NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO CONTENT ANALYSIS PDF

 NOLI ME TANGERE Reasons why Rizal wrote the Noli Me Tangere To expose the atrocities done by Spaniards in the Philippines (specially the case of Rizal’s mother) Influenced by the novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Bee...

 NOLI ME TANGERE Reasons why Rizal wrote the Noli Me Tangere To expose the atrocities done by Spaniards in the Philippines (specially the case of Rizal’s mother) Influenced by the novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe To disprove the wrong accusations of the Spaniards against the Filipinos and the Philippines To portray the miserable conditions or situations of the society, beliefs, hopes, dreams and the cry of the Filipino people To express everything about the wrong use of religion and the exploitation of the word of God which the friars used in order for them to benefit and corrupt people Different Context on why Rizal wrote the Noli Me Tangere The situation of the Philippines as likened to the house of Capitan Tiago The country like the house is open to everybody even those who are not invited – Philippine hospitality Filipinos are not business minded people and have a hard time embracing new ideas due to conservatism Any new endeavor is met with doubt from many sectors but when success is achieved, everyone wants to share in the glory The abuses of the friars and the difficulty in uniting the church and the state Padre Damaso bragged that they do not acknowledge any authority but the king in Spain only. The bloody assassination of the Governor-general Bustamante by the friars since he was against the abuses of the friars People often attend meals or social gatherings in your house does not ultimately mean that they are your true friends Padre Damaso denying that he was a close friend of Don Rafael, Ibarra’s father The timidity of Filipino ladies Ibarra was ignored by the ladies even if he introduced himself to them The importance of studying the history of a place before visiting it Philippine history is being written by foreigners who spent minimal time in the country One of the guest is a red-haired writer named Laruja Filipino/Indio mothers do not allow their children to be educated since they are convinced by the friars that education is bad Being honest and outspoken is an act of treason due to corruption and injustices in the country Tiniente Guevarra to Ibarra: one cannot be honest in the Philippines and not go to jail The trial of Ibarra’s father Evil thoughts of religious persons Padre Salvi on Maria Clara The rejection of some Indios to accept who they are and instead consider themselves as foreigners by practicing the latter’s culture Capitan Tiago not considering himself as an Indio Rampant racial discrimination Indios were not allowed to socialize with the Spaniards even if they are among the guests The practice of arranged marriage by the parents  Ibarra and Maria Clara Absence of progress during the Spanish period After visiting Maria Clara, Ibarra proceeded to San Diego and noticed that nothing has changed despite the fact he was away for 7 yrs The Filipinos are aware that the Philippines is in pitiful condition but they cannot do anything about it Conversations of the Capitan General and his men The Philippines is endowed with plenty of raw materials but the Filipinos who own the lands are ignorant and are full of vices that is why they are being exploited by Chinese There is peace and order in the community if the leaders get along with each other The relationship of Padre Salvi and the Alferes of the Guardia Civil Filipinos religiously observes the Day of the Dead The prevalence of child labor, false accusations against the Indios and harsh punishments are given to them Crispin and Basilio working in the convent and as sacristans Filipino women are devoted wives that even if they married an abusive husband, they would still remain in the family for the sake of the children Sisa having a drunkard, gambling, torturous and irresponsible husband Filipinos are passionate gamblers and religious hypocrites Ignorance of Filipinos on what being a true Christian is Their notion of receiving plenty of indulgence assures them a place in heaven Religion is used to impoverish and brutalize the Filipinos Rizal depicted the courtship culture in the Philippines during his time. The presence of the aunts and mothers as chaperons gave emphasis on the traditional courtship practices. This is one of the “happier” chapters in the novel because in a way the merry life of the youth was emphasized. However, this happiness was aborted by the presence of the crocodile—which Elias wrestled with—thanks to Ibarra, for saving Elias’ life. Elite brings their servants everywhere. Thus, giving emphasis on the social stratification This is the picnic attended by the prominent