Introduction to English Language Systems PDF

Introduction to English Language Systems LESSON 1: INTRO TO LINGUISTICS 4. Mutability: All languages change over time - new words like bitcoin, twerk, selfie, defriend, geeker...

Introduction to English Language Systems LESSON 1: INTRO TO LINGUISTICS 4. Mutability: All languages change over time - new words like bitcoin, twerk, selfie, defriend, geekery WHAT IS LINGUISTICS? - no language is superior that the other It observes language in action that is used to determine how language has developed and how it is used and 5. Inaccessibility Grammatical knowledge is subconscious how it currently evolves (G. Duffy) - hunted (id) vs slipped (t) vs buzzed (d) Linguistic deals with the nature of human language, how they learn it and what are its functions in the life of Verbrification / Denominalization humans and their communities (S.Pit Corder). - Verbs are derived from nouns to show a more dynamic Linguistics tries to explain hat languages is and how it expression of an action works (Jean Aitchiso). It is the scientific study of human language (Fromkin) Verbs can be formed from nouns! 1. We techno'd the night away. CORE AREAS OF LINGUISTICS 2. We Harleyed to Oregon 3. You should band-aid that cut 1. Phonetics and Phonology - the study of speech sounds and the 4. He Lebron'd his way to the basket systems for combining them 5. We'll have to Ajax the sink 2. Syntax - the study of grammar and structure of a language 6. Let's carton the eggs 3. Semantics this is the study of meaning 4. Sociolinguistics - this is the study of how social factors relate to the variety of language and change LESSON 2: PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY 5. Psycholinguistics - the study of how the human mind learns and processed language. What is Phonetics? CONCEPTS OF GRAMMAR PHONETICS, the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities. It deals with the configurations 1. Generality: All languages have a grammar of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (Articulatory e.g. Walpiri (an indigenous language of Australia) Phonetics)the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic claimed by others to have 'no grammar' but it actually phonetics, and the manner of combining sounds so as to make has. syllables, words, and sentences (linguistic phonetics). (Ladeoged, 2024) The two dogs see several kangaroos Acoustic phonetics: covers the physical properties of Can be reordered in Walpiri grammar since it does not the sounds of language restrict the order of words the way the English grammar Auditory phonetics: Focuses on how listeners receive does. the sounds of language Articulatory phonetics: Focuses on how the speech In English, we place 'two dogs' in front of the verb and organ produces the sounds of language 'several kangaroos' after it 2. Parity: All grammars are equal INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET - there is no such thing as primitive grammar is a standard guide created by the International Phonetic - there is not bad or good grammar Association - descriptive (how's) vs. prescriptive grammar It is composed of a notation system that contains symbols that represent each sound that are used in 3. Universality: All grammars are alike in basic ways human spoken language. - All languages have small set of contrastive sounds (eg. t The symbols are useful in any language anywhere in the vs d) world. - All languages have more consonant sounds than vowel It was created back in 1886 and has been updated in sounds 2005. - All languages with a d sound more certainly have t IPA has a chart that contains 107 letters, 52 diacritics, sound as well and four prosodic marks - All languages have a vowel that sounds like the ah if far Following shows a portion of those marks. Universal constraints on how the words are put together Ned lost his wallet. (equivalent) Segments - individual speech sounds (‘phones’) He lost Ned's wallet. - Some languages like English place question words in Sound-producing system the beginning of sentences vs. other languages like Mandarin Lungs - provides of air supply (intercostals and diaphragm)  Introduction to English Language Systems Larynx - sound source /ʊ/-put Vocal cords/folds - sets of muscles in the larynx Vocal tract - the filters or the passages above the larynx Long vowels sounds in IPA: Pharynx - tube of the throat between the larynx and the /i:/-week oral cavity /ɑ:/-hard Oral cavity /ɔ:/-fork Nasal cavity /ɜ:/-heard /u:/-boot SOUND-PRODUCING SYSTEM Vowels are sonorous (longer