General English BALLB First Semester PDF

# Pronoun ## Defination of Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, in order to avoid repetition. **For example:** - Rohan is a good boy. - Rohan plays football. - Rohan loves Rohan's parents. - Rohan's parents love Rohan. ## Types of Pronoun There are 9 types of pronoun: - Person...

# Pronoun ## Defination of Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, in order to avoid repetition. **For example:** - Rohan is a good boy. - Rohan plays football. - Rohan loves Rohan's parents. - Rohan's parents love Rohan. ## Types of Pronoun There are 9 types of pronoun: - Personal Pronoun - Reflexive Pronoun - Emphatic Pronoun - Demonstrative Pronoun - Indefinite Pronoun - Interrogative Pronoun - Distributive Pronoun - Reciprocal Pronoun - Relative Pronoun ### Personal Pronoun Personal pronouns are words that act as the subject or object in a sentence. The pronouns stands for the three person: 1. First person 2. Second person 3. Third person The personal pronoun have number i.e. singular & plural, gender - masculine, feminine, neutes. | Subjective | Singular | Plural | Objective | |---|---|---|---| | First Person | I | We | Me | | Second Person | You | You | You | | Third Person | He-masculine | They | Him | | | She–feminine | They | Her | | | It–neutes | They | It | **Example:** - I met Rohan. - Rohan met me. - He was waiting for me. ### Reflexive Pronoun Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that are used to refer back to the subject in the sentence. **Example:** - myself, yourself, themselves, itself. ### Emphatic Pronoun Emphatic pronouns are compound personal pronouns such as himself', 'myself' & "yourself used for emphatics. **Example:** - I will build the house myself. ### Demonstrative Pronoun These are used to point to something specific within a sentence. There are only four demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those. But the usage can be a bit tricky at times. **Example:** - I prefer this. - These are beautiful, but those belong to Danny. ### Indefinite Pronoun Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any particular person, place, or thing. **Example:** - someone, somebody, everything, each, none, few, anywhere ### Interrogative Pronoun Interrogative pronouns are pronouns that are used to ask questions. **Example:** - which, that, whom, who, who's, whoever, whichever. ### Distributive Pronoun A pronoun which refers to persons or things one at a time. For this reason, they are always singular and as such followed by the verb in the Singular. **Example:** - Either of you can go. - Neither of accusations is true. ### Reciprocal Pronoun Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns that are used to express a mutual relationship. **Example:** - each other & one another. # Adjective ## Definition of Adjective An adjective is a word that describes people or things. An adjective describes nouns. **Examples:** - a big man. - Twenty pens. - Every question, etc. ## Kinds of Adjectives - Adjectives of Quality - Adjective of Quantity - Adjective of Number - Demonstrative Adjective - Possessive Adjective ### Adjective of Quality These adjectives tell us about the colour, shape, size, condition, quality, material, etc. of a noun. **Example:** - A red scarf, - A sick boy, - A fat girl, etc. ### Adjective of Quantity These adjectives indicate the amount or how much of a thing is meant. **Example:** - Many Vegetables, - Much noise, - Little milk, etc. ### Adjective of Number These adjectives state how many persons or things are meant. **Example:** - Seven apples, - Third day, - Two times, etc. ### Demonstrative Adjective These adjectives are words which point out to the exact noun we wish to refer to. This, that, these, those are Demonstrative adjectives. **Example:** - This bat, - That flower, - These Boys, - Those bicycles, etc. ### Possessive Adjective A possessive is a word that shows that a certain thing or person belongs to somebody or something. **Example:** - She must do her duty. - This is his house. ## Degrees of Comparison - Positive degree - Comparative degree. - Superlative degree. # Verb ## Definition of Verbs A verb is a word that denotes an action or being or possession. **Examples:** - She put the cups on the slab. - That river is quite shallow. - A nightingale has a sweet voice. ## There are two types of verbs: - Main Verbs - Auxiliary Verbs ### Main Verbs They can occur independently or in combination with an auxiliary verb. **Example:** - work, swim, etc. ### Auxiliary Verbs They are small in group. **Example:** - be (is, are, am, was, were), ('have, has, had), (do, does, did) etc. ## Kinds of Verbs - Transitive - Intransitive - Linking Verbs ### Transitive Verbs The verbs which require an object to make complete sense. Such verbs are called Transitive verbs. **Example:** - The king slapped his son. - She threw the pen away. ### Intransitive Verbs The verbs which do not require an object to make sense but make complete sense by itself is called an Intransitive verb. **Example:** - The butterfly flew away. - She kneeled to pray. ### Linking Verbs Verbs that complement are called linking verbs. These verbs are also called verbs of incomplete predication or incomplete verbs. **Example:** - We all felt sad at the bad news. - That fish smells bad. # Adverb ## Definition of Adverb An adverb is a word that tells us more about a VERB, an ADJECTIVE or another ADVERB. ## Kinds of Adverb - Adverb of Manner - Adverb of place, - Adverb of time, - Adverb of Degree, - Adverb of Frequency, - Adverb of Manner, - Adverb of Place, - Adverb of Time, - Adverb of Degree, - Adverb of Frequency. ### Adverb of Manner It tells us about how something happens. **Example:** - The moon shines brightly. - The Captain fought bravely. ### Adverb of Place It tells us about where something happens. **Example:** - Go and stand there. - The birds flew away. ### Adverb of Time It tells us about WHEN something happens. **Example:** - He arrived late. - I get up early. ### Adverb of Degree It tells us about the extent/intensity to which something happens. **Example:** - He is rather dull. - The cup is nearly full. ### Adverb of Frequency It tells us how often an action takes place. **Example:** - She often visits us. - I called at your home twice. # Prepositions ## Definition of prepositions A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun to show place, position, or time. ### Simple prepositions at, for, to, up, by, near, from, with, about, above, across, except, under, after, against, through, over, since, during, till, until, etc. ### Complex prepositions along, with, because of, as for, in addition to, in view of, due to, in front of, in search of, on behalf of, out of, into. ### Prepositions of place and direction Between, among, in front of, behind, beside, near, along, through, toward, towards, from ### Prepositions of time and date at, on, in, by, from, to, till, until, during, for, since, within, before, after. **IN** - When we speak about things at rest, we use in. **Example:** - The money is in my pocket. **INTO** - When we speak about things in motion, we use into. **Example:** - The lion jumped into the well. **ON** - When we talk about an object at rest, we use on. **Example:** - Apples are on the table. **UPON** - When we speak of things in motion, we use upon. **Example:** - The lion sprang upon the deer. # Conjunctions ## Definition of Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that link words, groups of words or sentences. ## Kinds of Conjunctions - Coordinating Conjunctions - Correlative Conjunctions - Subordinating Conjunctions ### Coordinating Conjunctions A conjunction used to join two independent statements of equal importance is called a Coordinating Conjunction. **Examples:** - and, or, but, and so. ### Correlative Conjunctions These conjunctions are always used in pairs. **Examples:** - both - and - either - or - neither - nor - not only - but also - though - yet - so - that - hardly - when ### Subordinating Conjunctions They join a subordinate clause to a principal clause and help in the formation of complex sentences. **Examples:** - He left the room as you entered.