Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics PDF

Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics **Communication** - Communication is derived from the latin word "common" which means, "belongs to many" and "communico"-to refer to others. - Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. - A two...

Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics **Communication** - Communication is derived from the latin word "common" which means, "belongs to many" and "communico"-to refer to others. - Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. - A two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also create and share meaning. - Communication is a means of connecting people or places. ***Elements of Communication*** 1\. **Sender** \- The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing information and ideas to others is known as sender or communicator. 2\. **Medium** \- The medium is the immediate form which a message takes. For example, a message may be communicated in the form of a letter, in the form of an email or face to face in the form of a speech. 3\. **Channel** \- The channel is that which is responsible for the delivery of the chosen message form. For example post office, internet, radio. 4\. **Receiver** \- The receiver or the decoder is responsible for extracting/decoding meaning from the message. The receiver is also responsible for providing feedback to the sender. In a word, it is his/her job to INTERPRET.5. **Feedback (Effect)** \- This is important as it determines whether or not the decoder grasped the intended meaning and whether communication was successful.6. **Context** \- The context of any communication act is the environment surrounding it. This includes, among other things, place, time, event, and attitudes of sender and receiver.7. **Noise (also called interference)** \- This is any factor that inhibits the conveyance of a message. That is, anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately received, interpreted and responded to. *Noise may be internal or external.* - Example: A student worrying about an incomplete assignment may not be attentive in class (internal noise) or the sounds of heavy rain on a galvanized roof may inhibit the reading of a storybook to second graders (external noise). ***Principles and Characteristics of Communication*** **Communication is:** **Schemata- driven** (a product of imagination) - Begins in yourself. Information that you have already stocked in your brain. - Information that you have already known or understood about the subject matter. - Transmitted messages become understandable or meaningful because of your innate or old knowledge about the message. **An interpretative act** - The only person who knows the exact or full meaning of the message transmitted is the sender or speaker. **Does not guarantee a direct link within two minds** **Active, powerful & forceful** - It is said to be active, powerful and forceful for it engages the action of sending and receiving info; and said to be powerful for it can elicit different meanings and reactions **Symbolic** **Semiotics** **A result of something** - Communication is always a result of a communicative act **Irreversible (Permanent)** **Contextual** - An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn't only involve the sender and receiver, but also the communicative setting like time, place topic, occasion, purpose and manner of communication. **Developmental and progressive** - Communication progresses over time. **A process** - Communication is a process of dynamic interaction **Ethical** - Communication has standards **Influenced by media and technology** - Communication is affected by electronic communication devices, etc. Lesson 2 **Culture** - Refers to the attitudes, values, customs, and behavior patterns that characterize a social group - The ways in which a particular group of people lives, including their shared knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects **Chapter 2: Communication and Globalization** **LESSON OUTCOMES : ** 1. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication. 2. Give the impact of communication on  society and the world by writing a reaction paper. **Lesson 1 : Preparing to Communicate Across Cultures** **PRE-ASSESSMENT**  **Lesson 2 : The Cost of Cultural Ignorance ** **How does it affect communication?** *1. Showing the sole of a shoe/Crossing of legs*  United States/Europe           OK Muslim cultures/Korea          NOT OK *2. Eyeblink rate* North Americans      OK  Taiwanese                NOT OK 3\. Business Card Japanese\--extension of a person  Americans - business formality/convenience *4. Eye Contact * Americans      OK  Japanese        NOT OK  \*Too much eye contact is deemed intrusive among Asian cultures.  \*Arabs maintain direct eye contact with those they interact with for prolonged periods. *5. Individualism/Group Cohesion*  Americans - personal achievement and individualism Asian/Native Americans - emphasis on group **KEY TERMS : ** Accommodation  Assimilation  Co-cultures  Collectivistic Culture  Cultural Imperialism  Cultural Pluralism **KEY TERMS :**  Cultural Relativism  Culturally confused  Culture  Diversity Ethnocentrism  Globalization **KEY TERMS : ** High-context Communication Individualistic Cultures  Intercultural Communication  Interethnic Communication  International Communication  Intracultural Communication  Interracial Communication  Low-context Communication Multiculturalism https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD\_4nXcpnAnr5JJMX2GRFZHNlLqSgOLnaSSENOiSwch-QGMLPO0EXC4Ls\_0Ths0W-iyvPvQW-f6H9HPt26\_WnipcoAhViBpuRNwXBf46I4HpY9Byh-6Qw2BKbiM1QqUyFNJF2rqT3VKFi\_bUaQiDBHFQJErgbJsz?key=8ZSBZNPc49CjLKpel5toqw  **Lesson 3 : Writing a Reaction Paper ** *What is a reaction/reflection/critique paper?