people in San Diego which includes the friars, the politicians and other elite. In this Chapter Elias was also introduced as a tulisan, the guardia civil were looking for him. Rizal has given us another “face” of the Filipino woman in the character of Salome. If we compare Salome (the peasant) and Maria Clara (the elite), Salome is actually more outspoken than Maria Clara, she can freely say what she feels for Elias, I think this is because she was not bound with so many rules and norms like Maria Clara. Elias’ seriousness in his cause was also gleaned in this chapter. He was willing to sacrifice his love for Salome for a “higher call.” Tasio was a philosopher in the Enlightenment usage of the word: A social critic who pricked the consciences of men; adviser and guide to Basilio and Crispin, Filipo, the nameless school master, Ibarra and all of San Diego;  An expert of lightning rods and ancient languages; a teacher of science and preacher of the gospel of reason; a secular prophet of Progress and his country’s redemption. The affluent like Capitan Tiago can spend a lot of money to entertain the friars, high ranking officials and the people in general. This highlights how the Filipinos prepared for fiestas during the time of Rizal and it also projects the influence of the Spaniards in the Filipino mentality in celebrating the fiesta. Rizal had a very vivid description on what’s going on, he was able to engage the reader and transport them in another time and space. This proves Rizal’s prowess as a novelist that aside from the fact that Rizal is making a statement he did not fail to amuse and entertain his readers. Rizal rendered a picturesque description of the church and the people inside during the high mass in celebration of the fiesta. “One could hardly breathe; the air was warm and reeked of human animal stench, but the preacher was worth all the trouble and discomfort. His sermon was costing the people two hundred fifty pesos!” During that time, you have to attend the mass like everybody else or else, you might be labelled as a filibustero. Here’s an interesting comment from Pilosopo Tasio: “Two hundred and fifty pesos for a sermon! Just one man and only once! A third part of what the comedians earn for three consecutive nights! You must be very rich!” The first attempt of Ibarra’s enemies to eradicate him. Thanks to Elias for warning Ibarra. “Bad beginning, hmmm..” was Tasio right when he said this? Ibarra believes that only education can alleviate the sorry condition of his mother land. That’s why he planned the establishment of the school house. Rizal depicted that some of those who are in the government are not supportive and are pessimistic about noble projects like the school house. It was portrayed that Elias knows “more” about the real situations in the country (as symbolized by San Diego) than Ibarra. He also warned Ibarra that he has enemies “above” and “below”. “You have enemies in the higher as well as the in the lower spheres…you contemplate putting up a vast enterprise, and you have a past behind you; your father, your grandfather had enemies, because they had passions, and in life it is not the criminals who arouse the hatred of others, but the men who are honest”. Rizal underscored the “human-ness” of Ibarra, that like any other human being he is also subject to his own emotions. This chapter deals with Ibarra losing his temper and “attacked '' Padre Damaso after the friar insulted the name of his father (Don Rafael). The spectacle in the luncheon became the subject of interest of the people. Everybody has their own opinion about what happened between Padre Damaso and Ibarra. Rizal highlighted Capitan Tiago’s thoughts about Ibarra. The aftermath of the event in the luncheon still lingers in the house of Capitan Tiago however, the household is also busy preparing for the visit of the Gobernador General. Rizal emphasized that not all people in the government are easily influenced and controlled by the friars. The Gobernador General was “cold” to the friars when he visited San Diego  “Let us see who will make the trip soon”—this side comment is very significant because it underscores the influence of the friars on the “tenure” of the Gobernador General. Religion is the opium of the people. In this chapter there was an “imagined” competition of the saints…the competition is actually among the “religious” (like Capitan Tiago and Donya Patrocinio) who compete on whose“saint” has the most luxurious carriage in the procession The people blindly follow religious rituals and ceremonies without even understanding their significance. Rizal is trying to portray here that there are people who are blind to reality. They are so conceited that they think that they are superior over others. The wife of the Alferez who thought herself a beauty, attractive, that she had the airs of a queen and