and lasting) than consonants Syllabic vs Non-syllabic sounds - Syllables- peak of sonority - Vowel is the nucleus (peak) of the syllable - Although certain types of consonants form a syllabic nuclei, too Therefore: Vowels are syllabic since they are produced with relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract and are more sonorous Consonants are non-syllabic are produced by complete closure or narrowing of the vocal tract and are less sonorous Glides - Shows properties of both vowels or consonants - Moves quickly to another articulation like: see you later who would do that Places of articulation VOICED VS. VOICELESS VOICELESS no vibration i n the ocal chords eg. fish, sing, house VOICED vibrations happen eg. disgusting Articulatory Difference of Vowels vs. Consonants Consonants either voiced like: b, d, g, j, l, m, n, ng, r, sz, th (as in the word "then"), v, w, y, and z Or voiceless like: p, t, c (k, q), f, h, s, and x Vowels are usually voiced (little obstruction; tip of the tongue - Labial (lips), bilabials (two lips as in peer, bin, month), stays by the lower front teeth) labiodentals (lips and front teeth as in fire, vow) - Dental (tongue is against or near the teeth); Interdental Short vowels sounds in IPA: (tongue is placed between the teeth as in this, thing) /ɪ/-pit /e/-pet /ɒ/-dog - Alveolar (tongue may touch or be brought near the /æ/-pat /ə/-about ridge as in deer, soop, zip, lip, neck, top) /ʌ/-cut  Introduction to English Language Systems - Alveopalatal and Palatal- alveopalatal consonants (show, measure, chip, judge) - Velar- call, guy, hang - Uvular - Pharyngeal- not found in English but present Arabic dialects - Glottals- heave, hog Manners of articulation Oral vs. nasal phones Stops complete closure in the oral cavity or glottis - bilabial, dental, alveolar, etc Fricatives consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth (continuants) Affricates some non-continuant consonants show a slow or delayed release of closure, only two affricates in English (jump, church) Stridents (sibilants) noisier fricatives and affricates (vs. non-stridents which are quieter like soft-th and hard-th) Voice lag and aspiration small raised [h] at the aspirated consonant. sounds that have aspirated or unaspirated varieties are all voiceless stops Liquids- l (laterals- generally voiced) and r (retroflex r); falp is commonly identified with r when the tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across it as in bitter and butter in North America English and in the British pronunciation of very. Syllabic liquids and nasals Glides- [j] in yes and boy; [w] in wet and now Vowels- either simple vowels as in pit, set, cat, dog, but, put or diphthong Tense vowels- produced with greater vocal tract constriction Lax vowels- roughly the same tongue position but with a less constricted articulation Schwa (reduced vowel) Suprasegmentals Tone-differences in pitch Transcribing English consonants Intonation-pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related to differences in word meaning Terminal/contour falling intonation at the end of an utterance  Introduction to English Language Systems Non-terminal-rising or level intonation which typical outcome of reduction is a schwa and often signals incompleteness, in questions, they happens usually in a pair of related words with indicate that a conversational exchange is not yet different stress placements such as the vowel /ae/ finished is stressed in Canada but schwa when unstressed Length many languages have vowels and in Canadian consonants whose articulation take longer than Phonology others; [:] in IPA style Phoneme Stress prominence of syllables, combined effects Morpheme of pitch, loudness.and length Allophone Speech productions Coarticulation LESSON 3: MORPHOLOGY more than one articular is active Processes Dictionaries articulatory adjustments that occur during the - dictionaries of English nearly contain 500,00 production of connected speech entries, but most speakers don’t know all of those Assimilation number of different processes words Nasalization - it is being developed and updated over and over nasality is marked by a tilde [~]; either regressive again or progressive assimilation Flapping process in which a dental or alveolar stop Content words articulation changes to a flap [r] articulation; /t/ - sometimes called as open class words and and /d/ when they appear between vowels in English; alveolar flap is always voiced lexical category Dissimilation - possess conceptual meaning results in two sounds becoming