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CHAPTER 4: NOLI ME TANGERE Rizal began writing the novel in Spain in 1884 and completed it in Germany in 1887. The novel reflects Rizal's experiences and the conventions of 19th-century literature, showcasing the ideals of European liberalism. It serves as a critique of the societal conditions und...

CHAPTER 4: NOLI ME TANGERE Rizal began writing the novel in Spain in 1884 and completed it in Germany in 1887. The novel reflects Rizal's experiences and the conventions of 19th-century literature, showcasing the ideals of European liberalism. It serves as a critique of the societal conditions under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. Uncle Tom's Cabin": This novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which addresses slavery, inspired Rizal's treatment of social issues. Juan Luna's "Spoliarium": This artwork influenced Rizal in critiquing colonial oppression and the exploitation of the Filipino people. Noli Me Tangere" translates to "touch me not." In the dedication, Rizal describes a metaphorical cancer afflicting his homeland, suggesting that discussing social issues is painful and avoided. 1. Rizal aimed to reveal the social injustices and problems faced by the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule. 2. The novel consists of 63 chapters, with an additional chapter titled “Elias and Salome” that was ultimately omitted to reduce printing costs. Rizal believed the story could still stand without this chapter. The story centers on Crisostomo Ibarra, a mixed-race heir who returns to the Philippines after seven years in Europe, eager to implement reforms. Upon his return, Ibarra faces an oppressive religious hierarchy and the corrupt Spanish civil administration. His father's death and the refusal of a Catholic burial by Padre Damaso lead to Ibarra's excommunication. The governor general initially intervenes to rescind Damaso's decree, but personal conflicts arise between Damaso, Padre Salvi, and Ibarra, complicating his reform efforts and his relationship with Maria Clara, the daughter of Capitan Tiago. The novel grapples with how to achieve social reforms. Crisostomo Ibarra represents the privileged class, advocating for peaceful means, like building a school. In contrast, Elias believes that violence may be necessary, given the injustices they face. Ibarra's enemies, particularly Padre Salvi, conspire against him, leading to his wrongful implication in a fake insurrection. 1. Maria Clara's Fate: Believing Ibarra is dead, Maria Clara enters a convent, rejecting a marriage arranged by Padre Damaso. This reflects her despair and highlights the broader societal issues faced by women. 2. Sisa's Tragedy: The character Sisa symbolizes the suffering of the Filipino people, driven to madness by the loss of her children, illustrating the novel's themes of exploitation and misery under colonial rule. El Filibusterismo: The novel's title translates to "The Reign of Greed" in English. It was completed in Biarritz, France, in 1891. unlike his first novel, "Noli Me Tangere," which is more romantic and sorrowful, "El Filibusterismo" has a darker and more tragic tone. It addresses social injustices and reflects Rizal's profound disillusionment with corrupt officials and the oppressive Spanish colonial regime. The novel goes beyond merely depicting the conditions in the Philippines; it justifies dissent and underscores the struggle for freedom. It portrays a society on the brink of revolution. The narrative illustrates the abuses faced by the Filipino people under colonial rule, with characters representing various societal issues and resistance against the prevailing social order 1. Dedication: Rizal dedicated "El Filibusterismo" to three martyr-priests—Frs. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—who were unjustly accused and executed in 1872. They symbolize the injustices faced by Filipinos under Spanish rule. While Maximo Viola helped finance the publication of "Noli Me Tangere," Valentin Ventura played a crucial role in saving the manuscript of "El Filibusterismo." Despite its completion, the novel was not published until September 1891, six months after writing. "El Filibusterismo" consists of 39 chapters, making it significantly shorter than "Noli Me Tangere," which has 63 chapters. Crisóstomo Ibarra, now thirteen years older, is disillusioned and has abandoned his youthful ideals. He returns disguised as Simoun, a wealthy and enigmatic jeweler. Simoun seeks revenge against Padre Salvi and the Spanish colonial government. Unlike Ibarra, who advocated for peaceful reforms, Simoun is eager to provoke violence and incite rebellion among the oppressed. His ultimate aim is to liberate Maria Clara and the Philippines from Spanish tyranny. To achieve this, he manipulates the governor-general, hoping that by making the government more oppressive, he can spur the masses to revolt. Basilio, who has risen