that she was better than Maria Clara. Discrimination against Ibarra because of the news that he was excommunicated. Don Filipo stood his ground when the parish priest asked him to drive away Ibarra: “ I am sorry your Reverence…Senior Ibarra is one of the biggest contributors, and he has the right to be here as long as he does not disturb the peace and order.” Two authorities were highlighted here, the parish priest—the church and Don Filipino—the government. This is actually a depiction of the clash between the two institutions and Rizal wanted to show that there are also some rational minded people in the government like Don Filipo Ibarra had two visitors in his home Elias whom he calls “friend” and Lucas pretending to be the brother of the yellow man demanding Ibarra to pay his family. Actually, Lucas is “cooking” something here, he is the con man of Ibarra’s “unknown” enemies of Ibarra, the implementer of their plans. A pretentious woman who wanted to be a European and the only way she was able to achieve this status is by marrying the fake doctor Tiburcio Espadana. Donya Victorina symbolizes indios who denounce their identity, thinking that being a Spanish is a better status in life. She regards herself superior over the poor indio. Another way of looking at Donya Victorina as an “empowered” woman in the sense that she was able to reverse the binary of man-woman, European-Asian, rich-poor. It was projected that her husband (a poor, male Spanish) is always under her mercy considering that she is a rich, female, indio. The symbol of the poor Spanish opportunists. Many poor Spanish men came to the country to marry rich Filipino women for a better life. Like his wife, he was a great pretender, he pretended to be a doctor and charged his “reasonable” professional fee. There were two “plans” projected in this chapter. First, Padre Damaso’s new plan—to marry Maria Clara to a “worthy: Peninsular", second, the “plan” of Lucas—depending on who will pay better. This chapter highlighted the weakness of Maria Clara. She got sick after Ibarra was “excommunicated” and was banned from seeing her. Here she was obliged to confess to Padre Salvi because of the belief that her confession will make her feel better (physically). Elias proposed a peaceful means of revolution This chapter shows us the meeting of Old Man Pablo (leader of the Tulisanes) and Elias. Rizal exposed one of the defects of the Indios inherited from the Spaniards—gambling. The cockpit is the place where the rich and the poor gather to waste their money, the poor are there willing to risk their last centavo, the rich are also there to entertain themselves and flaunt their riches. Rizal also shows in this chapter that gambling is more important for the authorities because there is a “permanent” cockpit arena compared to education where the school children have no school building. They see each other’s defects but they can not see their own. The fight between Donya Consolacion and Donya Victorina These women, despite their similarities, were not drawn to each other as friends, rather as enemies. These two chapters focused on Elias and Ibarra but more on the former. Elias is a character shrouded in mystery. Elias, the outlaw is Ibarra’s Other—the outcast, the ordinary boatman, the graphic image of the homeless and dispossessed. His past is revealed in various accounts as a bloody one, haunted at every turn by tales of murder, infamy, and injustice. But it would be a mistake to look at Elias as the exact opposite of Ibarra, for as the novel unfolds itself, we see Elias growing in stature as an intelligent and passionate defender of his people. When Ibarra insists that only progress and education can save the country, Elias, his face transfigured, solemnly utters the following words: “Do you not see how everything is awake? Our people slept for centuries, but one day the lighting struck, and even as it killed Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora, it called our nation to life. Since then new aspirations work on our minds, and these aspirations, now scattered, will one day unite under the guidance of God.” For Elias, freedom cannot be won without a fight Elias’ revealed his family’s history to Ibarra. He tried to convince Ibarra to join their cause—revolution: “…embrace the cause of the people, do not ignore their voices, give an example to others, launch the idea of what is called the motherland!” Ibarra argued that he would ask for reforms, but Elias said that to wait is to suffer. Here Ibarra made it clear that he is not pro-revolution. Rizal pointed out the two sides of the revolution. Rizal highlighted his own view of the revolution but as a fair story-teller he also presented the other side of the coin. For Elias, the people are fed up and are ready. For Ibarra, the people are not ready thus, they have to wait and ask for