The Rudiments of Quantitative and Qualitative Research PDF

Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries The Rudiments of Quantitative and Qualitative Research VAL JOSEPH I. VINALON Teacher III/Bagumbayan National High School EdD - LLE/Far Eastern University Discussant...

Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries The Rudiments of Quantitative and Qualitative Research VAL JOSEPH I. VINALON Teacher III/Bagumbayan National High School EdD - LLE/Far Eastern University Discussant OBJECTIVES At the end of the period, the students should be able to: define research; differentiate qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method research; enumerate the different quantitative, qualitative, and mixed- methods research designs; distinguish between qualitative and quantitative research designs and types of data collection; apply the rudiments of quantitative and qualitative research in one’s proposal The Rudiments of Quantitative and Qualitative Research  Research A collection of methods and methodologies that researchers apply systematically to produce scientifically based knowledge about the social world. (Neuman, 2015) It is systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid standard protocol. (Merriam-Webster) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. (Dictionary)  Research Designs are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research study. strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). the designs available to the researcher have grown over the years as computer technology has advanced our data analysis and ability to analyze complex model It helped also individuals to articulate new procedures for conducting social science research  Quantitative vs. Qualitative Quantitative Research Qualitative Research It is an approach for exploring and understanding the A type of educational research in which meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or the researcher decides what to study; human problem (Cresswell and Cresswell, 2014). asks specific, narrow questions; It gathers participants’ experiences, perceptions, and collects quantifiable data from behavior. It answers the how’s and whys instead of how many or how much (Tenny et al. 2022) participants; analyzes these numbers is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretative, using statistics; and conducts the naturalistic approach to its subject matter. It studies inquiry in an unbiased, objective natural settings attempting to make sense of, or manner. interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves It is an approach for testing objective the studied use and collection of a variety of theories by examining the relationships empirical materials – case study, personal experience, among variables- instruments and introspective, life story, interview, observational, statistical features (Cresswell and historical, interactional, and visual texts – that Cresswell, 2014). describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals’ lives (Aspers & Corte, 2019).  Qualitative Research Advantages Disadvantages provides detailed perspectives of has limited generalizability; a few people; provides only soft data (not captures the voices of hard data, such as numbers); participants; studies few people; allows participants’ experiences is highly subjective; and to be understood in context; is based on views of participants, minimizes use of the not of the researcher; and researcher’s expertise due to it appeals to people’s enjoyment reliance on participants of stories  Quantitative Research Advantages Disadvantages draw conclusions for large is impersonal, dry number of people; does not record the words of analyzes data efficiently; participants; investigates relationship within data; provides limited understanding examines probable causes and of the context of participants; effects; and control bias; and largely researcher driven appeals to people’s preference for numbers  Mixed-Methods Research is an approach to inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms of data, and using distinct designs that may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks(Cresswell and Cresswell, 2014). Alternative Research Designs  Alternative Research Designs Survey Research provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. It includes cross-sectional and longitudinal research It uses questionnaires or structured interviews for data collection with the intent of generalizing from a sample to a population (Fowler, 2008)  Alternative Research Designs Experimental Research seeks to determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome. The researcher assesses this by providing a specific treatment to one group and withholding it from another and then determining how both groups scored on an outcome. This includes true experiments, with the random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions, and quasi-experiments that use nonrandomized assignments.  Qualitative Research Designs Clandinin and Connelly (2000) constructed a picture of what narrative researchers do. Moustakas (1994) discussed the philosophical tenets and the procedures of the phenomenological method. Charmaz (2006), Corbin and Strauss (2007; 2015), and Strauss and Corbin (1990, 1998) identified the procedures of grounded theory. Fetterman (2010) and Wolcott (2008) summarized ethnographic procedures and the many faces and research strategies of ethnography Stake (1995) and Yin (2009, 2012, 2014) suggested processes involved in case study research.  Qualitative Research Designs Narrative research is a design of inquiry from the humanities in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives (Riessman, 2008). This information is then often retold or restoried by the researcher into a narrative chronology. Often, in the end, the narrative combines views from the participant’s life with those of the researcher’s life in a collaborative narrative (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000).  Qualitative Research Designs Phenomenological research is a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon as described by participants. This description culminates in the essence of the experiences for several individuals who have all experienced the phenomenon. This design has strong philosophical underpinnings and typically involves conducting interviews.  