from poverty and is nearing the completion of his medical degree, is in love with Julí, the daughter of Cabesang Tales. Tales is a once-prosperous farmer whose land was taken by the friars. As a result of his oppression, he ultimately commits murder, becomes a vigilante, and wreaks havoc in the countryside. : In contrast to Simoun's quest for violent revolution, university students—Isagani, Peláez, and Makarig—advocate for the teaching of Castilian, motivated by a decree from Madrid. However, these students are wrongfully accused of inciting rebellion through flyers, leading to their incarceration, which also affects Basilio despite his non-involvement. Juli approaches Father Camorra to seek Basilio’s release from prison. However, Camorra exploits the situation with his lascivious intentions. Rather than submit to his advances, Juli commits suicide, highlighting the severe consequences of oppression Following Juli's death, Basilio reluctantly joins Simoun in his radical plans for revenge against the corrupt authorities. Simoun orchestrates a wedding between Juanito and Paulita Gomez, inviting high-ranking officials. He has rigged the event with explosives disguised as a wedding gift, intending to detonate a fancy lamp packed with nitroglycerin. This assassination of the social and political elite during the celebration is meant to ignite an armed revolution. Isagani learns from Basilio about a planned uprising at an event. He acts quickly to prevent disaster by throwing a lamp into the river, which disrupts Simoun’s plan. The incident leads to the revelation of Simoun’s true identity. He leaves a note for Padre Salvi, which provides insight into his motivations and further complicates the narrative. After being wounded and evading capture, Simoun finds refuge at Father Florentino’s residence. Ultimately, he chooses to commit suicide, leaving behind his jewels with a message about their value being realized only for a “holy, sublime reason,” underscoring themes of sacrifice and the quest for justice. SOCIAL CANCERS OF THE PHILIPPINES decadent and stagnating society The town of San Diego is depicted as a rural area filled with petty conflicts. Rizal emphasizes the inhabitants' squabbles for authority, reflecting a lack of unity and progress. he Tabo, a steamer on the Pasig River, represents the stagnant nature of society. It is described as ineffective and content with superficial appearances, symbolizing the flaws and inertia within the social structure. The characters Sisa, Maria Clara, and Julí embody the stereotypical ideal of Filipino women—religious, obedient, and submissive. They also represent the broader exploitation and misery of the Filipino populace, once vibrant but now diminished under colonial rule. Abuse of Religious Authorities The characters Sisa, Maria Clara, and Julí embody the stereotypical ideal of Filipino women—religious, obedient, and submissive. They also represent the broader exploitation and misery of the Filipino populace, once vibrant but now diminished under colonial rule. A sermon delivered in San Diego illustrates the subjugation of the native people. It emphasizes that priests expect absolute obedience from the indigenous population, perpetuating a hierarchy that dehumanizes them. The friars express disdain for the Filipino people, labeling them as lazy and ungrateful. This attitude reinforces social inequality and highlights the clergy's role in maintaining colonial oppression. Corruption of civil government Rizal depicts a civil government that is heavily reliant on the authority of the friars, leading to systemic corruption and inefficiency. The government is characterized as blind and unresponsive, acting primarily under the influence of religious leaders. The character Pilosopo Tasio emphasizes that the government is passive, only responding to the directives of religious figures. He argues that the government lacks independence and fails to address the needs of the people, rendering it ineffective. It is noted that the government often ignores the basic needs of its citizens and suppresses freedom of speech. This results in poor governance and a mismanagement that benefits the Spanish authorities while neglecting the Filipino populace. Simoun’s observations highlight the suffering of Filipinos under colonial rule, describing a range of atrocities committed against them. He underscores the inhumane treatment and injustices faced by the natives, which are often overlooked by those in power. Defectiveness of Educational system Rizal argues that education is unattainable for many due to poverty and lack of encouragement, which creates significant barriers for the youth in their pursuit of knowledge. The character Ibarra expresses his desire for progress through education, indicating that a well-informed populace is crucial for national development. Education under colonial rule is described as unempowering, where students are discouraged from critical