Cross-Cultural Communication PDF

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Cross-Cultural Communication F. D. PERALTA [email protected]  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VIS...

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Cross-Cultural Communication F. D. PERALTA [email protected]  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Cross-cultural Communication  the study of how people from different backgrounds, geographies, and cultures communicate with each other.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Cross-cultural Communication  occurs when people with different nationalities, styles of working, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, sexual orientation, etc. communicate.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Cross-cultural Communication Effective CCC involves  tries to negotiate, mediate cultural understanding cultural differences, exchange, and intermediate differences, reflecting on your own culture, cultural differences via verbal and non- researching on cultural verbal forms of communication. diversity, asking questions, listening actively, and being aware of nonverbal cues.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies The process of cross-cultural communication involves understanding the cultural differences between people and how these differences can affect communication.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies The cross-cultural approach in communication focuses on understanding and respecting differences in communication styles across cultures. It involves adapting one’s communication to bridge cultural gaps and foster mutual understanding. by L. Underwood CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies ACTIVITY 2 : Cross-Cultural Communication Situation Analysis Communication & Cultural Barriers Analyze the communication process based on the (cultural) barriers that beset the major elements: Speaker, Listener, Medium, Message, Feedback, Context Based on the photo, describe the potential barriers (differences) and suggest actions that communicators should take to avoid communication breakdown or conflict.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies The factors that lead to communication breakdown or breakthrough can depend on the context, the individuals involved, and the nature of the communication itself Communication Breakdown Communication Breakthrough the failure or disruption of effective represents a significant improvement communication between individuals or advancement in communication that or groups. leads to a better understanding, intended message is not accurately resolution of issues, or a positive conveyed or understood, resulting in change in a relationship or situation. confusion, misunderstanding, or conflict. Language barriers Active listening Lack of clarity Empathy Noise and distractions Effective feedback Cultural differences Cultural sensitivity Emotional barriers Conflict resolution skills  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Shared knowledge, beliefs, values, experiences, or interests between individuals or groups engaged in communication.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Cross-Cultural WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Communication Process Cross-cultural The ways people from different cultural backgrounds adjust to improve communication with one another communication is the process of recognizing both differences and similarities among cultural groups in order to effectively engage within a given context. graduate.northeastern.edu/resources/cross-cultural-communication CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Culture the social behavior and norms throughout societies, Shared beliefs, values, and assumptions of a group of people consisting of the values, who learn from one another and beliefs, and systems of teach to others that their language and communication. behaviors, attitudes, and perspectives are the correct ways to think, act, and feel.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies is learned. is shared. is dynamic. CULTURE is Systematic. is Symbolic.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies WHAT IS CULTURE?  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies What Is Culture? Many business leaders pick up on the things they can see—things on the “tip of the iceberg.” Things like food, clothing, and language difference are easily and immediately obvious, but focusing only on these can mean missing or overlooking deeper cultural aspects such as thought patterns, values, and beliefs that are under the surface. Solutions to any interpersonal miscommunication that results become temporary bandages covering deeply rooted conflicts. The cultural iceberg (by Laura Underwood), adapted from Lindner (2013)  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Cultural Membership What shared understandings do How do you become a member of people from the same culture have? a culture, and how do you know These characteristics are expressed in when you are full member? different ways, but they tend to be present in nearly all cultures: When we have a shared understanding, communication comes easily, but when we rites of initiation assign different meanings to these elements, common history and traditions we experience communication challenges. values and principles purpose and mission symbols, boundaries, status indicators rituals language  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Cultural Values Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Deeply ingrained principles that guide behavior, decision-making, and interaction in a society. In the context of cross-cultural communication, understanding these values is crucial because they influence how people perceive messages, interact with others, and respond to various stimuli, including marketing and advertisements.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Cultural Values & Communication WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Individualism vs Collectivism  Individualism emphasizes  Collectivism prioritizes group harmony, personal independence, family loyalty, and community goals over self-reliance, and individual individual desires. achievement.  Cultures with high individualism  Cultures like Japan, China, and many (e.g., the United States, Australia) Latin American countries reflect these value personal freedom and self- values. expression. In communication In an individualistic culture, a speaker might focus on personal success and autonomy, while in collectivist cultures, messages often focus on group well- being and collaboration.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies High-Context vs Low-Context Communication High-context cultures (e.g., Low-context cultures (e.g., Japan, China, Arab countries) rely Germany, United States, Switzerland) heavily on non-verbal cues, implicit prefer direct, explicit, and clear messages, and shared communication with minimal reliance understanding. on the surrounding context. Communication is often indirect, with much meaning derived from context. A business negotiation in a high-context culture might involve more non-verbal signals, indirect suggestions, and prolonged relationship-building. In contrast, a low-context culture would likely value directness and efficiency.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Power Distance Cultures with high power distance Cultures with low power distance (e.g., India, Mexico, Russia) accept (e.g., Denmark, New Zealand, hierarchical structures and Sweden) strive for equality and open inequalities in power distribution. In dialogue between people of different these cultures, people tend to defer social ranks. to authority and respect rigid social roles. In a high power distance culture, employees may be reluctant to question their superiors, while in low power distance cultures, open communication between different levels of authority is more common.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Masculinity vs Femininity Masculine cultures (e.g., Feminine cultures (e.g., Japan, Italy, United States) Sweden, Norway, Netherlands) value competitiveness, emphasize care for others, achievement, and material cooperation, and quality of life. success. In a masculine culture, advertisements or corporate messages may highlight status, wealth, and competition, while feminine cultures might focus on well- being, inclusivity, and community support.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Time Orientation Monochronic cultures (e.g., Polychronic cultures (e.g., Germany, USA) view time as Latin American and linear and prioritize Mediterranean countries) are schedules, punctuality, and more flexible with time, valuing planning. relationships over strict adherence to timetables. In monochronic cultures, a business meeting might be expected to start and end on time, whereas in polychronic cultures, meetings may begin late and be more fluid in structure.  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies Examples of Cultural Values Cultural values profoundly shape both communication styles and how messages are conveyed through advertising. Marketing strategies and communication media (advertisements, etc.) reflect specific cultural values that a group, community, or society upholds. What are some cultural values reflected in this ad?  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies 1. HOFSTEDE’S VALUE DIMENSIONS Geert Hofstede Provide general insight into Cultural values that help us understanding differences and understand cultural differences similarities across key below-the- surface cross-cultural elements, 1. Power distance but consider that people are still 2. Masculinity/Femininity individuals and may or may not 3. Uncertainty avoidance conform to what’s listed in the 4. Long-term vs short-term tools. orientation to life 5. Indulgence/restraint orientation  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies 2. TROMPENAARS’ SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE Fons Trompenaars Sets of cross-cultural measures 1. Universalism vs particularism 2. Individualism vs communitarianism 3. Specific vs diffuse 4. Neutral vs emotional 5. Achievement vs ascription 6. Sequential time vs synchronous time 7. Internal directions vs outer directions  CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Department of English, Foreign Languages, and Literary Studies 3. TING-TOOMEY’S FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY Stella Ting-Toomey People whose cultural FACE means your identity, image, how you look or backgrounds have come off to yourself and others different approaches to facework usually encounter conflict.  Individualist cultures tend to be more concerned with preserving their own face, while collective cultures tend Conflict Styles: 1. Domination to focus more on preserving others’ faces. 2. Avoiding  Loss of face leads to feelings of embarrassment (identity 3. Obliging erosion), whereas gaining or maintaining face can mean 4. Compromising 5. Integrating improved status, relations, and general positivity.  Actions to preserve or reduce face is called facework..