to All India Radio (AIR) in 1936 and it also came to be known as Akashvani from 1957. AIR is serving as an effective medium to inform and educate people besides providing healthy entertainment. NETWORK At the time of Independence there were six radio stations. All India Radio presently has 232 radio stations and 374 transmitters which provide radio coverage to 99.16 percent of the population and reaches 91.82 percent area of the country. AIR has now been brought under Prasar Bharti, an autonomous statutory corporation set-up under the Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act, 1990. The primary objective of the corporation is to organize and conduct public broadcasting services to inform, educate and entertain the public and to ensure a balanced development of broadcasting on Radio & TV. EXPANSION OF FM SERVICES In view of the superior quality of FM broadcasts it is giving popularity in the country. AIR has also therefore undertaken to expand its FM network to achieve about 50 percent population coverage after the completion of ongoing Tenth plan. Presently, 149 FM channels are working. DOORDARSHAN TODAY The Doordarshan’s network consists of (i) 66 Doordarshan Kendra (Studio Centres); (ii)1412 transmitters ; (iii) 31 channels made up of (a) 5 all India channels (DD-1, DD-News, DD- Bharati, DD sports)and DD-Rajya Sabha (b) 1 International Channel (DD-India), (c) 11 regional language satellite channel (Assamese North east, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu), (d) 12 State network channels (Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh). Doordarshan has a three-tier programme service-National, Regional and Local. The emphasis in the programmes in the National Service is on events and issues of interest to the entire nation. The programmes in the regional service focus on events and issues of interest to the people of that state. The Local service caters to the needs of the populace living in the areas falling within the reach of a particular transmitter through area specific programmes in the local languages and dialects. THE EARLY YEARS The first telecast came from a makeshift studio in the Akashvani Bhavan, New Delhi on 15 September 1959. A transmitter of 500 W power could carry the signals up to 25 km from Delhi. The regular service with a News bulletin was started in 1965. Television went on a second city, Mumbai, only in 1972 and by 1975 Calcutta, Chennai,Srinagar, Amritsar and Lucknow had television stations, too. HISTORY OF RADIO The radio club Bombay was founded in July 1923. Later in 1926 Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) a private company gave permission to set up two stations resulting in: Establishment of Bombay station on July 23 1927, followed by Calcutta station on August 26th 1927.Unfortunately IBC liquidated in March 1930 and the Government of India took over in April 1930 and formed ISBS- Indian State Broadcasting Service. Two years later the government of India began broadcasting BBC in India. In 1932, to supplement the earning of the Indian State Broadcasting Service, the Indian Tariff (Wireless Broadcasting) Act was amended leading to a sharp increase in the duty on the wireless receiving set. The possession of a radio set without a license was made an offence. Soon after communal radios were set up and German broadcaster Dr. Faruqui beamed his short wave newscasts directly in India. In march 1935, office of controller of broadcasting was created under the Department of Industries and Labour of the Government of India. Later in January 1936, Delhi radio station was opened and on June 8th 1936, the ISBS was renamed to AIR- All India Radio. In 1937, AIR was transferred from the ministry of Labour and Industries to the Department of Communications. From September 1939, News Bulletins were centralised in all languages in Delhi. October 1st 1939, External services were started (Afghanistan, Iran, and Arab countries). By 1939, in addition to the existing medium wave transmitters, short wave transmitters had also been installed at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. New stations with medium wave transmitters were opened at Lucknow and Tiruchirpalli. In 1941, AIR was again transferred to the department of Information and Broadcasting, which after independence in 1947 became a separate ministry by itself. (AIR broadcasted in 23 languages, 143 dialects in over 262 stations). ❏Sardar Vallabhai Patel was first Prime Minister of Information and Broadcasting in independent India and soon emphasis was given on disseminating information, education, music, and drama. ❏In 1957, Vividh Bharati was started- emphasis shifted to entertainment, Vividh Bharati extended to medium wave which meant more listenership. ❏In 1956, AIR was officially called “Akashwani” ❏In 1967, Vividh Bharati was commercialised ❏The Prasar Bharati Bill was passed by the government of India in 1990 and was implemented in september 1997. ❏Soon, Broadcasting corporation of India had 2 major bodies: Akashvani and Doordarshan. ❏By 2000 more private stations and commercial stations were established , increasing more connectivity across the country. Evolution of Television TV was introduced in India on September 15, 1959, in Delhi a little over 2 decades after British Broadcasting Council (BBC) began the first TV service of the world in 1936. It was with the help provided by UNESCO (who donated 2000 million dollars) that it all started. The programmes were broadcasted twice a week for an hour a day on topics such as community health, citizens’ duties and rights and traffic and road sense. In 1961, the broadcasts were expanded to include a school educational television project. The first major expansion of TV began in 1972, when a second TV station was opened in Bombay. This was followed by stations in Srinagar and Amritsar in 1973 and Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow in 1975. For the first 17 years, broadcasting of TV spread haltingly and transmission was in black and white. By 1976, the network consisted of 8 TV stations covering a population of 45 million spread over 75,000 sq km.Faced with the difficulty of administering such an extensive TV system as a part of AIR, the government constituted Doordarshan, the national TV network , as a separate department under the ministry of Information and Broadcasting. There were 3 ignition points that triggered the phenomenal growth of Tc inIndia from the mid 1970s: 1. First the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), conducted between Aug 1975 and July 1976, used a satellite to broadcast educational programmes to villages across 6 states. The objective was to use Television for development, though entertainment programmes were also included. It brought TV closer to masses. 2. Second, the INSAT-1A, the first of the country’s domestic communications satellites became operational in 1982 and made the network of all doordarshan's regional stations possible. For the first time Doordarshan created a nationwide feed containing the“National Program” Dubbed in and fed from Delhi to oher stations. In November 1982, the country hosted the Asian Games and the government introduced color broadcasts for the coverage of the games. 3. Third came in the early 90s with the broadcast of satellite TV by foreign programs like CNN followed by Star TV and a little later by domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV into indian homes. As the government of India gradually relaxed the restrictions, more and more channels started beaming their content. Television in India grew both vertically and horizontally. More TV sets were added to indian homes. Access to television also increased. CHARACTERISTICS OF PRINT MEDIA: The characteristics of print media encompass various aspects that contribute to its unique identity and significance. Let’s explore them in detail: 1. Tangibility: One of the distinguishing features of print media is its tangible nature. Unlike electronic media, print publications are physical objects that readers can touch, hold, and interact with. This tangibility provides a sensory experience that engages readers on a different level, allowing them to feel a connection to the content and the medium itself. 2. Permanence: Print media offers a sense of permanence. Once a publication is printed, its content remains fixed and accessible for an extended period. This characteristic allows readers to revisit information, study it in-depth, and refer back to it whenever necessary. It also enables the preservation of historical records and serves as a valuable resource for future reference. 3. Credibility: Print media is often perceived as more credible and trustworthy compared to electronic sources. This credibility stems from the editorial processes involved in print production. Newspapers, for instance, employ professional journalists who adhere to ethical standards and fact-checking procedures. The stringent editorial oversight enhances the reliability and authenticity of the information presented in print publications. 4. Wide Reach: Print media has historically enjoyed a broad reach, catering to diverse audiences across various demographics. Newspapers, for example, can be distributed locally, regionally, or nationally, providing access to a large number of readers. Similarly, magazines and books target specific interest groups or genres, enabling publishers to cater to niche markets effectively. 5. Versatility: Print media exhibits versatility in terms of content formats and presentation styles. It encompasses written articles, photographs, illustrations, infographics, advertisements, and more. This versatility allows publishers to convey information in different ways, appealing to readers with varying preferences. It also provides opportunities for creative expression and artistic endeavors within the print medium. 