thinking. The system focuses on rote learning and obedience rather than fostering genuine understanding or creativity. Tasio’s commentary reveals the fear of colonial authorities regarding an educated populace. He suggests that past efforts to enlighten the people have been thwarted because colonizers believe that knowledge could lead to rebellion against oppression. Urgent need for social reforms Elias responds to Ibarra's inquiry about reforms, highlighting the need for greater respect for human dignity and individual security. He critiques the abuse of power by the armed forces, stressing the need for significant changes. Elias advocates for comprehensive reforms in several key areas: the military, religious institutions, and the administration of justice. He argues that these reforms are essential for the protection of individual rights and freedoms. The proposed reforms seek to address the rampant corruption within the judicial system, where officials show favoritism and partiality. Elias argues that power concentrated in the hands of a few leads to abuse and injustice. He emphasizes that the government should select leaders carefully, ensuring that those chosen do not eventually misuse their authority, as untrained individuals in positions of power can pose significant dangers to society. The public does not advocate for the complete removal of friars but urges reforms in their practices. There is a call for friars to focus on their mission to teach the true faith rather than perpetuating superstition and profiting at the people's expense. The current educational system is characterized as faulty, with a need for government intervention. Assigning education to friars is seen as a mistake. Characters like Isagani argue for government control over education, suggesting that it should focus on training qualified professionals (like lawyers and physicians) instead of merely sustaining the existing system Tasio expresses a belief that the Filipino people will eventually overcome their lethargy and seek reform. He emphasizes that years of repression will lead to an inevitable release of pent-up frustrations, suggesting a coming uprising against injustices. Simoun, frustrated by Basilio's passive attitude, argues that complacency in the face of tyranny is detrimental. He emphasizes that man’s nature tends to abuse power when unchallenged and criticizes the ineffectiveness of a life that lacks purpose or engagement in meaningful change. Simoun conveys the idea that prolonged periods of oppression and humiliation create a mindset akin to slavery, stunting personal development and critical thought. He laments how children inherit their parents' subjugated state, resulting in a cycle of passivity and helplessness. CHAPTER 5 RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM REFORMIST MOVEMENT It notes that the Philippines experienced various uprisings throughout Spanish rule; however, these lacked the necessary coordination to effectively end colonial domination. The text highlights the emergence of Filipino nationalism in the 1880s and 1890s, marking a significant shift in the push for reform and national identity. (Propaganda Movement) is identified as the initial expression of this nationalism. It aimed to advocate for political and social reforms through literature and education, seeking to raise awareness among the Filipino populace. LA SOLIDARIDAD In 1888, Graciano Lopez Jaena founded La Solidaridad in Barcelona, which later moved to Madrid. This newspaper became a vital platform for advocating reforms in the Philippines. The publication included notable Filipino exiles and university students, known as the Ilustrados, such as José Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and Juan Luna. The first issue was published in February 1889, and the newspaper continued until 1895, ceasing publication due to insufficient funding. La Solidaridad aimed to urge reforms in both religious and governmental systems in the Philippines, serving as the voice of the Kilusang Propaganda, which sought to address social injustices and promote national awareness. KILUSANG PROPAGANDA The movement aimed to "propagandize" Philippine conditions to advocate for desired changes in the political, social, and economic realms of Filipino life, emphasizing a commitment to achieving these changes through peaceful means. It notes that the movement took place from 1889 to 1891, a period marked by significant activist efforts José Rizal is identified as one of the foremost members, who played a crucial role in promoting political, social, and religious reforms. Rizal’s notable works, Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), are highlighted as significant literary contributions that had a substantial impact on public consciousness and the movement's goals. OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES Filipino propagandists aimed to secure representation in the Spanish Parliament through the