NACC Question Bank Answers PDF

Center-based Programs for young children located in school settings; these programs usually include larger groups of children than are found in home-based programs. a. True b. False 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the number of children for whom an adult is responsible, calculated by dividing the total number of adults into the total number of children. a. Centre Based programs b. Childadult ratio c. Child advocacy d. Classratio 3. Political and legislative activism by professionals to urge change in social policies affecting children is known as ? a. Centre based programs b. Child adult ratio c. Child avvocacy d. Class 4. Teaching young children by matching practice with what we know about their development is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_ a. DAP b. CLASS c. IV d. IIV 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is term encompassing developmentally appropriate programs that serve children from birth through 8 years of age; a field of study that trains students to work effectively with young children a. Early Childhood Education b. Extended family c. Family child care homes d. None of the above 6. Extended family members beyond the immediate nuclear family: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Ants b. Uncles c. Grandparents d. All of the above 7. \_\_\_\_ is a program that focuses on all aspects of children's development, not just cognitive development a. Integrated curriculum b. Latchkey children c. Nuclear family d. Process quality 8. Difficulty in concentrating on an activity or subject for more than a few moments at a time is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Self care children b. Structural quality c. ADD d. ADHD 9. Manifested by short attention span, restlessness, poor impulse control, distractibility, and inability to concentrate is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Self care children b. Structural quality c. ADD d. ADHD 10. A socioemotional disorder of unknown origin in which the child's social, language, and other behaviors are inappropriate and often bizarre is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. AD b. ADHD c. ASD d. AIV 11. A problem in development, usually organic, resulting in below-normal performance is known as \_\_\_\_\_ a. Deficit b. Developmental delay c. Down syndrome d. FFASD 12. \_\_\_\_\_\_ is known as a child's development in one or more areas occurring at an age significantly later than that of peers. a. Deficit b. Developmental delay c. Down syndrome d. FFASD 13. \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a disability in which children have significant developmental, cognitive, and intellectual delays, marked by noticeable physical characteristics such as small head and stature, slanted eyes, and protruding tongue a. Deficit b. Developmental delay c. Down syndrome d. FFASD 14. Which of the following actions by an early childhood teacher would likely be most effective in fostering the moral development of young children? a. involving the children in creating specific behavior rules for each area of the school and classroom b. helping the children understand how their actions may affect others and consistently modeling caring and equity c. establishing a set of clear behavior rules at the beginning of the year and applying consequences without exception d. awarding a prize each Friday to the child who has been most cooperative during the course of the week 15. Which of the following scenarios in a kindergarten class would best support Lev Vygotsky\'s social constructivist theory of learning? a. Two children at the games table work on identical puzzles independently without interacting. b. One child watches another child dump out a set of puzzle pieces and arrange them by size. c. Two children at the table-toy area work side by side on different puzzles. d. One child watches another child rotate a puzzle piece to fit a space and then tries out the same strategy. 16. A four-year-old child at the sand table is trying to fill a container with sand using a measuring cup. However, the child\'s attempts result in more sand spilling on the floor than filling the container. Which of the following statements by the teacher would most likely prompt the child to engage in problem solving in this situation? a. \"I\'m going to watch you fill the container step by step. You tell me what happens at each step.\" b. \"I wonder if you\'d be more successful if you tried to fill a wide-mouth container.\" c. \"Now I see what\'s happening. You\'re pouring the sand before the cup is above the container.\" d. \"Perhaps it would work better to use the container to scoop up the sand.\" 17. Every fall before the school year begins, a kindergarten teacher creates a daily schedule for her class. The best rationale for this practice is that children: a. come from different types of families with different routines in the home. b. require repeated prompting and close monitoring to stay focused. c. need predictability to allow them to feel secure and be productive. d. learn most effectively from activities that are teacher directed. 