6. In-depth Reporting: Print media excels in providing detailed, in-depth reporting on various topics. Newspapers, in particular, have a long tradition of investigative journalism, analysis, and comprehensive coverage of news events. The print format allows for lengthy articles that delve into complex issues, providing readers with a thorough understanding and critical insights. 7. Targeted Advertising: Print media offers a unique advantage for targeted advertising. Different publications cater to specific audiences, allowing advertisers to select the most relevant platforms for their target demographic. This targeting ability ensures that advertisements reach the intended audience effectively, maximizing the return on investment for advertisers and fostering a symbiotic relationship between publishers and advertisers. 8. Aesthetic Appeal: The physical presentation of print media contributes to its aesthetic appeal. Design elements such as layout, typography, colors, and graphics play a crucial role in enhancing the reading experience. Publishers can utilize various printing techniques, paper qualities, and visual elements to create visually appealing publications that capture the attention and interest of readers. CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Electronic media has emerged as a dominant force in the modern media landscape, offering unique characteristics that differentiate it from print media. Let’s delve into the detailed characteristics of electronic media: 1. Immediacy: One of the primary characteristics of electronic media is its ability to provide immediate access to information and content. With the advent of the internet and digital technologies, news, updates, and entertainment can be disseminated and consumed in real time. Electronic media platforms allow for instant publishing and broadcasting, ensuring that users can stay up-to-date with the latest developments. 2. Interactivity: Electronic media fosters interactivity and user engagement. Unlike print media, electronic platforms enable users to interact with content, participate in discussions, and provide feedback. Through comments, likes, shares, and other features, individuals can actively engage with media organizations, content creators, and other users, fostering a sense of community and social interaction. 3. Multimedia Capabilities: Electronic media integrates various multimedia elements, including text, images, audio, and video. This multimedia approach enables the delivery of content in diverse formats, enhancing the overall user experience. Television broadcasts, for example, combine moving images, sound, and graphics to present information and entertainment in a visually engaging and dynamic manner. 4. Global Reach: Electronic media has the potential to reach a global audience. Through the internet and digital platforms, content can be accessed from anywhere in the world, transcending geographical boundaries. This characteristic allows media organizations, content creators, and individuals to disseminate information, express opinions, and share cultural experiences with a vast and diverse audience. 5. Accessibility: Electronic media offers high accessibility due to its digital nature. Content can be accessed on a range of electronic devices, including smartphones, tablets, computers, and smart TVs. This accessibility enables users to consume media whenever and wherever they choose, making it convenient for individuals with varying schedules and lifestyles. 6. Customization and Personalization: Electronic media platforms often provide customization and personalization options. Users can tailor their content preferences, receive recommendations based on their interests, and have personalized experiences. This characteristic allows individuals to have greater control over the media they consume, fostering a sense of individuality and catering to diverse preferences. 7. Cost-effective Distribution: Electronic media provides cost-effective distribution channels for content creators and publishers. Unlike print media, which requires printing, distribution, and physical infrastructure, electronic media allows for digital publishing and online distribution. This aspect lowers production costs, reduces barriers to entry for content creators, and enables smaller organizations and individuals to reach a wide audience without substantial financial investments. 8. Real-time Analytics: Electronic media platforms offer real-time analytics and insights into audience behavior, engagement, and content performance. Through data tracking and analysis, media organizations and content creators can gather valuable information about their audience demographics, preferences, and consumption patterns. This data-driven approach allows for informed decision-making, content optimization, and targeted marketing strategies. ADVANTAGES OF PRINT MEDIA: Tangibility and Physical Engagement: Print media provides a tangible reading experience that engages multiple senses. Readers can physically hold and interact with newspapers, magazines, or books, creating a unique connection with the content. The act of turning pages, underlining important sections, and bookmarking contributes to a more immersive reading experience. Enhanced Credibility and Trustworthiness: Print publications often go through thorough editorial processes and fact-checking procedures, ensuring a higher level of credibility and trustworthiness. Readers tend to perceive print media as more reliable sources of information, as they are often associated with established publishing companies with a reputation for accuracy and journalistic integrity. In-depth and Comprehensive Content: Print media allows for in-depth reporting, detailed analysis, and long-form articles. Newspapers and magazines can delve into complex topics, providing comprehensive information and perspectives. This characteristic is particularly valuable for complex news stories, investigative journalism, and feature articles that require extensive research and detailed explanations. Effective Targeting of Specific Audiences: Print publications cater to specific interests and demographics, offering advertisers the advantage of targeting their desired audience effectively. By placing ads in publications that align with their target market, businesses can increase the chances of reaching potential customers who are more likely to be interested in their products or services. Sense of Permanence and Historical Preservation: Print media provides a sense of permanence. Once printed, newspapers, magazines, and books can be preserved and referred back to for future reference. This aspect makes print media a valuable historical record, documenting significant events, cultural trends, and social movements. Portability for Offline Access: Print media offers the advantage of offline accessibility. Readers can carry newspapers, magazines, or books anywhere and read them without relying on internet connectivity. This feature is particularly beneficial in areas with limited internet access or for individuals who prefer to disconnect from digital devices. Versatility in Formats and Reading Preferences: Print media comes in various formats to cater to different reading preferences. Newspapers offer daily or weekly updates on current events, while magazines provide a range of topics and interests. Books offer in-depth exploration of subjects and narratives, allowing readers to engage with a particular topic or story over a more extended period. Visual Appeal and Engaging Design Elements: Print publications leverage design elements, typography, layouts, and high-quality printing techniques to enhance visual appeal. Eye- catching cover designs, captivating images, and well-organized layouts contribute to an engaging and aesthetically pleasing reading experience, capturing the reader’s attention and enhancing content comprehension. Reduced Distractions Compared to Electronic Media: Print media offers a more focused reading experience without the distractions commonly found in electronic media. Unlike digital platforms with pop-up ads, notifications, and hyperlinks that can divert attention, print media allows readers to concentrate solely on the content at hand, promoting deeper engagement and concentration. Collectability and Cultural Significance: Print publications can be collected and become cultural artifacts or cherished possessions. Collectors value rare or historic editions, while libraries and archives preserve print publications as a part of cultural heritage. Print media’s physicality and historical significance contribute to its enduring cultural value. DISADVANTAGES OF PRINT MEDIA: Limited Timeliness: Print media operates on a fixed production and distribution schedule, which can result in delays in delivering up-to-the-minute news and information. Breaking news or rapidly evolving events may not be captured in print publications, making them less suitable for immediate and time-sensitive updates. Cost and Production Constraints: Printing and distributing physical copies of print media can be expensive. The costs associated with paper, ink, printing equipment, and distribution logistics can pose financial challenges, particularly for smaller publications or organizations with limited resources. Additionally, print media requires lead time for production, which can restrict the ability to respond quickly to emerging news or trends. Environmental Impact: Print media relies on paper, which has an environmental footprint