Congreso de los Diputados. Their goal was to advocate for various reforms, particularly the expulsion of Spanish friars and their replacement with Filipino secular priests. The movement sought to establish legal equality between Spaniards and Filipinos, addressing the systemic discrimination faced by the local population. Despite these intentions, the Kilusang Propaganda struggled to achieve significant reforms. The Spanish friars actively used their influence and resources to undermine the efforts of the Ilustrados, preventing successful lobbying and reform implementation. LA LIGAFILIPINA José Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892 and established La Liga Filipina, a non-violent reform-minded society aimed at advocating for social and political changes, similar to the earlier Kilusang Propaganda. The formation of La Liga Filipina occurred in the context of Rizal's influential novels, Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), which had inspired many Filipinos to seek reform. The excerpt notes that the Spanish authorities reacted harshly to Rizal's activities, viewing them as a threat to their control over the Philippines. This led to Rizal's arrest and subsequent exile to a remote island due to the perceived danger he posed. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT It notes that by 1892, it became clear that Spain was unwilling to implement necessary reforms in its colonial governance, prompting a shift in approach among Filipino activists. In response to this lack of reform, a revolutionary organization called the Katipunan (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) was founded. This group aimed to fight for Philippine independence from Spanish rule. KATIPUNAN The organization was founded on July 7, 1892, by key figures including Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Deodato Arellano. The founding members met secretly at a house on Azzcarraga (now Claro M. Recto Avenue) to discuss the formation of the group. The Katipunan aimed to fight for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. Members performed an ancient blood compact, symbolizing their commitment, and signed their membership papers with their own blood. The movement focused on recruiting members from the suburbs of Manila and surrounding provinces, particularly in Central Luzon. OBJECTIVES AND IDEALS The movement was led by Andres Bonifacio, referred to as the "Supremo ng Katipunan." He played a crucial role in guiding the group's mission towards independence. The Katipunan was established on a platform that sought to achieve the independence and freedom of the Philippines through armed revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Emilio Jacinto, one of the youngest members and known as the "Utak ng Katipunan" (Brain of the Katipunan), contributed significantly by writing a primer to instill the society’s ideals in its members. Jacinto prepared a document called the Kartilya ng Katipunan, which contained fourteen ideals and teachings that members were expected to follow, reflecting the principles and values of the movement. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN The first article emphasizes that life should not solely focus on material pursuits or personal gain but should be directed toward noble causes. The second article highlights the value of respectful behavior and the necessity of maintaining dignity in one's actions. The third article discusses the importance of unity and fraternity among members, stressing collaboration and community engagement. Other articles touch on themes of morality, the pursuit of knowledge, and the value of kindness and compassion. The text underscores the significance of maintaining dignity and high moral standards in one's actions and self-presentation. It encourages individuals to act without shame or fear, promoting a sense of courage in standing up for beliefs. The excerpt highlights the importance of solidarity among members, especially during challenging times It advocates for the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, urging members to always seek to learn and improve. Members are reminded of their responsibilities to one another and to the greater community. Section 10 emphasizes that men are typically the leaders and guardians of the family, responsible for guiding their spouses and children. It discusses the implications of leadership and responsibility in the context of family hardship Section 11 suggests that women should not only be passive observers but should also actively participate in overcoming challenges in their lives together. It advocates for shared effort and understanding in facing difficulties. Section 12This section encourages members of the family to support one another and maintain strong bonds, reinforcing the idea that love and duty extend beyond immediate relationships to include all family members. The sentiment reflects a broader social responsibility