less alike in - noun, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs articulatory or acoustic terms as in word ending with three fricatives such as fifths. Function words Deletion - sometimes called as close class words and process that removes a segment from certain grammatical category phonetic contexts; schwa is deleted when the next - convey grammatical relations vowel in the word is stressed; usually happens in everyday rapid speech; some speakers delete soft - determiners/ articles, conjunctions, prepositions, /th/ in the final consonant cluster as in fifths; /f/ pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and and soft /th/ are sometimes deleted resulting to question words /fIs/ Epenthesis inserts a syllabic or a non-syllabic segment Example: The sly brown fox jumped gracefully over the within an existing string of segments like warmth lazy dog and cat. and something in which /p/ is inserted between /m/ and soft /th/ in casual speech; vowels may Content words Function words also inserted epenthesis tically like tiren from train (source language) in Turkish language fox, dog, and cat the (determiner) Metathesis (nouns) reorders sequence of segments that results to sequence of phones that is easier to articulate sly, brown, and lazy over (preposition) (adjectives) such as sphagetti as pesghetti among English-speaking children (spa is metathesized gracefully (adverb) and (conjunction) into pas), ask as ak Vowel reduction jumped (main verb) the articulation of vowels may move to a central position when the vowels are unstressed; the  Introduction to English Language Systems Morphemes - attached to a base morpheme both initially and finally - smallest meaningful unit of language - exists in German language - ge + lieb (love) + t = geliebt (lived or beloved) - the linguistic term for the most elemental unit of Morphology grammatical form - derived from the Greek word, morphe, meaning word Chomsky + ite + s noun + suffix + suffix “form” root believe verb Morphology stem believe + able verb + suffix - the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed word un + believe + able prefix + verb + suffix - studies how words are formed and how the root system noun morphemes behave stem system + atic noun + suffix stem un + system + atic prefix + noun + suffix stem un + system + atic + al prefix + noun + suffix + suffix word un + system + atic + al + ly prefix + noun + suffix + suffix + suffix Bound roots - also known as bound morphemes - receive, conceive, perceive, and deceive share a common root, which is -ceive Discreteness of Morphemes - - an important part of linguistic creativity Rules of Word Formation - combining morphemes not only create new words, but Derivational Morphology also change the lexical category - when they are added to a base, a new word with a new Free morphemes meaning is derived - sometimes called as root morphemes - pure (adj.) + ify (verb) - base or root words - purify (verb) + cation (noun) - they have a meaning of their own Bound morphemes such as -ify, -cation, and -arian are called - boy, desire, and gentle derivational morphemes. Bound morphemes - depend on free morphemes Noun to Adjective Adjective to Noun - always part of words boy + -ish tall + -ness virtu + -ous specific + -ity - affixes affection + -ate free + -dom Prefixes Verb to Noun Noun to Verb - occurs before the morpheme clear + -ance moral + -ize - un- and, pre- accus + -ation vaccin + -ate predict + -ion be + friend Suffixes - occurs after the morpheme Adjective to Verb Verb to Adjective en- + large read + -able - -ing and -ed en- + dear creat + -ive en- + rich migrat + -ory Infix - inserted in the middle of a word Noun to Adverb home + -ward - the um in “kumain” side + -ways length + -wise Circumfixes  Introduction to English Language Systems - affix before the root word Inflectional Morphology PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES - never change the grammatical category of the stem to which they are attached anti- against, opposed anti-racist, anti-war - -s, -es, and -ed auto- self autobiography, automobile The sail in the following sentences: co- together collaborate, cooperate I sail the ocean blue. He sails the ocean blue. de- opposite, negative decompose, deject, demote John sailed the ocean blue. John has sailed the ocean blue. dis- opposite, negative disapprove, dismissed John is sailing the ocean blue. down- reduce, lower downgrade, downhearted The Hierarchical Structure of Words - has an internal structure en- cause to be enforce, enable - the