in terms of deforestation, energy consumption, and waste generation. The production and disposal of print materials contribute to the depletion of natural resources and contribute to environmental pollution. As concerns about sustainability and eco-consciousness grow, the environmental impact of print media becomes a significant disadvantage. Limited Interactivity: Unlike electronic media, print media lacks interactive features and multimedia capabilities that allow users to engage directly with the content. Printed materials do not offer clickable links, videos, or interactive elements that enhance user engagement and interactivity, limiting the ways in which readers can interact with the content. Space Limitations: Print media is subject to physical space limitations. Newspapers, magazines, and books have finite pages, restricting the amount of content that can be included. This can result in the omission of certain information or the need for abridged versions of articles, potentially sacrificing depth or nuance in reporting. Distribution Challenges: Print media requires physical distribution channels such as newsstands, delivery networks, or subscription services. This poses challenges in reaching audiences in remote or underserved areas, especially in regions with limited infrastructure or where print media distribution networks are less developed. Lack of Real-time Updates: Print media cannot provide real-time updates or immediate corrections to published content. Once an issue goes to print, any errors or inaccuracies cannot be rectified until the next edition. This lack of real-time correction and updates can undermine the accuracy and currency of information presented in print media. Declining Readership: With the rise of digital media, print media has experienced a decline in readership and circulation. Many readers now prefer the convenience and accessibility of digital platforms, which offer instantaneous access to a wide range of information. This shift in readership patterns poses challenges for print media organizations in terms of sustainability and profitability. Limited Audience Reach: Print media may have limitations in reaching certain demographic groups, particularly younger audiences who are more digitally oriented. Younger generations are increasingly consuming news and information through online sources, social media, and other digital platforms, which may result in a decreased audience base for print media. Adapting to Digital Transformation: Print media organizations often face challenges in adapting to the digital transformation of the media industry. Transitioning from traditional print formats to digital platforms requires investment in technology, retraining of staff, and restructuring business models. The shift to digital media can be disruptive and necessitate significant changes in operations, which may pose difficulties for some print media outlets. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Immediate and Real-time Updates: Electronic media offers the advantage of delivering news and information in real time. Through digital platforms such as websites, social media, and news apps, users can access the latest updates and breaking news as they unfold. This immediacy ensures that users stay informed about current events and developments. Interactivity and User Engagement: Electronic media fosters interactivity and user engagement. Users can actively participate in discussions, share their opinions, and provide feedback through comments, likes, shares, and other interactive features. This level of engagement creates a sense of community and allows for the exchange of ideas and diverse perspectives. Multimedia Integration: Electronic media seamlessly integrates multimedia elements such as text, images, audio, and video. This multimedia approach enables the presentation of information and entertainment in a dynamic and engaging manner. Videos, infographics, and interactive graphics enhance the user experience, making content more compelling and visually appealing. Global Reach and Accessibility: Electronic media has a vast global reach, transcending geographical boundaries. With internet connectivity, users from around the world can access online content, breaking down barriers of distance and enabling the dissemination of information to a global audience. Electronic media ensures that content is accessible to users regardless of their physical location. Customization and Personalization: Electronic media platforms provide customization and personalization options. Users can tailor their content preferences, follow specific topics or interests, and receive personalized recommendations based on their browsing history or preferences. This customization enhances the user experience by delivering content that is relevant and aligned with individual interests. Cost-effectiveness and Efficiency: Electronic media offers cost-effective production and distribution channels. Content creators and publishers can produce and distribute digital content at a relatively lower cost compared to traditional print media. Additionally, electronic media allows for rapid dissemination of information, reducing the time lag between content creation and delivery to the audience. Data Analytics and Insights: Electronic media platforms provide valuable data analytics and insights. Through tracking user behavior, engagement metrics, and demographic information, media organizations and content creators can gain insights into audience preferences, content performance, and user trends. This data-driven approach enables targeted content strategies, informed decision-making, and optimization of user experiences. Multimedia Sharing and Virality: Electronic media facilitates the easy sharing of content across digital platforms. Users can share articles, videos, and other content with a click of a button, allowing information to spread rapidly and potentially go viral. This viral nature of electronic media can significantly amplify the reach and impact of content, increasing its visibility and engagement. Convenience and On-demand Access: Electronic media offers convenience and on-demand access to content. Users can access information, entertainment, and other content anytime, anywhere, as long as they have an internet connection and a compatible device. This flexibility allows users to consume media at their own pace and according to their individual schedules. Integration of Advertising and Revenue Opportunities: Electronic media provides various advertising and revenue opportunities. Digital platforms offer targeted advertising options, allowing businesses to reach specific audiences with precision. Additionally, electronic media enables the implementation of monetization models such as paywalls, subscriptions, and sponsored content, providing revenue streams for media organizations and content creators. DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Information Overload: Electronic media presents a vast amount of information from various sources, leading to information overload. With an overwhelming volume of content available, users may struggle to filter and prioritize information, resulting in difficulty in discerning reliable sources and accurate information. Lack of Credibility and Misinformation: The democratization of content creation in electronic media has led to the proliferation of misinformation and fake news. With the ease of publishing and sharing content, misleading or false information can quickly circulate and be mistaken for reliable news, undermining the credibility of electronic media sources. Decreased Attention Span: Electronic media’s fast-paced and constantly evolving nature can contribute to shorter attention spans among users. With an abundance of content competing for attention, users may skim through articles, videos, or posts without fully engaging with or comprehending the material. This can lead to a superficial understanding of complex issues and a lack of critical thinking. Digital Divide: Access to electronic media relies on internet connectivity and access to digital devices. The digital divide refers to the gap in access to technology and internet services, which can create disparities in accessing and benefiting from electronic media. Socioeconomic factors, geographical location, and infrastructure limitations can contribute to unequal access and exacerbate existing inequalities. Privacy and Security Concerns: Electronic media raises privacy and security concerns due to the collection and potential misuse of personal data. Users may unknowingly provide personal information when using digital platforms, which can be exploited for targeted advertising, identity theft, or other malicious activities. Additionally, electronic media platforms may be vulnerable to hacking, data breaches, and cyberattacks, compromising user privacy and security. Distraction and Multitasking: Electronic media’s interactive nature can lead to increased distractions and multitasking. Users may be easily distracted by notifications, ads, or unrelated content while consuming electronic media. This constant multitasking can hinder concentration, reduce productivity, and negatively impact the quality of engagement with the content. Digital Fatigue and Overexposure: Excessive use of electronic media can lead to digital fatigue and overexposure. Spending prolonged periods in front of screens can cause physical discomfort, eye strain, and fatigue. The constant exposure to digital content and online interactions may also contribute to mental health issues, such as anxiety, social isolation, and addiction. Erosion of Traditional Media: The rise of electronic