and the belief in collective strength within the family uni Section 13 It asserts that regardless of one's background—be it lineage, physical traits, or wealth—everyone has equal importance. It criticizes the notion of superiority based on these superficial qualities, advocating for the recognition of each person's humanity. Emphasis is placed on moral character and good behavior as the true measures of a person’s worth, rather than external factors. The section calls for respect among individuals, regardless of their differences, and encourages compassion and understanding within the community. SECTION 14 It encourages individuals to disseminate the teachings of the organization and to make efforts towards enlightenment. The text highlights the collective joy and unity among the people as they strive for liberation and fundamental rights. It acknowledges the struggles faced in life but insists that perseverance and determination are essential for achieving one's goals. It urges individuals to take their responsibilities seriously and to engage actively in the fight for freedom and social justice. Cry of Pugad Lawin The revolution began on August 23, 1896, triggered by the premature discovery of the revolutionary society by a Spanish friar on August 19. Following this discovery, membership in the revolutionaries grew rapidly, reaching approximately 100,000 by August 1896. Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan (the revolutionary society), called for an armed uprising immediately after the discovery. At its height, the movement boasted around 400,000 members. The revolutionary efforts culminated in the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo, who succeeded Bonifacio. CHAPTER 5 LAST DAYS OF RIZAL 1. Jose Rizal's Return: ○ Rizal’s Foundation of La Liga Filipina: Upon returning to the Philippines, Jose Rizal established La Liga Filipina, a reformist organization aimed at promoting social and political changes through peaceful means. ○ Impact of his Works: His novels, Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), raised awareness among Filipinos about the injustices of Spanish rule. 2. Spanish Reaction: ○ Perceived Threat: The Spanish authorities viewed the formation of La Liga Filipina and the influence of Rizal's writings as a threat. ○ Arrest and Exile: Rizal was arrested and subsequently exiled to Dapitan, a remote area in Mindanao, as a means of suppressing nationalist sentiments. 3. Reign of Terror: ○ Spanish Authorities' Actions: The Spanish government implemented a reign of terror to instill fear and suppress revolutionary activities. ○ Crackdown on Activists: Many suspected of involvement with groups such as the Katipunan faced arrest, imprisonment, or execution, reflecting the regime’s attempt to quash dissent. August 1896: The Cry of Pugad Lawin Date of Outbreak: The revolution officially began on August 23, 1896. Cause: The uprising was triggered by the discovery of the Katipunan (the revolutionary society) by a Spanish friar on August 19, which prompted immediate action. Growth of the Movement: Following this discovery, membership in the Katipunan surged, reaching about 100,000 by August 1896. October 6, 1896: Rizal's Interrogation Context: On this date, Jose Rizal was held on the MV Isla de Panay, docked in Barcelona, Spain, during his journey to Cuba. Events: Rizal was woken up for his transfer to Montjuic Prison in Barcelona. Interrogation: At 2:00 PM, he was interrogated by General Eulogio Despujol, highlighting the scrutiny and repression faced by nationalist leaders. November 3, 1896  Detention at Fort Santiago: Rizal was taken to Fort Santiago, a notorious prison in Manila. Torture of Other Patriots: His brother, Paciano Rizal, and other patriots were being tortured to force them to implicate Rizal in revolutionary activities. Paciano’s Resilience: Despite severe torture, including having his left hand crushed, Paciano refused to sign any false statements against his brother, demonstrating his loyalty and courage. November 1896 Preliminary Investigation: On November 20, Rizal faced a preliminary investigation presided over by Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. This inquiry lasted for five days. Transfer of Records: By November 26, the case records were transferred to Governor General Ramon Blanco, who appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as the special Judge Advocate to continue the proceedings. December 8, 1896 Choosing a Lawyer: Rizal was allowed to select his trial lawyer from a list provided by the authorities. He chose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, the brother of a friend. However, he could only select from military officers, not civilian lawyers, reflecting the restrictive conditions under which he was being tried. December 11, 1896 Reading of Charges: On this day, Rizal was formally read the charges against him in his prison cell. The accusations described him as