hierarchical of words can be represented using tree ex- former, previous, expose, extract, diagrams remove ex-marine extra- outside, beyond extraterrestrial, extraordinary Suffix - affix after the root word - an inflectional suffix is sometimes called “desinence” SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES -age amount of time, baggage, village period place Rule Productivity Some morphological processes, inflection in particular, are -al having arrival, deferral productive, meaning that they can be used freely to form new -able sense of being capable, adaptable, words from the list of free and bound morphemes. punishable -ance/-ence quality of / state of deference, defiance Lexical Gap - also called accidental gaps -dom state, condition boredom, freedom - conform to the rules of word formation but are not truly -ee receiver, performer employee, trainee part of the vocabulary - well-formed but non-existing words -hood particular condition, livelihood, brotherhood nature Morphological Processes -er agent teacher, manager - involves changing of stems to adjust their meaning and -ful characterized by respectful, beautiful fit the systematic context Affixation Infixes - a bound morpheme that is fused to a word stem to form - free morphemes that are inserted a new word within the root Prefix WORD INFIXES  Introduction to English Language Systems spoonful spoonsful passerby passersby Reduplication - all or part of the base is repeated as a prefix mother-in-law mothers-in-law or suffix runner-up runners-up Repetition: repeating the word Circumfixes so-so bling-bling - affixes attached in two parts to the roots bye-bye knock-knock goody-goody night-night WORD CIRCUMFIXES Rhyming: rhyming the two halves of the new word enlighten en, en nitty-gritty willy-nilly embolden em, en hanky-panky hodge-podge inadvisably in, ably abra-cadabra chick-flick indifferently in, ly teeny-weeny hocus-pocus illegality il, ty jeepers-creepers lovey-dovey immobility im, ty mumbo-jumbo topsy-turvy immaturity im, ty walkie-talkie Modification - alteration within a root or stem to adjust to a Ablaut grammatical requirement of the word - shifting the vowel which changes the word calf calves leaf leaves - shows a “to and fro” motion or a knife knives loaf loaves shifting state from one form to another Consonant Modification pitter-patter ping–pong mish-mash - changing of the consonant - from noun to verb riff-raff sing-song see-saw advice advise belief believe flim-flam zig-zag tick-tock grief grieve proof prove hip-hop okey-dokey ding-dong crisscross knick-knack flip-flop Vowel Modification - changing of the vowel Word Formation Process - changing of the tense (present, - means of creating new words which observe certain past, past participle) structural formulas and semantic configurations begin began ring rang speak spoke tooth teeth Derivation  Introduction to English Language Systems - process of forming words by adding Clipping derivational affixes to the base or root word - an existing word is reduced or shortened usually to a single syllable without changing the meaning of the word -hood status brotherhood, alligator gator gasoline gas motherhood gymnasium gym influenza flu -ship state friendship, ownership memorandum memo inquisitive quiz -ness quality, state, condition wildness, omnibus bus information info carelessness -ment result or product of doing government, Coinage the action achievement - created through brand names of the items -al act of something refusal, perusal that people usually use until it becomes a generic name -er agentive teacher, walker Aspirin Escalator Heroin Band-aid - Derivation produces new words having Factoid Frisbee Kerosene Kleenex similar grammatical form, such as noun to noun or verb to noun Laundromat Linoleum Muggle Nylon verb to verb appear disappear Psychedelic Quark Xerox Zipper noun to noun friend friendship Blending adj to adj practical impractical - blend of two or more words to generate a new one verb to noun preserve preservation slithy lithe + slimy adj to adv quick quickly simulcast simultaneous + broadcast Back Formation galumph gallop + triumph - opposite of word derivation - new lexemes are created by removing telethon telephone + marathon affixes and shortening some words prissy prim + sissy Original Word Back Formation flare flame + flare babysitter babysit biopic biographical + picture donation donate Compounding gambler gamble - combination of two or more lexemes hazy haze - may be written as two words joined by a hyphen or one word moonlighter moonlight obsessive