18. Which of the following classroom scheduling practices would be developmentally appropriate for children of preschool age? a. providing frequent variations in routine b. beginning each day with a half-hour circle time c. introducing new learning centers each week d. alternating physically active and quiet activities 19. A new first-grade teacher learns that morning arrival time for students occurs over a period of 20 to 30 minutes each day. Which of the following would be the teacher\'s best strategy for ensuring that the morning arrival period is calm and orderly? a. arranging for available parents/guardians to serve as room monitors until everyone has arrived b. establishing a system in which students earn or lose points on the basis of their arrival behavior c. arranging for students who misbehave to be sent to the school office until the day\'s instruction begins d. establishing routine arrival tasks for students to perform followed by quiet activities such as reading 20. A four-year-old child has difficulty sharing toys, taking turns, and initiating play during center time. Which of the following observational assessment tools would likely be the preschool teacher\'s best choice for collecting data on how often the child demonstrates the targeted behaviors? a. event sampling b. skills checklist c. rating scale d. running record 21. A preschool teacher is concerned about a student who has recently begun having difficulty in several content areas. The student had previously done well on in-class assignments and quizzes and on homework assignments. The teacher has scheduled a conference with the student\'s parents. Taking which of the following approaches would be the most appropriate way for the teacher to discuss the student\'s academic difficulties with the parents? a. expressing concern to the parents about the student\'s likely performance on upcoming assessments b. preparing a graph for the parents that compares the student\'s performance with that of classmates c. having the parents review the student\'s grades on his or her most recent report cards d. showing the parents recent samples of the student\'s work and observations to illustrate the areas of concern 22. A kindergarten teacher regularly includes project-based investigations as part of the curriculum. This practice would benefit students primarily by: a. encouraging them to evaluate their own learning in a systematic way. b. fostering their understanding of their own learning needs and preferences. c. introducing them to new information in a logical and orderly progression. d. promoting their exploration of content from integrated and varied perspectives. 23. A preschool teacher reads stories aloud to his class every day. One of his students, an English Learner with limited oral language development in English, has difficulty comprehending the stories. Which of the following modifications should the teacher make to the read-aloud activity to best address this student\'s needs? a. varying the volume and tone of his voice when speaking as various characters in a story b. reading each story aloud more than once while emphasizing key events in the story c. using pictures and concrete examples d. writing the names of the main characters from a story on the classroom word wall 24. The local fire department has offered to come to a preschool to make a presentation for families about safety in homes with young children. Which of the following pre-presentation strategies would best help ensure that the presentation will be meaningful for all attendees? a. sending each family a brochure on routine home safety practices and precautions b. asking families to submit confidential self-assessments of their parenting skills c. scheduling a class field trip to the fire station in the same week as the presentation d. seeking input from families regarding safety issues that directly affect their lives 25. Which of the following steps should a program evaluation team take first as it begins the process of conducting a comprehensive evaluation of an early childhood program? a. reviewing the program\'s current philosophy, goals, and objectives b. comparing the current year\'s level of success to that of the previous few years c. creating a list of current teaching staff sorted by years of classroom experience d. assessing the performance of teachers, administrators, and staff for the current year 26. In which of the following scenarios is an early childhood teacher acting primarily in his or her role as an advocate for children and families in the program? a. A preschool teacher collaborates with an agency in the community to organize a series of health and wellness events. b. A first-grade teacher participates in a workshop about incorporating the arts into the early childhood curriculum. c. A second-grade teacher regularly reads professional journals to stay informed about developments in the field. d. A third-grade teacher maintains a folder for every student to track individuals\' development in each of the major domains. 27. Which of the following is the subset of ECE? a. Teachers education b. Parents education c. Infnat education d. Teenage education 28. Early Childhood Education developed as a field of study during\... a. World War 2 b. The Revolution c. The Enlightenment d. The Dark Ages 29. Early Childhood Education involves which of the following? a. Child development b. Fight against child abuse c. Child care d. The emotional development of children 30. Which of the following is not a sense we use? a. Sight b. Taste c. Height d. Smell 31\. What is a Schema? a. Plan b. Mental representation/idea c. fruit d. None of the above 32\. What is another word for kinesthetic? a. Hands on learning b. Learns by watching c. Learns by listening d. Doesnt learn at all 33\. What is the percentage of what we learn through vision a. 20% b. 90% c. 40% d. 80% 34\. Muscle development is common in a. Girls b. Boys c. All the above d. None of the above 35\. Which are one of the factors that effects Growth a. Heredity b. Nutrition c. Excercise d. All of the above 36\. What age is the sensorimotor stage a. 4-6 b. 3-5 c. 0-2 d. 10+ 37\. What is the second stage of cognitive development a. Preoperational 2-7 b. Sensorimotor 0-2 c. Concrete operational 7-12 d. Formal operational 12+ 38\. Does breastfeeding have health benefits? a. No