the “principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection,” implicating him as a leader in the movement for Philippine independence and holding him responsible for the ideas that fueled rebellion. December 13, 1896 Change in Leadership: Governor General Ramon Blanco was replaced by Governor General Camilo de Polavieja, signaling a shift in the colonial administration during a critical time in the revolution. Submission of Case Files: Captain Rafael Dominguez submitted the case documents against Rizal to Malacañang Palace, indicating the progression of his trial and the involvement of high-level officials. December 15, 1896  Issuance of Rizal's Manifesto: Rizal issued a manifesto aimed at Filipinos, urging them to end the so-called "absurd" rebellion and to focus on the pursuit of liberties through education. In this document, he emphasized education as essential for achieving genuine freedom and progress. Suppression of the Manifesto: The Spanish authorities swiftly suppressed this manifesto, reflecting their intent to stifle any dissenting viewpoints and maintain control over the narrative regarding the revolution. December 26, 1896 Beginning of Rizal's Trial: Rizal's trial commenced at the Cuartel de España, the military garrison in Manila. This trial was pivotal, as it would determine his fate amid escalating revolutionary activities. Court-Martial Verdict: On the same day, the court-martial conducted the proceedings secretly and unanimously voted for a guilty verdict, sentencing Rizal to death by firing squad. This verdict underscored the harsh measures taken by the Spanish government to quell the nationalist movements in the Philippines. December 28, 1896 Signing of the Death Verdict: Governor General Polavieja signed Rizal's death sentence, marking a critical turning point in Rizal's life. Notification of the Verdict: The following day, Captain Dominguez delivered the verdict to Rizal, informing him that he would be executed by firing squad at 7:00 AM the next day at Luneta de Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park). December 29, 1896 Final Hours in His Cell: On this day, Rizal spent his last hours writing, reflecting his enduring spirit. Writing His Last Poem: He composed his final poem, later titled "Mi Ultimo Adios" ("My Last Farewell"), consisting of 14 stanzas. This poignant work was written on a small piece of paper, hidden in his alcohol stove. Message to Revolutionaries: In the second stanza of the poem, Rizal lauded the Filipino revolutionaries, recognizing their sacrifices on the battlefield. He expressed his unwavering belief in their cause, conveying his hopes for the future of the Philippines. Afternoon of December 29, 1896 Signing of Document: An agent from the Cuerpo de Vigilancia (a watchman service) reported that Rizal signed a document retracting his so-called anti-Catholic writings and his alleged  membership in masonry. This act is a subject of debate among scholars, with differing interpretations regarding its authenticity and implications. 4:00 PM Family Visit Visit from Family: Rizal's mother, Teodora Alonso, visited him along with his sister, Trinidad. Their visit was poignant, as it marked one of the last moments of connection before his execution. Whispered Message: During this visit, Rizal whispered to Trinidad about the alcohol stove in his cell, saying, “There is something inside.” This refers to his hidden farewell poem, "Mi Ultimo Adios," which had been concealed there. Other Family Members: They were accompanied by Rizal’s sisters Narcisa, Lucia, Josefa, Maria, and his nephew Mauricio Cruz, emphasizing the strong family ties present during this tragic moment. Morning Events 5:00 AM: Last Visit and Marriage: ○ Josephine Bracken and Josefa Rizal visited Rizal. According to testimony from the Cuerpo de Vigilancia, Josephine and Rizal were married in a brief ceremony. ○ Josephine presented him with a book, "Imitations of Christ," inscribed with a heartfelt message: "To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine, December 30th, 1896, Jose Rizal." This signifies their deep emotional connection in his final moments. Death March 6:30 AM: Procession Begins: ○ The death march commenced from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan (now known as Rizal Park). ○ The procession was led by four soldiers carrying bayoneted rifles, followed closely by Rizal, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara and March, and other soldiers. ○ The group passed through the Intramuros Plaza, made a right turn at Postigo Gate, and continued towards Malecón, a waterfront area. 7:00 AM Arrival at Luneta de Bagumbayan: Rizal arrived at the execution site, where he was checked by Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo. His pulse was found to be normal, indicating his composure in the face of death. Statement on Patriotism: Rizal reflected on the importance of demonstrating loyalty to his country, stating, “I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for  our duty and our convictions.” This remark encapsulates his dedication to the cause of Philippine independence, even in his final moments. 