media has led to the decline of traditional media outlets, such as newspapers and magazines. As readership and advertising revenue shift towards digital platforms, traditional media organizations struggle to adapt, leading to job losses, reduced journalistic resources, and a potential loss of diverse perspectives and investigative reporting. Fragmentation of Audiences: Electronic media allows users to personalize their content consumption, resulting in fragmented audiences. Users can choose to follow specific topics, niches, or like-minded communities, leading to echo chambers and the reinforcement of existing beliefs. This fragmentation can limit exposure to diverse viewpoints, fostering polarization and hindering constructive dialogue. Digital Addiction and Disconnection: Electronic media can contribute to digital addiction and a sense of disconnection from the physical world. Excessive reliance on electronic media for information, entertainment, and social interactions can lead to dependency, reduced face- to-face interactions, and a diminished sense of community. The constant need for connectivity can also create anxiety and a fear of missing out (FOMO). IMPACT OF PRINT AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA ON SOCIETY: The impact of print and electronic media on society is significant and far-reaching. Both forms of media have played crucial roles in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, influencing cultural norms, and facilitating communication. Here are some key impacts of print and electronic media on society: Information Dissemination: Both print and electronic media serve as important platforms for the dissemination of news, information, and knowledge. They provide access to a wide range of topics, allowing individuals to stay informed about current events, social issues, scientific advancements, and cultural trends. This access to information empowers individuals and facilitates informed decision-making. Formation of Public Opinion: Media, in all its forms, plays a critical role in shaping public opinion. Print and electronic media platforms offer different perspectives, interpretations, and analyses of events, which influence the way individuals perceive and understand the world around them. Media has the power to shape public discourse, mobilize collective action, and influence policy decisions. Cultural Influence: Both print and electronic media contribute to the transmission and preservation of cultural values, traditions, and narratives. They showcase diverse forms of artistic expression, literature, and cultural representations, fostering cultural exchange and understanding. Media platforms often reflect and shape societal norms, helping to shape collective identities and cultural practices. Democratic Participation: Print and electronic media provide platforms for democratic participation and expression of diverse viewpoints. They facilitate public debates, encourage freedom of speech, and hold individuals and institutions accountable. Media acts as a watchdog, exposing corruption, promoting transparency, and ensuring the healthy functioning of democratic societies. Education and Awareness: Media, particularly electronic media, has revolutionized the way education is delivered. Online learning platforms, educational websites, and digital resources have expanded access to education, enabling individuals to acquire knowledge and skills. Media also raises awareness about social issues, promoting social justice, human rights, and environmental conservation. Economic Impact: Both print and electronic media contribute to the economy through advertising, job creation, and revenue generation. Advertising revenue supports media organizations, while the media industry itself creates employment opportunities in journalism, broadcasting, content creation, and related fields. Media platforms also drive consumer behavior, influencing purchasing decisions and market trends. Social Connectivity: Electronic media, including social media platforms, have transformed the way people connect and interact. They facilitate instant communication, bridge geographical distances, and enable individuals to share experiences, ideas, and perspectives. Social media has become a powerful tool for social movements, activism, and community building. Challenges to Traditional Media: The rise of electronic media has disrupted traditional media models, challenging established institutions and business models. Print media has faced declining readership and revenue, leading to changes in the industry landscape. This transformation has necessitated adaptations, digital innovations, and new approaches to sustain media organizations. Privacy and Ethics: The impact of media on society also raises concerns about privacy, data protection, and ethical considerations. Electronic media platforms collect vast amounts of personal data, raising questions about privacy rights and data security. The spread of misinformation and the potential for manipulation also pose ethical challenges that society must address. Digital Divide: While electronic media has expanded access to information and communication, it has also highlighted the digital divide. Socioeconomic disparities, unequal access to technology, and limited internet connectivity create barriers to accessing electronic media, exacerbating existing inequalities and creating a knowledge gap. It is apparent that both print and electronic media have their unique characteristics and influence on society. Print media offers tangibility, credibility, and targeted reach, while electronic media provides interactivity, accessibility, and real-time updates. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each form of media allows us to make informed choices in consuming and sharing information responsibly. Let us remember that media consumption is a personal choice, and it is essential to critically evaluate the sources and information we encounter. By being aware of the strengths and weaknesses of print and electronic media, we can navigate the media landscape effectively and make informed decisions. Difference between TV and Radio Television Radio Television is an audio-visual medium Radio is only an audio-specific medium Television reports are having more content Radio news reports tend to be crisp and than Radio short-on point reporting covers lot of programs Can cover only few programs news-based programs/ formal programs More informal as compared to television programs Television can provide visual evidence of Radio can stimulate the listener’s the news it conveys imagination to create mental pictures of an event Television has more emotional appeal Main aim: happiness, relaxation (listening (sad,angry, happy. Tension, bored) music) and Fresh news / present news Less audience participation More audience participation Can get more advertisements as compared Has lesser advertisements to radio difficult to start tv stations Have lot of facilities to start community radio, local stations certain restrictions/ less freedom to start any full freedom to start up program/ no proper program in tv formats Print Media Vs Broadcast Electronic media Print Media Broadcast Electronic media Print media has reach only to literate Largely the literacy background of audience viewer/listener is irrelevant Smaller in Size Bigger in size. Writing Style is different No specific format for broadcast script Standard of language is different as Use simple sentences and simple words to compared to electronic media used for reach out to mass audiences. Broadcasting Research Based stories Covers only fresh and current news Have lot of time for publication of news as Less time compared to broadcast news presentation Writing skill is important Talking skill/Communication Skill is more important than writing skill Articles have a lot of information – detailed Stories will have lesser content but lot of news stories. visuals How Does Media Influence Culture and Globalization? In the present world, every individual consumes media in one form or another. Media is used for entertainment, disseminating information, allowing people to debate their opinions, and helping governments and others understand public interests. Media has been shown to have a subtle and profound impact on individual behavior. By affecting individuals, media also shapes culture. Influence of Media on Culture The media has a significant impact on how decisions are made, which results in changes in behavior, and how opinions are formed, which results in observable behavior. Even someone who closely monitors their media usage can be affected by it; it stated that people interpret various media channels differently after comparing numerous media channels. Media on the opposite side also has significant difficulties when attempting to communicate ideas across cultural boundaries. There has been a clear paradigm shift in media content creation and dissemination. Users' high interest in sharing knowledge and culture in groups was emphasized by scholars theorizing the current trend toward participatory culture. Cultural exchange and communication have taken on new meanings thanks to the media. Our daily cultural practices are disseminated in large part thanks to the media. It is claimed to represent our cultural norms and beliefs and that the global flow of information has increased cultural expression by giving us more options. When media content creators have vested interests in specific social aims, cultural values also influence the messaging in mass media. Examples of Media Influence on Culture The media has a big impact on how culture is shaped and reflected, and it can affect how