* - An analysis and an evaluation of the material presented  - More than a simple summary - Includes opinion or reaction to the material *This may take variety of forms: * - You may compare work to other related material  - You may come up with ways to improve the work - You may express what you learned - You may concur with the work or argue against the work **Guidelines in Writing a Reaction Paper ** - Pull yourself together on what you have just experienced.  - Come up with a thesis statement.  - Come up with what reaction you want to put down on paper  - Decide on your organization and draft your reaction paper. **Parts of a Reaction Paper ** - **[Introduction] **                (1) In an article written on **April 21, 2012** entitled **\"The Flight from Conversation\"** by **Sherry Turkle**, she noted [that people nowadays are dominated by one of the most used channels in communication-technology.] The text was extracted from her talk in TED, a YouTube channel that showcases educational and substantial insights on various topics or issues that concern each one of us. She has cited numerous valid points and examples to strengthen her claims. And, I was convinced. How does this really impact communication? Let me discuss my insights further. - **[Body]**                (2) With technology and various inventions in it, we become the targets of everything it can offer. One is the different social networking sites that can be downloaded in play stores of your mobile phones. [Mobile communications app were designed to make us more connected to other people such as our family, relatives, loved ones, friends, classmates, acquaintances or even strangers]. However, on the flip side, they also detach us from them. Yes, we may FEEL connected but the real essence of conversation eventually becomes absent. Our seemingly little devices become bigger as they are dominating our values, our decisions, our ways of life. They control us. No, we let them control us. How is it possible? Simply because we, humans, have become so dependent on technology because of convenience.                (3) [It seems to be difficult for people nowadays to get away from that attachment to technology]. A group of teenagers sharing thoughts about K-dramas during a reunion, few members of Faculty texting, chatting, or posting stuffs in social networking sites during a meeting, and a friend who multitasks during a casual conversation for instance are only some of many prevalent existing indications of my claim. I don\'t say these must not be done because it\'s inevitable. We cannot deny that. Hence, in achieving an effective communication, eye contact is essential as it makes the process more personal, realistic, intentional, and convincing. Hence, one must always observe and practice this in any communicative situation regardless of his disinterest. That is why your friend looks at you while listening when he is obviously busy texting someone else. That is also why some maintain eye contact to a speaker while hiding their gadgets on their laps during a corporate meeting. On a positive note, it signifies respect.                (4) [Indeed, the more we desire to be connected with other people, the more that we get separated from them, or worse, from those people whom we value most]. Nowadays, children are left home by their parents who have to work away to give them better future. It is through mobile communication apps that they see and talk to each other virtually. But for those children who are fortunate to have their parents with them at home before or after work, they could also be recipients of such implication. Seeing them hold their phones while having a breakfast or dinner makes or triggers them to be rather ALONE or ISOLATED. It is the same on being on a date or a relationship with someone who spends most of his time on his phone than focusing on you. You\'d rather be SINGLE and alone, right?                (5) I have come to the point of secluding myself from thousands of friends online. Just so you know, I used to be the type of person who preferred to be alone, in solitude. Then I felt the need of companionship from other people through online, and eventually make friends in person. Initially, it went well and felt great. [But as time went on, I began to experience that sense of being alone together until it became unrealistic, odd, and time-wasting for me]. I had to unfriend almost 90% of them, leaving my family, relatives, and few friends on the list. There I saw and realized that I missed these people, these important persons whom I didn\'t pay attention to when I had thousand \"online\" friends on my feeds.                (6) Now that younger generations are exposed to technology, they are most likely to adapt to this trend. Instead of making friends with neighbourhood, they would rather sit; play on their computers or phones while establishing connection with bigger community outside. [They are deprived from making real conversations]. They do not develop actual communication skills. They are masked, hidden, and are unknown. Well some of you might prefer that because it is much safer and convenient. You have the power to edit or remove your posts, organize your message before it is sent. Ultimately, you present the ideal you, the kind of person you want to be perceived by other people. Isn\'t that becoming untrue to yourself? Isn\'t it becoming not you anymore? You can think of what you will say thoroughly unlike with actual conversation. You have no control. You may commit mistakes and realize eventually that you must have not said that.                (7) [\"I\'d rather text than talk.\"] We hear this often. In fact, most of us are guilty on this. Why? It saves time and money. \"I can just text him or her anyway.\" What matters is my message being delivered. But for some, effort matters. Our effort of personally seeing or reaching them and make a conversation is preferable. They value personal- human relationship. And I must agree on this. I don\'t wish to see humankind being replaced by technology in the future as companions. But again, with the advent of technology and innovative minds of humans themselves, it is possible. When a person starts to feel he doesn\'t have someone to talk to anymore because everyone is busy attaching themselves online, he will be tempted by machines that offer companionship. \"People will expect more technology, less from one another.\" And so everyone is totally engaged, active, and becomes \"onliners\". What\'s left in reality? NONE. And this, I find, is disturbing. - **[Conclusion]**                (8) I mentioned solitude in the beginning of my paper. Maybe, this word offers you negative impression. But let me tell you that it can be a good thing. It can be a good, or maybe the best resort to avoid the negative implications discussed here. It is not too late. When we want to refresh everything in our life and start anew, we leave. When one\'s heart gets broken, he leaves. He finds himself ALONE. [Each of us has the capacity for solitude]. This is when one decides to separate and gather himself. This is when we can find ourselves, reach out to other people and begin to establish real attachments again. How is it done?  **Prewriting** - Read the article and jot down ideas.  - How do you feel about what was said?  - Do you agree or disagree with the author?  - Have you had any applicable experience? - Have you read or heard anything that applies to what the writer said in the article?  - Does the evidence in the article support the statements the writer made? **Organizing** - Write the thesis statement first. - Decide on the key points. These can be your topic sentences. - Develop your ideas by adding examples, quotations, and details to your paragraphs.  - Make sure the last sentence of each paragraph leads to the next paragraph.  - Check your thesis, and make sure the topic sentence of each paragraph supports it. **Chapter 3: Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings** **Culture** - Culture derives from a French term "colere" which means to tend to earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. - Culture encompasses religion, food what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet, and a million other things. **Cultural Globalization** - Cultures can be part of globalization which involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. **Importance of having one's culture:** - Intrinsic benefits - Improved learning and valuable skills for the future - Better health and well being - Vibrant communities - Contribution to job creation - Contribution to tourism - Cultural planning **Cultural Differences** - Cultural awareness can give us better understanding of our own culture and how it is perceived by outsiders.  Examples of cultural differences:(Expressions)Laughing is considered a sign of happiness in most countries, but in Japan it is considered a sign of confusion, embarrassment or insecurity. In England, the thumb and forefinger together to form and 'O' means Ok, whereas; in France it means 'nothing or without any value". **Terms** - Gift means poison in German and in Scandinavian languages can mean both poison and marriage - Kiss in Swedish means pee - In Romanian, crap means carpIn Dutch, lol means funSlut means end in Swedish. Slutstation -- last stop on a train route. - In Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Croatian and Serbian, Brat means brother. **Ways on how to be culturally aware:** - Engage with other's cultures by asking questions. - Be open! - Think about how you can learn no matter how unusual it is. - Invite someone to share his/her culture with you. - Overcome stereotypes. **Cultural Sensitivity** - An attitude and way of behaving in which you are aware of and acknowledge cultural differences; it's crucial for such global goals as world peace and economic growth as well as for effective interpersonal communication **(Franklin & Mizell 1995).** **Sensitivity to Gender** ***Aspects of Gender*** - **Assignment** - gender from birth - **Role** -- traits that society use to express as part of assigned gender - **Identity** - What we think the gender should be at any given time - **Attribution** -- assigned to people when we meet them, based on the cues that differentiate from culture to culture