7:03 AM Execution Begins: At this time, as the captain shouted "Fuego!" (meaning "Fire!"), the firing squad, composed of eight soldiers, opened fire. Facing His Executioners: Initially, Rizal was not facing the firing squad. However, as he was hit, he resisted and turned to confront his executors directly. This act symbolized his bravery and defiance in the face of death. Death: Rizal fell to the ground, dying with his face towards the sky, a powerful image of his final moments as a martyr for his beliefs. DAWN OF THE REVOLUTION 1896 Call for Revolution: On August 23, 1896, Andres Bonifacio issued a call for armed revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Growth of the Katipunan: Following Bonifacio's call, the Katipunan organization rapidly expanded, engaging in various attacks across the Philippines. At its peak, the organization boasted approximately 400,000 members, reflecting widespread support for the revolutionary cause. 1896-1897 Leadership and Factionalism: Bonifacio led the early stages of the revolution, but internal divisions surfaced within the Katipunan. This rivalry resulted in the emergence of two factions: ○ Magdiwang Faction: Founded by Bonifacio, this group promoted a more radical approach to achieving independence through direct confrontation. ○ Magalang Faction: Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, this faction favored a more diplomatic strategy, focusing on negotiation rather than armed conflict. MARCH 22, 1897 ejeros Convention Purpose and Significance: The convention aimed to discuss: ○ The defense of Cavite against Spanish forces.  ○ The establishment of a revolutionary government to address internal rivalries between factions within the Katipunan, specifically the Magdalo and Magdiwang groups. Leadership Role: Andres Bonifacio, as the leader of the Katipunan, presided over the convention, emphasizing his position in the movement despite the growing challenges. Internal Election During the convention, elections were held for key positions in the revolutionary government: ○ Bonifacio was nominated for the position of President, but lost to Emilio Aguinaldo. ○ He was also nominated for Vice President, but again faced defeat. ○ Ultimately, Bonifacio was nominated for the lowest-ranking position of Interior Secretary, a role that carried significant implications regarding respect for his contributions to the Katipunan, indicating recognition as a founder despite his electoral losses. March 22, 1897 Daniel Tirona's Insult: During the convention, Daniel Tirona, a member of the assembly, refused to accept Bonifacio as Interior Secretary, arguing that Bonifacio lacked the necessary credentials for governmental leadership. Tirona suggested that a lawyer be nominated instead. Bonifacio's Reaction: This disrespect angered Bonifacio, leading him to declare the meeting invalid and walk out with his supporters. This incident highlights the tensions surrounding leadership and credibility within the revolutionary movement March-April 1897 Acta de Tejeros: In response to the events at the Tejeros Convention, Bonifacio authored the Acta de Tejeros, which he signed along with 44 other prominent Katipunan members. This document claimed the convention was invalid due to a lack of due process. Acta de Naik: A month later, Bonifacio escalated the conflict by issuing the Acta de Naik, which accused certain leaders, including Emilio Aguinaldo, of betraying the revolution. This act exposed deep divisions within the movement, as Bonifacio accused Aguinaldo and others of treason, further complicating the internal struggles for leadership. May 1897 Charges Against Bonifacio: Bonifacio was charged with sedition and treason by a jury composed of his peers. This trial was heavily influenced by his rivalry with Emilio Aguinaldo and other leaders within the Katipunan.  Execution of the Bonifacio Brothers: ○ On May 10, 1897, Ciriaco Bonifacio, Andres's brother, was reportedly killed by Aguinaldo's forces during an ambush in the Limbon area. ○ Andres Bonifacio was captured and brought to Maragondon, where he and his brother, Procopio, faced execution. The account suggests chaos in the capture operation, as there was confusion about whether Andres was already dead or alive when they took him. December 15, 1897 Aguinaldo's Leadership and the Pact of Biak-na-Bato: ○ Following political instability and the internal divisions that plagued the revolution, Emilio Aguinaldo emerged as the new leader of the Katipunan. ○ Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which aimed to bring about a temporary ceasefire in the ongoing revolution. ○ The pact involved significant concessions: Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders agreed to exile in Hong Kong. The