reforms from the government because the government knows what’s best for its people. Finally, Ibarra was able to go to Capitan Tiago’s house but he was not received as warmly as before by Capitan Tiago. The card game between Elias and Lucas in the cemetery. When they parted, Lucas encountered the patrolling civil guards looking for Elias surprisingly he did not tell on him. Earlier in the chapter, it was shown that Lucas is already working on the plan for Ibarra’s ruin by “recruiting” men for “Ibarra’s plan of a revolution” which of course we know is not true. Rather this was devised by his enemies to implicate him. Rizal pointed out here, how shadow the religiosity of the people is. They believe so much in miracles—but we cannot blame them, they were taught so by their religious fathers. In the morning the people had their own interpretations of the “mysterious” lights they saw in the cemetery that night. They had their own “religious” interpretations while in fact it was the candle lights of Lucas and Elias when they had the card game. Two discoveries: 1. Padre Salvi discovered a plot “to murder all Spaniards” and informed Alferez about it. 2. Elias discovered that Pedro Eibarramendia is the great grandfather of Crisostomo Ibarra. Padre Salvi was right there when there was shooting and confusion in town. Since Alferez and his men were “prepared” (since they were warned by Padre Salvi), the commotion was extinguished on time. Ibarra was arrested by the guardia civil Elias was able to save Ibarra (again) by burning his house, thus, the guardia civil we’re not able to get any evidence against him, The admirable character of Elias …. Despite the fact that he already knew that Ibarra is the grandson of Don Pedro, he still helped him by destroying what the authorities might use against Ibarra. Rizal’s sense of humor never failed us. In this chapter where we expect that everything is “serious” he gave us a comic picture in the house of Capitan Tiago when the shooting started. “Tia Isabel falls on her knees, weeping and praying the kyrie eleison; Capitan Tiago pale and trembling, carries a chicken liver on a fork, which he offers sobbing to the Virgin of Antipolo. Linares has his mouth full and is armed with a spoon…” This chapter focused on the aftermath of the catastrophe. As expected, there were many true stories and lies circulating in the town. “I have just come from the courthouse, where I have seen Don Filipo and Don Crisostomo prisoners…” “They are the Chinese who have risen up..” The arrested men were tortured in order to confess. It is clear in this chapter that Ibarra’s enemies thru Lucas were successful in linking Ibarra in the attacks. Tarsilo and Bruno are brothers whose father was killed by the civil guards. When Lucas ``recruited” them he made them believe that Ibarra is their leader. However, Tarsilo informed the Alferez that Ibarra never communicated with them but of course the Alferez did not believe him. He (Ibarra) was judged hastily by the people who once loved him. “Ibarra suffered impassively, without anger, without complaint, the just vengeance of so many torn hearts; Ibarra bore the onslaught. This was the leave taking, the farewell, given him by his own town where he had all his loves. He lowered his head. Perhaps he was thinking of a man flogged in the streets of Manila; or an old woman who fell dead at the sight of the head of her son; perhaps the history of Elias was passing before his eyes.” Rizal pointed out how the supposedly friends and acquaintances of Ibarra denounced him after his arrest—that they have to save their necks. These people were just thinking of their own gain and benefit forgetting, setting aside their friendship with the “culprit”. This chapter talks about how other people like Capitan Tinong and his family were affected by the “mutiny”. Capitana Tinchang (Cap. Tinong’s wife) was so worried that her husband will be investigated because he was an acquaintance of Ibarra. Capitan Tiago believed that the best way to deal with the problem at hand (Ibarra’s situation) is to marry Maria Clara to a suitable husband—Linares to the delight of the Espadana couple. He didn’t know that just like his uncle (Don Tiburcio) Linares is a penniless gold-digger peninsular. Elias rescued Ibarra from the prison and they fled. They were chased by the Guardia Civil and eventually Elias was shot—sacrificing his life for Ibarra. For the first time, she (Maria Clara) asserted what she wanted—the monastery. Because of the news of Ibarra’s death, Maria Clara decided not to marry Linares. Padre Damaso tried to dissuade her, knowing the perils of the monastery but he failed, Here Padre Damaso recognized his sins saying that: “God! God! You exist, since you punish! But take vengeance on me and spare the innocent. Save my daughter!” In this chapter, Elias heroism was underscored by his last