people think, feel, and act and how cultural norms and values influence those things. The following are some examples of how the media can influence and reflect culture − Representation − How the media presents certain groups of people, such as racial and ethnic minorities, women, and LGBTQ+ persons, can influence cultural attitudes and views. When some groups are repeatedly portrayed negatively or stereotypically in the media, it can reinforce unfavorable cultural attitudes and biases. On the other hand, cultural norms and stereotypes can be challenged and altered with the aid of media representation. Sharing Information and Ideas − The media can influence cultural discourse by what it chooses to cover and how it presents the material. It can also assist in the dissemination of information and ideas. Setting Trends − By highlighting particular goods, looks, or conduct, the media can impact cultural trends. For instance, a successful TV show or movie might make a particular fashion style more well-liked. Reflecting Cultural Values − The media's stories and topics can also reflect a society's cultural values and beliefs. For instance, a news organization that regularly publishes articles on social justice and equality may reflect the views of its readership. Mass Communication, Mass Media, and Culture First, distinguishing between mass communication and mass media is critical, as is attempting a functional definition of culture. Mass communication refers to information transmitted to huge portions of the population. Mass communication can be sent by one or more various types of media (singular medium), which is the mode of transmission, whether print, digital, or electronic. Mass media is a type of communication that is intended to reach many people. The wording is a little different, but the wording is the same. Another approach to examining the distinction is that a mass media message may be spread across various kinds of mass media, such as an ad campaign having television, radio, and Internet components. Culture generally refers to the common values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that define a social group, organization, or institution. Just as it is difficult to define culture precisely, cultures themselves can be difficult to define since they are fluid, varied, and frequently overlapping. Throughout the history of the United States, emerging media technologies have altered how people interact socially, economically, and politically. In 2007, for example, a collaboration between CNN and the video-sharing site YouTube allowed voters to ask presidential candidates direct questions during two broadcast debates. Voters may film and upload their questions on YouTube, and a selection of these videos was then picked by the debate moderators and aired directly to the presidential candidates. This new format brought the presidential debates to a far larger public, allowing for greater voter engagement than was feasible when questions were presented primarily by journalists or a few carefully selected audience members. Urban Media and Reality In Urban modern culture, an objective vision of the world is important for a person to be aware of the process of censoring consciousness to appraise continuously changing reality critically. It is notable that, rather than exposing numerous rumors, pseudo-arguments, and lies purposely propagated to impact people's sentiments, emotions, moods, and behavior, mass media successfully and internationally manufacture and disseminate rumors and actively utilize pseudo-arguments and lies. At the same time, the media achieves its aims involuntarily, but most frequently consciously, influencing psychology and human behavior. In transmitting information, the media aggressively exploits the mythological character of human consciousness, built on emotionally emotive and symbolic pictures. The media discourse's phantasmal aspect comprises mythological, literary, philosophical, and ideological phantoms. The assertion of G.G. Pocheptsov that imperial power requires phantoms for self-preservation enables us to understand the phantom globalism of media and political discourse witnessed in the modern globe, including democratic countries. This underlines the exceptional relevance of the creative and magical functions of the language of the mass media. The phantasmal character of denotations creates mythologems in the symbolic space of media discourse. It defines the presence of a specific predictive value category connected with interpreting the content of various types of utterances. The degree of esotericism or mystery in media discourse is determined by its mythology. Myth comprises a mystery, and a conundrum is the anticipation of a miracle, confidence in the supernatural, and the creation of the illusory imagination. Mythology and esotericism are more prevalent in authoritarian discourse. Esotericism relies on the media institute, its political and other orientations, and its aims and ambitions. The reverse of esotericism is the supposition, which is purposely buried in the media reports: Organizing the agency's communications should not be done so that the recipient\sof the mass media cannot do a predictive activity. The institutional character of mass media language correlates with the leading pragmatic principle of interest (the message should be interesting and contain new, unknown information) and the surmise as the message's predictability (the recipient performs the predictive activity that is deliberately programmed), relies on stereotypes and myths, creating different images. Thus, the institutional character connects with various indicators of exposure, and suggestiveness, namely stereotyping mythologization and metaphorization of consciousness. Conclusion In today's connected world of cellphones and streaming satellite broadcasts, our expectations of our leaders, celebrities, instructors, and even ourselves are altering more extremely. Through an analysis of the history, philosophy, and impacts of media practices and roles in America, this book offers you the framework, skills, and ideas to engage with the world of mass media. Positive and negative impacts of mass media on culture Mass media is a form of media where transmission and communication take place across society to large number of people at the same time. Media can be classified as print media which includes newspaper, magazines, journals, pamphlets, leaflets, printed advertisements etc. whereas audio-visual or electronic media includes television, films, radio, computers, and internet etc. Mass media in India is that part of media which aims at reach a wide audience in India. Mass media is very powerful means of influencing the masses. There has been a tremendous growth in the field of mass media after globalization. This has in turn affected the culture to a great extent. Positive Impact of Mass Media on Culture 1. National Integration Films and television promotes national integration to a great extent. It brings people from different caste, religion, culture together. With globalization and increase in number of channels there is one global identity over and above the regional identity reinforcing the value of ‘Vasudhaive Kutumbkam’. 2. Increase in Awareness Mass media promotes social issues such as anti-dowry, safe sex (anti-Aids), small family norm, employment guarantee schemes etc. This helps to create informed society. 3. Positive Image of Women Status of women is an integral part of the culture of any society. Mass media highlighting the achievements of women and portraying strong women characters change the perspective towards women. 4. Increase in Employment Opportunities Directly or indirectly the advertisements, channels and production houses generate a huge scope for employment for creative and talented people. 5. Strengthening Family Ties Evenings in India have now become family get to gather time with media revolution and certain good programmes. Reinforcing traditional values of eating together and living together has strengthened family ties. Negative Impact of Mass Media on Culture 1. Promoting Popular Culture Media in a big way promotes the mass or popular culture. That sends a message what is popular is good. It often results in complete neglect of authentic, indigenous, classical or folk culture. 2. Crime and Violence Increasing number of violence-based programs and action-oriented films adversely affects the mind set of children and youngsters. In course of imitating their favourite stars they end up being juvenile delinquent, or indulge in anti-social elements. 3. Stereotypical Image of Woman Barring some good programmes, advertisement and daily soaps portray women in a very bad taste. Women on screen, when used as sex symbol the mindset of the people gets affected and treat women in the same way in real life as well. 4. Sensationalizing Events Due to cut throat competition amongst the news channels and newspapers, they tend to sensationalize events to grab audience or readers attention and increase their viewership or readership. Paparazzi become the vital part of our culture affecting the privacy of members of society. 