obsess notebook note + book noun to noun resurrection resurrect breastfeed breast + feed noun to verb procession process bittersweet bitter +sweet adj. + adj. sassy sass  Introduction to English Language Systems stir-fry stir + fry Google to Google fool to fool The head of compound carries its core and basic meaning: access to access Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bittersweet smartwatch whitewash Examples: My friend bottled (v) the soda and canned (v) the Noun headstrong homework spoonfeed sardines. Verb feel-good pickpocket sleepwalk Billy filled the soda in a bottle (n) and the sardines in a can (n). Preposition overeager outpatient undergo He microwaved (v) his dinner by heating his food in the microwave (n). In English, the rightmost word in a compound is the My mother eyed (v) my swollen eye (n). head of compound. The head is the part of a word or Conversion also occurs to and form other grammatical forms. phrase that determines its broad meaning and grammatical category. green to green adj. to v. We need to green our environment. First example, the head of the compound word smartwatch is watch. Because it refers to what kind of Everybody experiences the watch it is and smartwatch is a noun. up and down prep. to n. ups and downs of life. Second example, the head of the compound word of if, and but conj. to n. No ifs and buts. sleepwalk is walk. Therefore the meaning of this word is what kind of walk it is, and sleepwalk is a verb. interjection to n. Who doesn't love the ho ho ho ho ho hos of Christmas. Some compounds are “unheaded” which the rightmost Acronymy member does not determine its core meaning. - initials Flatfoot is an example of unheaded, it is not a kind of foot but is a slang term for policeman. Radar Radio Detection and Ranging Examples: Scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus walkman walkmen walkmans Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation sabertooth saberteeth sabertooths lowlife lowlives lowlifes Acronyms have evolved to pseudonyms. CQ seek-you Universality of Compounding Compounding is a common and frequent process for IOU I owe you enlarging the vocabulary of all languages. K9 canine The word watch refers to “watch over.” Meanwhile, in Thai, the word “cat” is called meew. So, the compound Q8 Kuwait word “watch cat” has the same definition as the Du30 Duterte compound word “watch dog.” Eponyms Conversion - created from the names of real or fictitious - forming of new lexemes merely by shifting characters the word without adding affixes atlas Atlas bottle to bottle boycott Charles C. Boycott  Introduction to English Language Systems cardigan Hames Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan witch-craftical the practices of a witch cereal Ceres Malapropisms jacuzzi Candido Jacuzzi - confusion of a word through narcissistic Narcissus misinterpretation that associate with a nicotine Jean Nicot humorous effect pasteurization Louis Pasteur Borrowing - also called loan words Italian balcony, opera, violin, spaghetti. macaroni Chinese ketchup, dimsum, laisee German iceberg, kindergarten, hamburger, pretzel NOTES FOR IPA Japanese sushi, karaoke, tycoon, karate, soy, tsunami Types of Consonants French croissant, macaroni, resume, mayonnaise, coup d’etat voiceless Filipino estafa, sari-sari, high-blood, carnap, gimmick, mani-pedi - no vibration Calquing - vocal folds separated - also called loan translation voiced - closed to borrowing but the borrowed word - has vibration is translated from the original to another - vocal folds tightly closed language that fits the characteristics of the new word blue-blood sangre azul Spanish free-verse vers libre French pineapple pijnappel Dutch scapegoat ez ozel Hebrew wisdom tooth dens sapientiae Latin Nonce Words - new words created for the nonce or single occasion Consonants in American English Places of Articulation cotton-wool the stuff or close (the ears) with bilabial - two lips cotton-wool /p/ jabberwock the name of the fabulous monster /b/ in Lewis Caroll’s poem Jabberwocky. /m/ labiodental - lip and teeth nonsensical behavior or topsy-turvy /f/ twi-thought an indistinct or vague thought /v/  Introduction to English Language Systems interdental - between teeth - voiceless bilabial stop /θ/ /b/ /ð/ - voiced bilabial stop alveolar - ridge /t/ /t/ - voiceless alveolar stop /d/ /d/ /s/ - voiced alveolar stop /z/ /k/ /n/ - voiceless velar stop /l/ /g/ alveopalatal or post-alveolar - behind ridge - voiced velar stop /ʃ/ /ʔ/ /tʃ/ - called as glottal stop /ʒ/ - the sound in