statement: Elias asked Basilio to burn his body (together with Sisa’s) so that there will be no evidence of Ibarra’s survival in the pursuit in the lake. “I die without seeing the dawn break in my country. you who are to see it, greet her…do not forget those who have fallen during the night.” The temporal setting of Elias’ death—dawn is very symbolic—it symbolizes hope. Maria Clara entered the cloister Donya Victorina and Don Tiburcio are very much alive Padre Salvi is still alive as well. Padre Damaso died shortly after he was assigned to a very distant province. Capitan Tiago is now a pathetic opium addict. EL FILIBUSTERISMO ‘El Filibusterismo’ is Jose Rizal’s second novel written as the sequel of his ‘Noli Me Tangere’. Commonly nicknamed ‘El Fili’ or simply ‘Fili’, It’s commonly known English alternative title is ‘The Reign of Greed’. The ‘Filibusterismo’ in the novel’s title is derived from the simpler term ‘filibustero’. The word ‘filibustero’ contextually means subversive, dissident, revolutionary, seditious, insurrectionary, and treasonous. Rizal dedicated the book to the memory of the GOMBURZA, the three Filipino patriotic priests who were accused of being ‘filibustero’ and thus executed. Two text contained in the original manuscript of the El Filibusterismo were not included in the printed book - the Foreword and the Warning. These portions of the book were eliminated to save on printing cost. The FOREWORD of the Fili was addressed to his beloved countrymen, thus: "TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE AND THEIR GOVERNMENT“ The steamship Tabo is likened to the government The manner the ship is divided into two sections -- the upper and the lower deck -- is similar to how the government treats the people: rich and poor, Spaniards and Indios -- without equality and fair treatment. The slow pace of ship travel is likened to the country's slow progress despite 300 years of Spanish rule. The lower deck- Common people Rizal criticized Juli’s reliance on miracles. Juli placed the money she raised at the feet of the image of the Virgin Mary hoping it would double the following day. The friars had conditioned the Filipinos to just rely on miracles instead of on their own perseverance and effort. The concept of “Kapit sa Patalim” Kabesang Tales is likened to people like a pot of clay banging against a pot of iron; or like an ant that bites the heel, knowing it will just be crushed. Spaniards allowed the tale of Bernardo Carpio to spread and even helped propagate it. They taught the indios that bearing sufferings and hardships is good and will lead them to heavenly salvation. Rizal describes the progressive education provided by the Jesuits in Ateneo compared to that of the Dominicans, who dominated most of the schools in the country. The significance of Basilio curing the poor old leper: During that time leprosy was thought of as an incurable disease, but Rizal's idea that it can be cured can be proved by today's medical advancements. t was common at that time for those wishing to study to serve as household help if they didn’t have funds for tuition. (It’s still being practiced today) People who are so different will cling to their own beliefs. Simoun wants a bloody revolution, while Basilio prefers to search for knowledge because this will lead to the attainment of justice. Basilio symbolizes the Filipino youth, whom Rizal (through Simoun) advises to be more nationalistic (i.e., love your own language, fight for your country’s freedom) Rizal’s other observations about Christmas in the Philippines are still true today: It seems that during Rizal’s time, people greet and expect you to hand them a Christmas gift. Today in the Philippines, there are still people who cheerfully greet you “Merry Christmas? and then pause, and then give you “the expectant look.” *The mass takes too long and the church is too crowded. * Children kissing a long train of relatives * Instant kiddie performances (sing and dance) for them just to earn a few pesos as a gift. People buy jewelry and precious gems from Simoun hoping to gain prestige and to elevate their place in society. They would be proud to say that they had bought jewelry from Simoun, adviser to the Captain General. Different students have certain identifying characteristics back then (until today), based on the school they are from. Rizal on the education of the average youth during that time: Most of them do not learn much because: Except for those enrolled in the Ateneo, the students do not bring textbooks, especially those in the UST The classes are overpopulated. The teachers look down on them. Classes are frequently cancelled. Rizal raised regarding “teaching”: size of class, treatment of students…  Placido is like a typical Filipino — a pacifist who prefers to suffer in silence. Will sacrifice and keep quiet just to avoid trouble, but