5. Defining Beauty and Richness Media has created an illusion of fantasy world amongst its viewers. Fairness and slimness of girls are the only parameters of their beauty. Larger than life houses and lifestyles create wrong perception of happiness in the minds of young generation who tend to dream of such life. What is film editing and the editing process? The art of film has many individual artists working together to create the final piece of art, the finished motion picture. Film editing is crucial within the filmmaking process, as it can make or break a feature film. It is the step of transforming the raw footage into film footage with a logical sequence. The film editor selects and edits shots to combine them into scenes and sequences, using various editing techniques and making editing decisions in line with creative instructions and the director’s vision. Film editing as an art form is unique to cinema, though it’s comparable to literary editing, where an editor might work by themselves or with the author to transform a manuscript or first draft into a finished version of prose or poetry. The work of the film editor is known as “invisible art”—although the editing style is a storytelling device that will shape the film, skilful or artful editing can contribute to the immersive experience of film during which individual edits or editing itself go unnoticed by viewers. To draw the comparison with literature again: when engrossed in a novel, readers will follow the story and not pay attention to style or literary and editing techniques. The individual project will determine the different types of film editing work necessary. A film editor working on a documentary, for example, might cut back and forth between interviewer and interviewee and select b-roll footage to add in between. The editing process for a feature film can be more creative than working on a TV series with tight deadlines and a fixed episode length. Video editing in advertising can also be more technical because of a brief or edit decision list. What is film editing? The term film editing refers to the editing process during post- production in filmmaking where the film editor selects film footage from the raw footage to assemble sequences of shots into a finished motion picture, according to an edit decision list or the director’s vision. Film editing is both an art and a skill which involves editing techniques and creativity to craft a cohesive story. The editing process used to involve the splicing of film as a physical medium, but today relies heavily on digital technology and video editing. Film editing as a job The film editing process falls to the film editor, also called the video editor in video production. How much creative license the editor actually has depends on the individual production. The film director might even edit themselves, especially for short films, or assist in the process to realize the director’s vision. Film editing tasks can include: Reviewing materials such as script, shot list, and footage outline, and discussing them with the film director. Sorting the raw footage to select film footage for post-production, an assembly cut, or a rough cut. Synchronizing uncut film footage with sound. Collaborating on film audio with sound editing, sound effect editors, and musical directors. Preparing a first cut, rough cuts, and fine cuts for review. Working on notes to refine a rough cut. Potential collaboration with other film editors on the same project to split the workload. Versatile film editors require technical and creative skills, such as the ability to use digital technology and film editing software, knowledge of film theory and editing techniques to make informed edits, good communication and collaboration skills, as well as a knack for organization and time management in high-pressure environments. If you want to become a film editor, film theory studies at a film school and formal training in film and video editing, videography, and even cinematography will benefit you, same as any film industry work experience. The American Cinema Editors, ACES: The Society of Editing, and the Motion Picture Editors Guild are helpful organizations for aspiring film editors. The median salary for editing professionals is around $60,000 annually or just below $30 per hour. What is a rough cut or final cut? In the editing process, a rough cut or rough edit is the first and still unfinished version, for example, of a motion picture, short film, or television production. It might contain all the crucial pieces or scenes in sequence or in a close-enough order and usually serves to assess the pacing and performances, as well as to determine if any more shots are needed. Filmmakers might show a rough cut to producers or any other test audience to gather input. This version of a film has an unfinished feel to it and might lack visual effects, CGI, a musical score, or even proper sound and dialog. The so-called assembly cut usually precedes the rough cut and is a stitching together of all shots with no or only minimal editing. It might contain alternate takes for the same shot and is usually much longer than the length of the final motion picture. Every editing version before the final cut is technically a rough cut, but filmmakers also speak of a fine cut when the editing process is close to finished. The term final cut refers to the release version of the film or product as it will reach end consumers. Usually, the studio or executive producer has a say over the final cut, but the final cut authority or privilege can also be shared. Where the director has that power, their final cut is the director's cut. Otherwise, that term describes a version of the film which usually sees a limited release after the final version. An extended cut or version commonly refers to a final cut version of the film which hasn't been trimmed or edited for length and therefore contains all the shots from the final cut plus additional scenes. What are some film editing techniques? At its most basic, film editing puts two shots together without a transition in a so-called hard cut. The splicing of two different shots can use transitions for aesthetic reasons or effect, for example, when combining a close-up and a medium shot. The film editor can also use edits as a storytelling device and move forward in time, creating or disrupting the flow or continuity. Certain editing techniques or an editing style can be a conscious decision of the filmmaker and film editor to create a certain look. Jump cuts, for example, have become associated with the Nouvelle Vague, the French New Wave cinema. Below, we’ll summarize some common film editing techniques. Continuity Editing This editing technique ensures that there is continuity between shots, in a sequence of shots, or in a scene. Continuity can affect where characters are within the frame, what they're doing, or how they look. Changes in continuity can make a shot unusable, which happens when takes run over a period or simply on different days. Common continuity errors include wardrobe discrepancies, items jumping around or disappearing, or differences in makeup. Editors can sometimes cut out continuity errors or combine elements of shots to work around a problem, and subtle errors go unnoticed or don't threaten the audience's suspension of disbelief. Discontinuity Editing or Jump Cut The opposite of continuity editing is a stylistic decision that breaks the flow of a sequence or scene on purpose. It is a non-linear editing technique: the film editor jumps forward in time within the same shot, eliminating anywhere from seconds to even minutes of the action to alter the pace or willfully take the audience out of the moment. After the jump, viewers will have to orient themselves and might speculate about what has happened in the time that was left out. The jump cut might also suggest that nothing happened in between and the editing skipped parts of no action. Cross cutting and Parallel Editing Film editors use cross cutting to cut across two or more separate storylines or actions happening at the same time. Cross cutting is effective for building tension, for example, when individual characters are all racing towards the same point and viewers anticipate when they will actually cross. Cross cutting typically applies to shots or scenes that are interconnected. Parallel editing can bring elements together which might share a theme, but are otherwise unrelated. The simple cutting back and forth between the two will have viewers associate them with one another. This technique is not only used in feature films but also in documentaries. Cutaway and Insert A cutaway abruptly moves away from the current action or scene to show something else, whereas an insert is similarly a different shot placed in a scene, after which the original action will resume. Filmmakers and film editors use cutaways and inserts for effect, to give a jump scare, to remind the audience of an element, to deliver a punchline or visual joke, or to delay the resolution of a conflict or detail. Too many of these cuts can create a jagged continuity and lessen the dramatic effect. Establishing Shot A feature film or a scene might begin with an establishing shot to provide context and establish a location or setting. A film editor could cut up this long shot with shots from the scene itself or edit the establishing shot for length. Fade A fade is one of the most common transition effects and the script might reference it. A scene can begin with a fade-in and end with a fade-out to black or white. In a cross-fade, one shot fades out as another fades in. J Cut and L Cut While many film editing techniques are visual, these two types of film editing bring in sound editing as well. In summary, a J cut plays audio before the visual element comes in, therefore before viewers see the source of the audio; an L cut has audio and visual elements change seemingly out of sync, so the audio of one shot might still play while viewers see another shot already. Where do the names come from? Think of the audio and the video timeline in a video editing software. In a J cut, the audio comes in early and before the video, thus faintly resembling the