the middle “uh-oh” /dʒ/ palatal - hard palate Fricatives - airflow is continuous and turbulent /j/ /f/ velar - soft palate - voiceless labiodental fricative /k/ /v/ /g/ - voiced labiodental fricative /ŋ/ /θ/ /w/ (labialized velar) - called as “theta” glottal - vocal folds - voiceless interdental fricative /h/ - the first sound in “think” /ð/ - th + d - voiced interdental fricative - the first sound in “this” and “that” /s/ - voiceless alveolar fricative /z/ - voiced alveolar fricative /ʃ/ - voiceless alveopalatal fricative - the first sound in “ship” Manners of Articulation /ʒ/ Stops - voiced alveopalatal fricative - also known as plosives - the sound in “treasure” and - airflow in the oral cavity is stopped “measure” /h/ /p/ - voiceless glottal fricative  Introduction to English Language Systems Liquids Affricates - continuous airflow without - combination of stop and fricative turbulence - stops immediately followed by a fricative ○ /l/ /tʃ/ - lateral approximant, - voiceless alveopalatal affricate with the air flowing out - the sound in “chip” on either side of the /dʒ/ tongue - voiced alveopalatal affricate - voiced alveolar liquid - the first and last sound in “judge” Two types of /l/ dark /ɫ/ Nasals - velum lowered and air goes through the - tongue is nasal cavity positioned /m/ further back in - voiced bilabial nasal the mouth /n/ - occurs in words - voiced alveolar nasal such as “milk” /ŋ/ and “help” - called as “eng” light /l/ - voiced velar nasal - tongue is - the last sound in “sing” positioned Approximants further forward - between fricatives and vowel sounds - occurs in words - when two articulators come together to such as “leaf” form a narrow space in the mouth and “leek” through which air flows, but not close enough to make the air friction audible Flap or Tap - the tongue quickly taps against the Glides alveolar ridge - transitional sounds - occurs in words such as “kidding” - the articulators move during sound production /ɾ/ - the flapped t ○ /j/ - occurs in words such as “butter” - voiced palatal glide and “a lot of” - occurs in words such as “yes” and “young” Vowels in American English ○ /w/ - voiced bilabial velar glide  Introduction to English Language Systems - occurs in words such as “put” /pʊt/ and “foot” /fʊt/ /ʌ/ - called as wedge - mid back unrounded lax vowel - occurs in words such as “putt” /pʌt/ and “luck” /lʌk/ /ɑ/ - called as script-a - low back unrounded lax vowel - occurs in words such as “hot” /hɑt/ and “father” /ˈfɑː.ðɚ/ 2. Reduced vowels - unstressed vowels /ə/ Height - called as schwa high, mid, and low - most common sound in English Frontness - mid back unrounded vowel front, central, and back - occurs in words such as Roundness “Canada” and “attention” rounded and unrounded /ɚ/ Tenseness - schwa but “er” tense, reduced, and lax - occurs in words such as “doctor” Three Major Types of Vowels in American English /ˈdɑːk.tɚ/ 1. Lax vowels - shorter duration /ɨ/ /ɪ/ - called as barred-i - high front unrounded lax vowel - high back unrounded vowel - occurs in words such as “bit” - the vowel sound in the second /bɪt/ and “wish” /wɪʃ/ syllable of “chicken” /tʃɪkɨn/ /ɛ/ - mid front unrounded lax vowel 3. Tense vowels - longer duration - occurs in words such as “get” /i/ /gɛt/ and “mess” /mɛs/ - high front unrounded tense /æ/ vowel - called as ash - occurs in words such as - low front unrounded lax vowel “bead” /bid/, “three” /θɹi/, - occurs in words such as “ash” and “amoeba” /əˈmiː.bə/ /æʃ/ /u/ /ʊ/ - high back rounded tense - high back rounded lax vowel vowel  Introduction to English Language Systems - occurs in words such as “crude” /kɹud/ and “shoe” /ʃu/ /ɔ:/ - mid back rounded tense vowel - occurs in words such as “port” /pɔ:rt/ and “lore” /lɔɹ/ /a/ - called as printed-a - low front unrounded tense vowel Diphthongs - single vowel sounds that begin in one vowel position and glide into another vowel position /eɪ/ or /ey/ - mid front unrounded tense vowel, accompanying high front off-glide - occurs in words such as “clay” /kleɪ/ and “weigh” /weɪ/ /oʊ/ or /ow/ - mid back rounded tense vowel, accompanying high back offglide - occurs in words “boat” /boʊt/ and “toe” /toʊ/ /ɔI/ or /oy/ - mid back rounded tense vowel, accompanying high front offglide - occurs in words such as “boy” /bɔI/ and “Floyd” /flɔId/ /aʊ/ or /aw/ - low back unrounded tense vowel, accompanying high back offglide - occurs in words “cow” /kaʊ/ and “blouse” /blaʊs/ /aɪ/ or /ay/ - low back unrounded tense vowel, accompanying high front offglide - occurs in words such as “my” /maɪ/ and “thigh” /θaɪ/