when pushed too far, is capable of getting openly angry and taking action Rizal gives us a glimpse of life in a school dormitory (Señor Pasta)- idealism versus becoming practical. Rizal describes how they shower those in power with extravagant gifts in order to gain favor. (use and be used) Through the character of Quiroga Rizal warns of the dangers brought to the country by crafty Chinese businessmen. The Philippine culture highlighted by Rizal in this chapter is the art of carving images out of wood. It was describing in the chapter titled the Quiapo Fair What does ―La Prenza Filipina (The Philippine Press) represent? It represents the state of journalism in the Philippines: * Old / Old-fashioned * Blind in one eye / lack of truth in reporting * Dirty Even the journalist BenZayb did not understand that it was actually an attack on Philippine journalists Please take note of the image called ― “Abaca Country”: The Filipinos in the Philippines, a land of abaca, are tied by foreigners using abaca, a natural resource of the country. Who do you think made that image? Was it an artist in the Quiapo fair, or was it something Rizal created in his own mind, and expressed as a political statement ―hidden in the novel What can we say about the points Rizal raised regarding ―teaching? Rizal‘s principles of teaching still apply today: Class sizes should be small. Teachers should not humiliate students. A teacher should be technically competent about the subject matter being taught, and he/she should teach with love. Too many vacation breaks can ruin the momentum of a student, and can make them seek non-academic forms of recreation. What can we say about Placido, based on his behavior in this chapter? He is like a typical Filipino— a pacifist who prefers to suffer in silence. Will sacrifice and keep quiet just to avoid trouble, but when pushed too far, is capable of getting openly angry and taking action Rizal gives us a glimpse of life in a school dormitory. Clearly, things have not really changed in more than a hundred years. After all, students will be students. Oh, there are a few differences… Rizal did not mention anything about dormers bringing their Significant Others into their rooms. He also did not show professors and students living in the same lodging house. Then again, that was probably the culture at that time. One of the students is about to have a debate with Señor Pasta… Señor Pasta is a lawyer who also works as a consultant for the friars. He thinks only of himself, and is willing to be nationalistic only after everyone else becomes patriotic first. Now let ‘s tackle this lawyer's views and opinions… He calls the Philippines a ―”Land of Proposals” because all you have are plans and no action. The country and the revolution are only secondary interests of Simoun If the revolution is the bomb, then the fuse that will get things started is the rescue of Maria Clara. Here you will see that Simoun‘s primary objective is revenge and the rescue of Maria Clara. Elias was for revolution, but only if the motivation behind it involved nationalism and justice; Simoun‘s motivation was revenge, dark and syrupy. How does Don Custodio treat the indios? He acts like a father who unwittingly holds his children (the indios) back; who, without quite realizing it, prevents his children from progressing Why is he against praising the indios? They might become overconfident, boastful, and rebellious. And that will create problems for the government and the frailes.What kind of a person is Don Custodio? He is a dangerously deceptive person, because what he does is different from what he holds in his mind What did Rizal criticize about Camarroncocido‘s behavior? Rizal criticized Camarroncocido‘s apathetic nature. He does not care about current or upcoming events (which he himself witnessed) that do not directly concern him, even if those events have an impact on the country or may potentially harm other people. How is Manila society divided? The religious group was against the showing of Les Cloches, while those who wanted to watch the show were divided into: - Those curious about why the show was being banned, and- Those who wanted to watch so they can know why the show should be banned. Similar to today, when people start censoring shows they only end up whetting the appetite of the viewers. Rizal details what happens inside the theater (Teatro Variedades). The term ―Filipino Time has been used to denigrate Filipinos who are late. Although it was attributed to our forebears,tardiness (as featured in this chapter summary) was the fault of the Spanish Kapitan Heneral. The performance could not begin unless this guest of honor was in the theater where Filipinos are not late. Filipinos are farmers who wake up at the crack of dawn. And if there’s a show at 7pm, you can expect Pinoys to line up and mill about the entrance