shape of the letter J (since the audio is typically displayed under the video timeline, it would be further left). In an L cut, the audio lags and overlaps with the next shot, thus pointing right like the horizontal part of the letter L. Match Cut With a match cut, a film editor matches one element of a shot with an element in the next shot, which can be similar in shape and size and match the positioning within the frame. One of the most famous examples of this editing technique is the opening sequence of 2001: A Space Odyssey, in which a bone that is thrown up into the air becomes a spaceship. Montage This editing technique combines shots into a sequence that is almost its own story. A montage often condenses time to show the development of a character or plot element, a quick progression of events, or provide a backstory. A creative film editor can assemble a montage to carry an additional layer of meaning, for example through juxtaposition: cross cutting different shots of seemingly unconnected scenes can relate them to one another. Shot Reverse Shot Nearly any film or TV series episode will contain an example of this common film edit, especially when there is a dialog between two or more people. Shot Reverse Shot means you will see an angle followed by its reverse angle, as if the camera rotated roughly 180 degrees between the two shots. Shot Reverse Shot usually alternates over-the-shoulder shots. The editing technique is not reserved for conversations alone but also works well for reactions. Transition and Dissolve As we’ve outlined above, the most basic transition is a hard cut between two shots, but there are countless other more effectual transitions: dissolve, fade, push, pull, or roll are just a few examples which exist as presets in film editing software. Transition effects can build tension and help connect shots when you place them well. How to edit film Let’s recap what we stated in the beginning: within the film production process, film editing is an invisible art that requires both technical and creative skills and knowledge. On the technology side of things, film and TV largely use non-linear digital editing software in post- production which tracks video, sound and sound effects, as well as music on a timeline. Templates, tutorials and how-to video clips can explain the finer points of using editing software to you. If you want to learn and improve film editing technique as a storytelling device, you can gain a lot of theoretical knowledge in film school, through practical work at film production internships, and by studying the work of master film editors such as Thelma Schoonmaker (Raging Bull, The Aviator, The Departed), Walter Murch (Apocalypse Now, American Graffiti, The English Patient), or “film editing doctor” Dede Allen, as well as Anne V. Coates and Verna Fields. The following are four guiding principles with which film editors shape the narrative of a motion picture: Continuity: Edits can make or break the narrative flow between two shots. Executed on purpose, it’s an effective stylistic device, but continuity errors are jarring. During principal photography, the film director has help to ensure continuity, but the editor has to continue that continuity work when making cutting decisions and selecting shots. Pacing: The timing of edits affects not only continuity but also the pace of a film—as a whole, and scene by scene. Slow and long shots can build tension, while a hectic pace can raise the stakes and heighten the excitement of action sequences. Emotion: The pace is just one way to influence the audience with edits. Transitions, well- selected shots, sound effects, and cross-cutting audio and video can alter the experience of viewers and amplify the emotions in a scene or sequence and establish emotional connections. Information: Shots and scenes contain information for the audience which will shape the perception of later events, so by highlighting, preempting, or anticipating what’s about to come, the film editor can influence and control this stream of information and rearrange a linear order for effect. Common film editing tools Here’s an overview of well-known editing software used in post-production: Adobe Premiere Pro: Part of the Adobe Creative Cloud, this editing software allows timeline-based and non-linear video editing and integrates with other Adobe software, such as After Effects, Premiere Rush, Photoshop, and Illustrator. Adobe After Effects: Used in filmmaking and TV production, this software is used for visual effects, motion graphics, compositing, animation, tracking, and even basic non-linear video editing. Avid Media Composer: This proprietary film and video editing software has been on the market for over three decades and can be used as a standalone solution or with external devices. Final Cut Pro: This editing software by Apple has a large user base among small and independent filmmakers and is a major competitor to Avid's software solutions. It runs on Mac and allows for editing, processing, and outputting of media. DaVinci Resolve: This software is available for various operating systems and allows for color grading, color correction, visual effects, as well as audio post-production sound editing. Script Writing Script writing or, more commonly, scriptwriting can be broadly defined as writing the dialogue and relevant directions for a production. As scripts are used for a variety of purposes in several settings, there are specific criteria or formal structures that are often unique to a given type of script. For example, a screenplay for a film might include camera specific terminology---such as pan, zoom or deep focus---that would not appear in the script for a play. Screenplays Screenplays are scripts written specifically to be produced for a visual medium, such as film or television. For the most part, screenplays are fictional in nature and designed to tell a story. Screenplays typically include a variety of information including setting, dialogue, camera instructions and may include editing instructions. It should be noted that most screenplays are not produced as written. The director, production crew and even the actors may all directly or indirectly alter the script during production, reports Screenwriting.info. Playwriting Plays are productions that occur live, on a physical stage rather than the metaphoric stage of film or television. Like a screenplay, a play script includes dialogue and directions. According to Script Frenzy, a play script will include stage and scene instructions, as well as provide character names and descriptions. Audio Drama Scripts for audio dramas share a number of components with screenplays and the scripts for stage plays, often sharing terminology. There tends to much more extensive use of the so- called narrator to provide third person perspective than in other fictional scripts. The dialogue is also different in that it includes more descriptive language about the surroundings to help establish setting, reports crazy Dog Audio Theatre. Instructions lean toward the necessary audio components that need to accompany a given scene and may also give direction to the voice actor about how a line should be delivered. News Scripts While appearing natural on screen, most news anchors are provided with scripts to read via teleprompters. News scripts tend to be bare-bones affairs that provide informational content. The components of the script the anchors do not read aloud generally include directions for the production staff about when to run a clip or to cut to a live anchor in the field. Other Scriptwriting Other types of scriptwriting include producing story/dialogue for video games, education films, online content such as podcasts or marketing materials and even commercials. These scripts tend to follow the same general patterns as plays, audio dramas and screenplays. 8 Types of Scripts (And What Types of Media Require Them) When creating content, you may need to make a guide for what people say and certain actions that the performers or crew can take. A script is a good way to describe the dialogue and physical occurrences in a story and is a useful tool for multiple different mediums. Understanding the various types of scripts and when to use them can help you decide which kind you may want to write. In this article, we explain the purpose of scripts, review what types of media require them, list eight types of scripts and include some tips to help you create your own. What is a script? A script is the written content for a visual story such as a play, television show or movie. While scripts often contain information for performers and crew, such as stage directions and production notes, they primarily focus on the dialogue between characters in the story. You can create a script from an original story or an existing property. What is the purpose of a script? The purpose of a script is to help actors know what to say to portray specific characters correctly. This can help an actor prepare for the role and may allow them to deliver a more engaging performance. Scripts can also help technical crew members track when to perform their duties. For example, a stagehand might refer to a script to know when to trigger a particular special effect and a cinematographer could look at a script to plan specific shots. Some situations, such as in plays or during other types of live events, may require people to memorize their lines in advance, so a script can be an important tool to help professionals prepare. What types of media require a script? Here are a few types of media that may require a script: Film and television Film and television are two ways to tell stories visually and often