b. Sometimes c. Yes d. Never 39\. What is the meaning of Anecdotal records. a. The act of assessing; appraisal; evaluation b. Tool used to record the degree c. Notes kept by the teacher concerning children's play d. None 40\. What is the meaning of Interpretation a. Notes kept by the teacher concerning children's play b. Oral translation c. Tool used to record the degree d. None 41\. What is the meaning of Intervals a. A space between things, points, limits, etc.; interspace: an interval of ten feet between posts. b. Intruding; thrusting in c. A connection based on kinship d. None 42\. What is the meaning of Assessment a. The act of assessing; appraisal; evaluation b. A tool use used to gather information on specific aspects of children behavior. c. Tool used to record the degree d. None 43\. What is the meaning of Participation chart a. A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. b. A tool use used to gather information on specific aspects of children behavior. c. Tool used to record the degree d. A tool use used to gather information on specific aspects of children behavior. e. None 44\. What is the meaning of Rating scale a. Tool used to record the degree b. A space between things, points, limits, etc.; interspace: an interval of ten feet between posts c. A tool use used to gather information on specific aspects of children behavior. d. None 45\. What is the meaning ofAuthentic assessment a. Both B and C b. A tool use used to gather information on specific aspects of children behavior. c. A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. d. None 46\. What is the meaning of Developmental milestones 1) Example(s):rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking. a. Not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice b. Are physical or behavioral signs of development or maturation of infants and children c. A flat, portable case for carrying loose papers, drawings, etc d. None 47\. What is the meaning of Objective a. Not according to the prescribed b. The act of assessing; appraisal; evaluation c. Not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice d. None 48\. What is the meaning of Checklist a. Intruding; thrusting in b. Not according to the prescribed c. A list of items, as names or tasks, for comparison, verification, or other checking purposes. d. None 49\. Which of the following is NOT true of early childhood education? a. It is optional. b. It includes opportunities for socialization. c. It includes opportunities for play. d. It is mandatory. 50\. Early childhood education can be defined as which one of the following? a. Education that takes place before primary school begins b. After-school programs for children of working parents c. Education programs that take place in the morning d. Education that is specifically designed for 4-year-olds 51\. When determining placement the IEP team must consider \_\_\_\_\_. a. the education of other students b. the least restrictive environment c. the cost of the placement d. the challenges of having a child with special needs in the regular classroom e. how other children will react to having a child with a disability in the classroom 52\. IEP stands for \_\_\_\_\_. a. Individual Education Plan b. Individual Educational Program c. Individualized Education Plan d. Individual Education Program e. Individualized Education Program 53\. If Lacie\'s parents disagreed with the IEP and could not come to agreement with the school, \_\_\_\_\_. a. the teachers could request a due process hearing b. the school has no recourse and must provide everything the parents ask for c. the parents could ask for a new IEP Team d. the parents could ask for a due process hearing e. the parents have no recourse because the school decides what is best for the student 54\. What happens after the IEP is written, approved, and signed by the IEP Team? a. The IEP is reviewed. b. Parents are notified of the plan. c. The student is evaluated to see if he/she is eligible for services. d. A due process hearing is scheduled. e. Services are provided. 55\. An IEP uses \_\_\_\_\_ to determine placement and accommodations for an eligible student. a. one grade level below the student b. national high-stakes testing standards c. one grade level above the student d. the child\'s needs e. typical grade level expectations 56\. Which of the following is NOT an example of how students should manage their own behaviors? a. Telling an adult when someone isn\'t following the rules b. Playing cooperatively c. Taking turns d. Controlling physical impulses 57\. Which of the following is NOT a schedule consideration? a. Rest time b. Computer time c. Creative expression d. Child-initiated activities 58\. Which of the following is not a pro-social behavior? a. Respect for materials/ classroom b. Show and tell c. Listening to others d. Turn taking 59\. A group of children in a preschool class are playing house and pretending to be various members of a family. Engaging in this type of socio dramatic play is important to children's development primarily because it allows them to: a. learn important differences in family roles. b. explore and manipulate group dynamics. c. mimic codes of behavior they witness in the adult world. d. think and behave in more complex ways in a risk-free environment. 60\. A group of seven-year-old children are playing a make-believe game in which they are pretending to be pirates drawing a map to buried treasure. This activity will most likely lead to the children's acquisition of knowledge by: a. promoting the development of their gross-motor skills. b. improving the acuity of their senses. c. influencing their development of spatial reasoning. d. enhancing their ability to categorize. 