Qualitative Research Designs Grounded Theory is a design of inquiry from sociology in which the research derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants. It pertains to the process that involves multiple stages of data collection; the refinement and interrelationship of categories of information. It is a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data which is systematically gathered and analyzed.  Qualitative Research Designs Ethnography Etymology: Ethnos (people) + Graphein (writing) “The basic idea is to describe how a cultural group develops patterns of action, talking, and behavior from interacting together over time” (Cresswell, 2016). It is a “qualitative research method which involves a detailed study of a particular cultural group” (Parul, n. d.). “Ethnography was born as a technique based upon direct observation. ” (Gobo, 2011).  Qualitative Research Designs Ethnography  Qualitative Research Designs What Ethnographers Do? Identifies a culture-sharing group and what is of interest to study about this group. Records beliefs, ideas, behaviors, language, and rituals primarily through conducting interviews and observations. Spends considerable time with the group to learn about the culture they share. Develops a detailed description and themes of how the group works. from 30 Essential Skills for the Qualitative Researcher (Cresswell, 2016)  Qualitative Research Designs Case studies are a design of inquiry found in many fields, especially evaluation, in which the researcher develops an in- depth analysis of a case, often a program, event, activity, process, or one or more individuals. The cases here are bounded by time and activity, and researchers collect detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time  Characteristics of Qualitative Research Natural setting Researcher as key instrument Multiple sources of data Inductive and Deductive data analysis Participant's meanings Emergent design  Data Collection Types: Observations Interviews Documents Audio-visual materials (photographs, videotapes, art objects, computer messages, sounds, and films) Data Collection Types: Data Collection Types: Data Collection Types: Data Collection Types:  Data Collection Types: 1. Observation Common in many qualitative projects (case studies, ethnographies, and action research studies); can be used to triangulate emerging findings; provide knowledge of the context of specific incident; some may be not comfortable discussing details some strengths - naturally occurs and first hand encounter of the phenomenon (Merriam and Tisdell, 2016)  Data Collection Types: 1. Observation What to observe? What is your purpose? What is the theoretical frame of your study? What guidelines do you ask about your project? (Through curiosity, the researcher is able to establish MEANINGS of items, articles, patterns of behavior, and social relationships (LeComple, 2013)  Data Collection Types: 2. Gathering In- depth information through Interviewing interviewing for research is a systematic activity which necessitates structures and purpose (Brinkman & Ruale, 2015, p.5) It is a conversation that are FOCUSED and is related to the study at hand (Dexter, 1970). To obtain special kind of information (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016).  Data Collection Types: 2. Gathering In- depth information through Interviewing BY STRUCTURE 1. closed-ended interviews 2. semi-structured interviews 3. unstructured and informal interviews  Data Collection Types: 2. Gathering In- depth information through Interviewing 2.1 Standardized interviews questions are asked according to predetermined sequence and directions 2.2 Semi-structured interviews guided interviews but recognizes the views of the informants 2.3 Informal interviews particularly useful when the participants do not know enough information about the phenomenon (explored by) WE INTERVIEW AND NOT INTERROGATE  Data Collection Types: 3. Documents (books, audios, and visuals presentations) 4. Questionnaire - survey, pretest and posttest  Mixed-method Research According to Cresswell (2015) it is an approach to research in the social, behavioral, and health sciences in which the investigator gathers both quantitative (closed-ended) and qualitative (open- ended) data, integrates the two, and then draws interpretations based on the combined strengths of both sets of data to understand research problems. A core assumption of this approach is that when an investigator combines statistical trends (quantitative data) with stories and personal experiences (qualitative data) , this collective strength provides a better understanding of the research problem than either form of data alone.  Mixed-method Research Three basic mixed methods designs are: A convergent design , in which the intent if the research is to collect both quantitative and qualitative data, analyze both datasets, and then merge the results of two sets of data analyses with the purpose of comparing the results (validation). An explanatory sequential design first uses quantitative methods followed by the use of qualitative methods to help explain quantitative results.  Mixed-method Research Three basic mixed methods designs are: An exploratory sequential design in which the intent is first to explore a problem with qualitative methods followed by quantitative. qualitative is being used to build a second quantitative phase of the project (designing an instrument to measure variables in the study) References Adedoyin, O. B. (2020). Quantitative Research method. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340594619_Quantitative_Research_ Method Aspers, P. &^ Corte, U. (2019). What is Qualitative in Qualitative Research? National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. Fox, B.H., & Jennings, W. G. (2014): How to write a methodology and results section for empirical research, Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 25(2), 137-156. DOI: 10.1080/10511253.2014.888089 Tenny, S., Brannan, J. M., & Brannan, G. D. (2022, September 18). Qualitative study. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470395/ THANK YOU AND GOOD DAY!