require a script for the actors and other members of the production crew. While film and television are similar, they have a few key differences. Films usually have a larger budget and tell self-contained stories in around two hours. Television works on a smaller scale and in half-hour or hour-long installments. It may use multiple episodes to tell a longer story. Documentaries While documentaries record real events and often have a less defined script, the people filming a documentary may create a script to help them understand the film or television show's overall narrative. A script for a documentary may focus less on dialogue and more on general situations that the documentarian wants to shoot. For example, if you're making a documentary about shrimp, your script may resemble an outline. It might list the experts you're planning to interview, explain what kind of shrimp footage you want and show the general order in the film. Some documentaries also have scripts for voice-overs that they create after editing the footage. Radio Some types of radio productions and other audio media have scripts to help the performers keep track of what to say. Common radio content that may require a script includes radio plays, educational broadcasts and podcasts. Some live events may also contain moments of brief scripting to save time, convey information or introduce a sponsor. Plays Plays are a type of fictional production that takes place live on a stage. A stage script helps actors prepare for a live performance and often includes stage directions. Actors typically use a script to rehearse and memorize their lines, so they may contain language that's easy for an actor to remember. Video games Many video games contain stories and require scripts for cut scenes and in-game moments. Some genres of video games, such as role-playing games, mysteries or adventures, may contain more detailed scripts than others, such as puzzle games. The format and relevant information of a video game script may rely on the genre and specific type of game. 8 types of scripts Here are eight types of scripts that you can write: 1. Original script Original scripts include those that you create from your own ideas. For example, if you create a story about a magical wizard who turns into an airplane, you can turn that idea into an original script for a stage play. Since the only requirement of an original script is that it doesn't relate to an existing intellectual property, there are original scripts in every different type of medium. 2. Adapted script An adapted script re-imagines an existing story or narrative. You can adapt a script for a different medium, update the time period of a piece or re-create a story in your own personal style. For example, if you want to create a musical version of your favorite book, you could write an adapted script. 3. Screenplay A screenplay is a script meant exclusively for a visual medium, such as film or television. This type of script focuses on visual elements and often includes instructions about what the audience sees, such as character actions, locations and camera angles. Screenplays often use a traditional story structure and usually fall within a set length that depends on their subtype. 4. Storyboard A storyboard is a type of script that uses both writing and images to convey the story. You can create a storyboard by sketching a brief scene, adding the dialogue from that scene, and arranging several of these sketches in a chronological sequence. Professionals often use storyboards for animated productions and may also use them to help them visualize a screenplay before filming. 5. Spec script A spec script, short for speculative script, focuses on an existing property that you don't have official rights to. Script writers use spec scripts to demonstrate their writing ability or try to get hired for particular properties. For example, if you want a job working on your favorite television show, you might write a spec script and send it to the show's head writer. 6. Standalone script A standalone script is a script for a franchise that contains the same characters, world and tone of an existing property. These types of scripts are more common in episodic media, such as TV shows. Production teams may use standalone scripts as backup stories if they experiecne production emergencies. For example, if the head writer of a television series quits, you can produce and film from a standalone script until the show finds a replacement. 7. Pitch script A pitch script allows you to demonstrate to a producer or other professional in your industry what you may do with an existing property. Pitch scripts are different from spec scripts because they usually involve properties you're already involved with or have the rights to. For example, if a movie studio asks you to create a sequel to a popular franchise, you can create a pitch script to show them your basic ideas for the film. 8. Shooting script A shooting script is a collection of directions that helps a film or television program understand which scenes to shoot and in what order. They can also include other important information, such as important props, essential camera shots, chronology of the scene and location. Shooting scripts don't contain any dialogue. Instead, they provide instructions for a production team to follow. Here are some suggestions that may help you when writing a script: Choose your medium The medium and format of a story can affect how you structure your narrative. For example, a script for a movie is often self-contained, while you can create a story for a television series that lasts several episodes. Consider researching the common traits of the various types of scripts and choose a structure that works best for your narrative. Research Researching your script can help you learn about important details that may relate to your story and may allow you to create a more realistic or engaging narrative. If your script focuses on a particular subject, activity or event, you can perform research to ensure your script contains accurate details. You can also research common script formatting techniques or best practices within your medium to help you make a quality script of your chosen type. Create an outline Scripts often detail the particular dialogue and actions of characters throughout a story. Creating an outline before writing a script can help you decide the general story arc and may improve the consistency of your plot. Consider outlining the key locations, characters and plot points of your script before you start writing to give yourself a basic guide about the story you want to tell. SCREENPLAY FORMAT: 6 ELEMENTS YOU HAVE TO GET RIGHT Whether you're an aspiring writer or a seasoned vet, knowing the industry-standard feature screenplay format is essential. Reading a screenplay is not like reading a book, where you just read from left to right, top to bottom. Being able to know where scenes take place, which characters are speaking, how they're speaking, and what's going on around them is key for reading scripts, which means that your screenplay format becomes uniquely important to anyone who reads your work — especially agents, managers, executives, and other industry pros that can help launch your career. Here are six screenplay format elements you really have to get right if you want to avoid getting your masterpiece thrown in the trash. The Scene Heading Action Characters Parentheticals Dialogue Transition Why Are There Such Strict Rules for Screenplay Format? If you are writing a feature film script that you want a professional producer or development executive to take seriously, then you need to be writing in the Master Scene Format. THE SCENE HEADING The first formatting element is the scene heading – also dubbed the slug line. Screenplays written in the master scene format are broken into scenes, not cuts. The scene headings are written in all caps and INT or EXT for Interior or exterior. This is followed by the name of the location and a designation of day or night. ACTION The next element is action. This should describe action that can be seen or heard. Sounds Effects that are important to the story but are heard off-screen need to be in ALL-CAPS CHARACTERS Next, we have Character name. This has its own line in ALL caps. A character who is off- screen or speaking in voiceover should be designated by O.S. or V.O. PARENTHETICALS Parentheticals provide context or instruction for the dialogue delivery. These should be used sparingly so as not to reduce the readability of the script. DIALOGUE Next, dialogue blocks are offset from everything else and centered on the page. Parallel dialogue (overlapping dialogue) is written in side-by-side blocks. TRANSITION The final element is the scene transition. These should be used sparingly as well. Readability is key! Additionally, there must be a 1.5-inch left margin with a 1-inch top and bottom margin, and the dialogue blocks 3.7 inches from the left side of the page. The easiest way to conform to industry-standard format is to use screenwriting software, like Final Draft. WHY ARE THERE SUCH STRICT RULES FOR SCREENPLAY FORMAT? There are reasons -- generally, 1 page of screenplay will result in 1 minute of screentime, so a 120-page script that is correctly formatted should translate into a 2-hour film. A screenplay is a document to sell a story to potential collaborators - including a director, producer, financier, actor, etc. One of the easiest ways to tell an amateur screenwriter is non- standard formatting right off the bat. So take the time to make sure your screenplay is in the correct format!

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