61\. According to the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, children's moral thinking develops: a. in tandem with cognitive development, so progress can be predicted based on academic achievement. b. in unpredictable ways in response to several complex environmental factors. c. in steps, beginning with responding to external authority and moving toward respecting universal principles. d. in emulation of their role models, so adults constitute the key influence in establishing a child's ethics and values. 62\. As babies begin to move around at the end of infancy, they rely increasingly on the process of social referencing to interpret the actions of significant others in order to determine: a. the degree of dexterity that is required for specific tasks. b. the limits of their caregiver's supervision. c. the appropriate response to a new situation. d. the duration of their sleep cycles. 63\. An 18-month-old child has begun responding to requests with "no" and doing the opposite of what others want. In terms of emotional development, this negativism is typically a manifestation of the child's: a. use of reversible thinking. b. sense of independence. c. use of cross-modal perception. d. formation of a strong attachment. 64\. Which of the following play activities would be most likely to foster a five-year old child's developing sense of empathy? a. building a tower with blocks b. feeding a guinea pig c. constructing a hand puppet d. playing music on a keyboard 65\. To promote the cognitive and physical development of a one-year-old baby, it is most effective for caregivers to choose toys that the baby finds interesting to: a. hear (e.g., rattles). b. manipulate (e.g., blocks). c. touch (e.g., stuffed animals). d. watch (e.g., mobiles). 66\. The development of stranger anxiety in infants between seven and nine months of age is most closely linked to their: a. increased memory. b. increased vocalization. c. increased visual ability. d. increased emotional sensitivity. 67\. Experiments have shown that babies develop a fear of heights only after they begin to crawl. This finding confirms the direct relationship between cognitive development and: a. sensorimotor experience. b. threshold of responsiveness. c. cross-modal perception. d. operant conditioning. 67\. The improvement in visual capacity and acuity in three-month-old infants is accompanied by which of the following behavioral developments? a. personal referencing b. babbling c. social smiling d. jargoning 68\. The speech dysfluency of stuttering most frequently has a detrimental effect on a child's: a. reading comprehension skills. b. feeling of autonomy. c. written language skills. d. sense of self-worth. 69\. Developmental delay and cognitive impairment, along with eyes that are smaller than average, a poorly developed upper lip, and flattened cheekbones, are typical of children with: a. cystic fibrosis. b. cerebral palsy. c. muscular dystrophy. d. fetal alcohol syndrome. 70\. A child with fine-motor impairments will likely have the most difficulty performing which of the following tasks? a. kicking a ball b. carrying a book c. drawing a picture d. reading a story 71\. The most detailed planning is contained in \_\_\_\_. a. yearly goals b. lesson plans c. block plans d. evaluations 72\. Praise should not be \_\_\_\_. a. age appropriate b. provided verbally c. given immediately, during, or following an action d. used without establishing eye contact 73\. A compassionate teacher is \_\_\_\_. a. a spectator b. nurturing c. withdrawn d. None of the above. 74\. Indirect learning experiences \_\_\_\_. a. occur on the spur of the moment b. are planned with a specific goal in mind c. are written in a curriculum d. are led by the teacher 75\. People with \_\_\_\_ intelligence display excellent communication and social skills. a. intrapersonal b. naturalistic c. interpersonal d. musical-rhythmic 76\. An appropriate theme for two-year-olds is \_\_\_\_. a. police officers b. hair stylists c. insects d. my family 77\. Responsibilities of early childhood teachers include all of the following except \_\_\_\_. a. developing teamwork skills b. following ethical standards c. ignoring personal physical and mental health needs d. participating in professional organizations 78\. Uncooperative teachers have children who are more \_\_\_\_. a. calm b. curious c. cooperative d. disruptive 79\. A four-year-old\'s self-help skills usually include \_\_\_\_. a. putting on shoes on correct feet b. unbuttoning back buttons c. dressing and undressing without assistance d. distinguishing the front and back of clothing 80\. Of all reported sexual abuse cases against children, about \_\_\_\_ percent are committed by strangers. a. 90 to 95 b. 75 to 80 c. 40 to 50 d. 10 to 15 81\. The transition used when lights are blinked is called \_\_\_\_. a. concrete object b. visual signal c. novelty d. auditory signal 82\. The first six months are a key window of opportunity for developing \_\_\_\_. a. emotional control b. math/logic c. vocabulary/speech d. vision 83\. Tangible payoffs for companies providing child care include \_\_\_\_. a. greater absenteeism b. increased taxes c. increased productivity d. greater turnover 84.A major goal of child guidance is to help children develop feelings of \_\_\_\_. a. authority b. justice c. self-control d. inferiority 85\. By four years of age, most children can \_\_\_\_. a. complete a 12- to 18- piece puzzle b. throw a ball overhand c. build a straight and tall tower of blocks d. All of the above 86\. Warnings should be provided \_\_\_\_. a. four times b. once c. twice d. as often as necessary 87\. Emotional abuse includes \_\_\_\_. a. burns b. insufficient love c. bruises d. lack of food 88\. Naps are taken \_\_\_\_. a. in accordance with state licensing requirements b. to make up for lost sleep at home c. to punish children d. to allow teachers a break 89\. The feeding problem associated with craving nonfood items is \_\_\_\_. a. dawdling b. pica c. food refusal d. vomiting 90\. Prompting should be \_\_\_\_. a. critical b. simple c. conveyed in an emotional manner d. complex 91\. Brofenbrenner's theory of an ecologiocal context of chld development helps early childhood educators focus on the a. Child and family context b. Child and family within educational context c. Educational context within society d. Child's biological, immediate, socioeconomic, and social cultural context. 