Nature of Inquiry and Research (PDF Version).pdf

Nature of Inquiry and Research Research in Daily Life 2  Nature of Inquiry and Research 01 02 03 The The The Key Aspects Importance of of a Research a Research Nature of Approach Approach Var...

Nature of Inquiry and Research Research in Daily Life 2  Nature of Inquiry and Research 01 02 03 The The The Key Aspects Importance of of a Research a Research Nature of Approach Approach Variables across Fields of Inquiry  Explain what a research approach 1 is and enumerate the key aspects of a specific approach. Give examples of importance of a OBJECTIVES 2 certain research approach across fields of inquiry Define the different variables that 3 a researcher can use in understanding the study further. Nature of Inquiry and Research Research in Daily Life 2 The Key Aspects of a Research Approach Nature and Inquiry of Research  The Key Aspects of a Research Approach RESEARCH APPROACH It is a plan and the procedure for research that span the steps from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.  The Key Aspects of a Research Approach RESEARCH APPROACH The following are to be considered in choosing what research approach will be utilized: - Philosophical assumptions the researcher brings to the study - Procedures of inquiry - Specific research methods  The Key Aspects of a Research Approach Quantitative Qualitative research research is an is an approach for approach for exploring and testing objective understanding the theories by meaning individuals examining the or groups ascribe to a social or human relationship problem. among variables.  The Key Aspects of a Research Approach Quantitative Qualitative research research is an is an approach for approach for exploring and testing objective understanding the theories by meaning individuals examining the or groups ascribe to a social or human relationship problem. among variables.  CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH APPROACHES QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE 1. Researcher’s Subjective; Objective; least involvement with sometimes involvement by the the object or personally subject of the study researcher engaged 2. Expression of Verbal language data, data analysis, (words, visuals, Numerals, statistics and findings objects) Takes place as the Plans all research 3. Research Plan research proceeds aspects before gradually collecting data  CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH APPROACHES QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Desires to preserve Control or 4. Behavior toward the natural setting manipulation of research aspects/conditions of research research conditions by features the researcher 5. Obtaining Multiple methods Scientific method knowledge Makes social Evaluates objectives 6. Purpose intentions and examines cause- understandable effect relationships  CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH APPROACHES QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE 7. Data analysis Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based technique competence-based methods 8. Style of Personal, lacks Impersonal, scientific or expression formality systematic More inclined to 9. Sampling purposive sampling or Random sampling as technique use of chosen samples the most preferred based on some criteria  CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH APPROACHES QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE 10. Mental Results from social survey of Exists in physical world reality interactions Revealed by automatic 11. Cause-effect Explained by people’s descriptions of relationships objective desires circumstances or conditions  STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. Adopts a naturalistic approach 2.Promotes full understanding of human behavior or personality traits in their natural setting 3.Instrumental for positive societal changes. 4.Engenders respect for people’s individuality. 5.A way of understanding and interpreting social interactions. 1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis. 2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data. 3. Its open-ended questions yield data overload that requires long-time analysis. 4.It is time-consuming. 5. It involves several processes which results greatly depend on the researcher’s views or interpretations. WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 1. It can be replicated or repeated in other contexts. 2. It provides findings that are generalizable to a large population. 3. It can establish causality more conclusively. 4.It can make predictions based on numerical, quantifiable data. 5. Its validity and reliability can be measured. 1. It cannot adequately provide in-depth information necessary for describing and explaining complex phenomenon. 2. Numerical data may be insufficient in analyzing intangible factors, such as gender roles, socio-economic status, and social norms of a given population. 3. It has less flexibility in terms of study design. 4. Responses of participants are strictly limited to what has been asked. WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH The Key Aspects of a Research Approach The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry Nature and Inquiry of Research  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL INQUIRY Qualitative research helps us understand the behavior and experience of other people. In turn, their actions can help one become an effective and functional member of the community.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL INQUIRY Quantitative research helps us better understand the behavior and social interactions among individuals through defined factors that are found by means of testing a certain population.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry CULTURE AND THE ARTS Qualitative research helps us understand other people’s culture. It allows us, on the other hand, to discern the individuality of a person or culture through art.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry CULTURE AND THE ARTS Quantitative research helps us know one’s thought process through investigation of their lifestyle. It leads us to numerical conclusions that give us understanding about how they pursue creativity.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry SPORTS Qualitative research can explore on the issues and concerns athletes experience that may lead to realizations of better policy making and implementations.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry SPORTS Quantitative research can explore on athletes’ experiences and relate them to numerical variables that they can base on in improving their performances.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES Qualitative research can be utilized to learn farmers’ beliefs, practices, and challenges.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES Quantitative research can be utilized to look for trends that may affect other countries’ economic standing.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Qualitative research can help in discovering how innovations on the said field affects the lives of people in different sectors.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Quantitative research helps in determining effectiveness levels of new technologies in addressing health problems.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry BUSINESS Qualitative research can be utilized in exploring attitudes of employees, customers, and entrepreneurs towards selling and buying goods and services.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry BUSINESS Quantitative research can help businessmen know their strengths and weaknesses in running their companies through the lenses of different business frameworks.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Qualitative research can be utilized to explore how one’s exposure to ICT could lead to betterment of their life. It could also help in learning that ICT leads to new patterns of behavior.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Quantitative research is used to learn new trends that may uplift people’s lifestyles. In this field, people may innovate new software that may cater to people’s needs.  The Importance of a Research Approach across Fields of Inquiry The Nature of Variables Nature and Inquiry of Research  The Nature of Variables VARIABLE A factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or manipulates.  The Nature of Variables VARIABLE the changing quantity or measure of any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. CATEGORICAL are variables with values that describe a quality or characteristic of a data unit like “what type” or “which category”. a) Nominal – variables that cannot be organized in a logical sequence (e.g. name, eye color, language) b) Ordinal – can be arranged in a rank or order (e.g. first, second, third) c) Dichotomous – shows two categories only (e.g. yes and no) d) Polychotomous – shows many categories (e.g. educational attainment, religion, political affiliation)  NUMERIC variables with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity and answer the questions “how many” or “how much”. a) Continuous - Can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers (e.g. weight, height, age) b) Discrete - Can only assume any whole value within the limits of the given variables (e.g. population, number of students in a class) EXPERIMENTAL are variables that define the samples in an experiment. a) Independent – the variables that are manipulated in an experiment. b) Dependent - usually affected by the manipulation of the independent variables. c) Extraneous - also called as mediating or intervening variables, these variables are already existing during the conduct of an experiment and could influence the result of the study.  NON-EXPERIMENTAL Variables that are not seen in an experiment. Usually, they are used to show relationships of two factors. a) Predictor - These variables change the other variable/s in a non-experimental study. b) Criterion - These variables are usually influenced by the predictor variables. The Nature of Variables Nature of Inquiry and Research Research in Daily Life 2