Corrected Notes On Grammar and Linguistic Concepts PDF

Corrected Notes on Grammar and Linguistic Concepts Corrected Notes # The Conditional and Inversions Example: - If I had been there, I would have said something -> Had I been there, I would have said something ## Concepts to Differentiate: ### Past Perfect: This tense is used to describe an ac...

Corrected Notes on Grammar and Linguistic Concepts Corrected Notes # The Conditional and Inversions Example: - If I had been there, I would have said something -> Had I been there, I would have said something ## Concepts to Differentiate: ### Past Perfect: This tense is used to describe an action completed in the past before another action or moment in the past. It requires "had" before the verb. ### Past Participle: This is the third form of verbs, used to form perfect tenses and the passive voice. # Inversions Inversions are used to create emphasis or stylistic effects, often in formal writing. The structure resembles question forms, where the auxiliary verb precedes the subject. Examples: - Should I // Can I  Corrected Notes on Grammar and Linguistic Concepts Common Adverbs to Introduce Inversions: - Never - Seldom - Hardly - Not only - Not until - Little # Unreal Conditions and Subjects ### Second Conditional: Structure: If + {Past Continuous // Past Simple} + {Would // Could // Might} + Infinitive without "to". Example: - If I studied more, I'd get better marks. ### Third Conditional: Structure: If + {Past Perfect} + {Would // Could // Might} + Have + Past Participle. Example: - If I had been there, I would have gone to the concert last night. ### Mixed Conditional: Examples: - If I liked jazz, I would have gone to the concert last night. - If I had studied more, I'd get better results.  Corrected Notes on Grammar and Linguistic Concepts ### Were To: Example: - If I were to study more, I'd get better results. ### Inversion: Example: - Were I to study more, I'd get better results. # The Subjunctive and Unreal Past Tenses Used to describe hypothetical or unreal actions or situations. ### Present: To describe hypothetical scenarios in the present, use past tense. Examples: - If these shoes were cheaper, I'd buy them. - It's time you started revising for your exams. ### Past: To describe unreal situations in the past, use past perfect. Example: - I wish you had told me you needed help earlier.  Corrected Notes on Grammar and Linguistic Concepts Common Phrases to Introduce the Subjunctive: - If only: "If only I had more time." - Wish: "I wish I had more money." - It's time // It's high time: "It's high time you started doing your own laundry." # Participle Clauses Participle clauses add emphasis and reduce repetition, often used in academic or creative writing. Example: - Because I'm English, I do it naturally -> Being English, I do it naturally. ### Present Participle Clauses (Active Voice): Examples: - People living in this era have very different lives from previous generations. - I saw the man crossing the road. ### Past Participle Clauses (Passive Voice): Examples: - The book written by Darwin was considered heretical. - The towns connected by a bridge are popular tourist destinations. # Word Formation  Corrected Notes on Grammar and Linguistic Concepts ### Suffix: - Adjective to noun: Happy -> Happiness - Verb to noun: Develop -> Development ### Prefix: - Unhappy - Impossible ### Internal Changes: - Vowel changes: Strong -> Strength - Consonant changes: Advise (verb) -> Advice (noun) ### Compound Words: - Hand + made -> Handmade ### Zero Derivation: When a word changes its grammatical function without changing its form. Example: - To access (verb) = Access (noun) ### Irregular Forms: - Child -> Children - Go -> Went