at least an hour before. That’s why the term ―Filipino time‖ is a misnomer. Why did Simoun liken Kapitan Tiyago to the Philippine government? Just as the poisonous opium has already spread throughout the body of the dying Kapitan Tiyago, so has the poison of corruption spread through the ―dying Philippines Why did Kapitan Tiyago cry in front of and ask forgiveness from the portrait of Maria Clara after he found out that she had died? He was sorry for allowing her to be put into the convent. He was aware of the hardships that she would suffer, but he gave in to the orders of the frailes. Why did the poison quickly spread through the body of Kapitan Tiyago? When Basilio was not around, Padre Irene would give Kapitan Tiyago a lot of opium. This is similar to Simoun harming the Philippines by engaging in evil deeds. Padre Irene wanted Kapitan Tiyago to die quickly, so that he can inherit all of the old man's property.  Simoun wanted the Philippines to ―die so that he could mount a revolution, backed by the Filipinos who have had enough of the government's corruption and oppression. Isagani holds on to his dreams. He is too in love with Paulita. That same love makes him spout romantic notions of a wonderful future for the country Contrasts the two kinds of youth: those who care about their country, and those who think only of themselves. Rizal uses Isagani as a symbol of the Filipino youth who has dreams of progress and greatness for their beloved country, the Philippines. Does this mean that Paulita symbolizes the Philippines? This gives light to the false and biased method of delivering news during those days. This is the first time that Simoun‘s disguise is compromised. This is the first time that he is suspected. All the clues lead to him and all the fingers are pointing at him. Why did Matanglawin kill the judge in Tiani? That judge ruled that the Dominicans owned the land of Kabesang Tales. Why was Kabesang Tales successful as a bandit? Since the indios were not allowed to bear arms or carry weapons, they simply left their village whenever they heard that Matanglawin was attacking a nearby village. What did the banditry of Kabesang Tales accomplish? Just as Simoun planned, the Philippines suffered even more. People lived in fear, farmlands were left unproductive, businesses failed, the destabilized government was shown to be inept, injustice was done to the innocent farmers… In other words, all that made the country ripe for a revolution. Why were the guardia civil treating the prisoners inhumanely? Mautang wanted to tempt the prisoners into fighting or escaping, and that would give the soldiers a reason to shoot the prisoners. Why do you think Rizal named this character Mautang? That's the Tagalog word which means ―deep in debt. Who was Tandang Selo pointing out to Tano? Tandang Selo was the old man who was bayoneted by one of the guardia civilians. He was pointing to a spot behind the plateau where Kabesang Tales was felled by the bullet of Tano. If you remember, the bandits scampered away after Tano shot a man. What was Kabesang Tales shouting before he got shot? We can only guess. Perhaps he was shouting the name of his son, Tano. (How's that for drama, eh? If Rizal were to write teleseryes today, would the Filipino viewing public patronize stories with sad endings?) Simoun felt that the priest was the one who could understand him more than anyone else. What could have caused Simoun’s wounds? He could have gotten it from the tulisanes who thought they were being played again by Simoun in the jeweler ‘s plan to revolt. **Read what Padre Florentino says: ―--- from the hands of those you urged you have been given punishment for your wrongs. What was the mystery behind Simoun’s sad and cynical smile when he learned hewas to be arrested that night? He has made up his mind to end his own life.The three disappointments in the life of Simoun happened when: 1. Simoun failed to save Maria Clara, (2) Simoun's lack of care in certain events, and (3) someone removed the lamp from the house, and thus foiled the plans of Simoun. On the question of whether God allows evil in the world, Padre Florentino (similar to Balagtas) simply says that evil is "just there." Rizal, Jose. (1996). Noli Me Tangere, Translated by Ma. Soledad Lacson-Locsin. Makati: Bookmark. Noli Me Tangere. Retrieved on January 8, 2018 from: http://www.webmanila.com/nolimetangere/01.html READ MORE: http://library.usc.edu.ph/Filipiniana/pdf/Literature/Camins.pdf https://dokumen.tips/documents/chapter-summary-and-analysis-of-el-filibusterismo.html Aguilar, Filomeno. 201. Filibustero,Rizal and the Manila men of the nineteenth century. Philippine studies (59(4) 429-69 Rizal, Jose 1996 El Filibusterismo, trans. Ma Soledad Lacson- Locsin. Makati: Bookmark. Read Chapter 20-39 Zaide,Ggregorio F. 1961. JOSE RIZAL Asia’s First Apostle of Nationalism