pact included a financial settlement of 400,000 pesos, alongside promises from the Spanish authorities for substantial governmental reforms. These reforms were contingent upon the leaders laying down their arms, marking a complex negotiation between the revolutionaries and the colonial government. April-May 1898 Spanish-American War Begins: In April 1898, the United States declared war on Spain, primarily over the situation in Cuba. This conflict marked a significant moment in American and Spanish colonial history. U.S. Naval Action: As part of the war effort, General George Dewey was sent to Manila with the objective of neutralizing Spanish naval power in the Philippines. On May 1, Dewey successfully led U.S. forces in the Battle of Manila Bay, achieving a decisive victory against the Spanish fleet. This battle was crucial in establishing U.S. control over the Philippines. May 1898 Aguinaldo’s Return: While in exile in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo made strategic arrangements with U.S. authorities to return to the Philippines and support the U.S. military in their efforts against Spanish rule. Landing and Mobilizing Forces: Aguinaldo landed in the Philippines on May 19, 1898. He quickly rallied his fellow revolutionaries and began a campaign to liberate towns south of Manila from Spanish control. This marked a critical phase in the Philippine Revolution, as  Aguinaldo sought to capitalize on the weakening Spanish presence brought about by the American intervention. June 12, 1898 Proclamation of Independence: On this date, Emilio Aguinaldo officially declared Philippine independence, raising the national flag at Kawit, Cavite. This event marked a significant moment in Philippine history, symbolizing the culmination of efforts to free the nation from Spanish colonial rule. June 1898 Shift in Sentiment Towards the U.S.: Initially, Filipino revolutionaries welcomed American support against Spain. However, as the conflict progressed, they grew increasingly wary, suspecting that the U.S. intended to replace Spain as the colonial power in the Philippines. Formation of a Revolutionary Government: In light of these concerns, Aguinaldo moved to establish a revolutionary government, issuing a decree on June 23, 1898, aimed at consolidating leadership and governance in the face of potential American colonial ambitions. This wary approach signified a shift in the revolutionary leaders' outlook regarding their foreign ally. June-August 1898 American Military Presence: American expeditionary forces arrived in Manila from June to July 1898, as part of the broader conflict in the Spanish-American War. Surrender of Manila: On August 13, 1898, following the signing of the Protocol of Peace between Spain and the United States, Manila was surrendered to American forces after what has been described as a “token battle.” This marked a significant shift in control from Spanish colonial rule to American military governance. Establishment of American Rule: The American Military Government in the Philippines formally began on August 14, 1898, indicating the start of a new phase of governance in the archipelago. September 1898-January 1899 Formation of Revolutionary Government: On September 15, 1898, Filipino leaders convened a revolutionary constitutional congress. Their goal was to draft a constitution for a prospective Philippine Republic, showcasing their desire for self-governance. Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic: The First Philippine Republic was officially inaugurated at the Malolos Congress on January 23, 1899. This event symbolized a hopeful  effort by Filipinos to establish a government independent from both Spanish and American colonial rule. December 10, 1898 Treaty of Paris: On this date, the Treaty of Paris was signed, officially ending the Spanish-American War. The treaty included provisions for Spain to cede its territories, including the Philippines, to the United States for $20 million. Importantly, no Filipino representatives were consulted during the negotiations, highlighting the disregard for Filipino voices in the transitional governance. January-April 1899 Survival of the First Philippine Republic: The First Philippine Republic, established shortly before the treaty, faced immediate challenges. Less than two weeks after its inauguration on January 23, 1899, hostilities erupted between Filipino revolutionaries and the American military, signaling the start of the Philippine-American War. Guerilla Warfare: As conflict escalated, Emilio Aguinaldo ordered his troops to adopt guerrilla warfare tactics against American forces, reflecting the intense struggle for independence. Capture of Aguinaldo: On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured in the mountains of Palanan, Isabela. Shortly after, on April 1, 1901, he took an oath of allegiance to the United States, marking a significant turning point in the Philippine struggle for independence.