92 A kindergarten teacher has set up a sand table in her classroom with which the children can explore and play. The sand table is most likely to benefit the children by providing them with the opportunity to a. Develop creative skills using an unusual artistic material b. Explore with concrete materials and make discoveries about their world. c. Explore scientific concepts they have learned previously. d. Develop fine motor coordination 93\. which of the following activites best promote mathematical understanding among preschool children? a. Naming geometric shapes that can be found around the room and drawing pictures of them b. Counting by rote to ten on a daily basis c. Learning about the calendar d. Sorting objects in a variety of ways and talking about how they are sorted. 94\. In preparing a curriculum for the optimal development of infants under ten months, the teacher should provide a. Riding toys for outside play b. Musical swings for movement c. Multichild buggies for walks d. Soft mats and blocks for rolling, climbing and tumbling. 95\. during a parent teacher conference a parent revelas to her child's teacher that her four year ols daughter Tisha is often extremely aggressive at home, causing disharmony among family members. Whch of the following would be the best suggestoions the teacher could make to help this parent cope with her daughter's home behavior? a. Allow Tisha to have space at home where she can go when she is angry so as not to affect other family members with her angry moods or actions b. Begin each day at home talking with Tisha about her feelings and how she can express them without lashing out at people c. Se up a reward system through which Tisha can earn simple material rewards and privileges when she displays control of her temper. d. Invite Tisha's school friends to share ways they express their own angry feelings at home and at school. 96\. " You are an excellent athlete,' Kevin tells his daughter. Kevin's statement is an example of a. Indirect definition b. Direct definition c. Identity script d. Self- fulfilling prophecy 97\. Rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are supposed to be are known as a. Direct definitions b. Identity scripts c. Self fulfilling prophecies d. Social comparisons 98\. Secure attachment styles tend to develop in children whose caregivers a. Are consistently loving an attentive b. Are more often loving than rejecting c. Alternately loving and rejecting d. Are socially conservative 99\. Edmund is very attentive and supportive to his son Mylan when he is sober, but when Edmund drinks, he often ignores his son and sometimes verbally abuses him. Mylan never knows which way his father will act. If Edmund is Mylan's primary caregiver, Mylan is likely to develop which attachment style? a. Fearful b. Secure c. Anxious/ambivalent d. Dismissive 100\. Organizational Strategies are a. set of formal and informal links between members of an organization b. Using indirect, undetailed communication c. Mainly in collectivist cultures d. Uses constructivism, the theory that we organize/interpret situations by applying schemata e. To gain and understand information 101\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is told by coworkers, telling us what to expect from whom a. Collectivist b. Ego boundaries c. Impromptu style d. Collegial stories 102\. Officers/executives, Directors, Management teams, General staff tells us a. Power of persuasion b. Escalation of intimacy-broad phases of relationships c. Functions of evidence d. Chain of command, power, status 103\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ individuals see themselves as part of a community; opposed to individualism. a. Communication Unifiers b. Rituals c. Rites d. Collectivist 104\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be verbal or nonverbal, intentional or unintentional a. Communication Network b. Feedback c. Corporate Stories d. Forms Of Nonlistening 105\. Complete word-for-word text outline is used in presentation, provides security to speakers, and ensures precise context. This is \_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Extemporaneous Style b. Memorized Style c. Prototype d. Manuscript Style 106\. Listening to: Form opinions, make judgments', evaluate people/ideas is \_\_\_\_\_ a. Critical Listening b. Paraphrasing c. Interviewing d. Egocentric Communication 107\. The beginning if self concept, or the recognition that individuals are sepearte emtities, is also known as a. Direct definition b. Ego boundary c. Social comparison d. Self- fulfilling prophecy e. Reflected appraisal 108\. The generalized other is comprised of the views of a. Our family of origin b. Society as a whole c. peers in school d. Persons with who we have a relationship e. The looking glass self 109\. Marjorie plays soccer. She is a first year student on her high school team, and after the first practice, she feels pretty awful about herself because the seniors are much better players than she is. She tells her friend, "I look like a five year old compared to them! How will I ever get that good? I'm embarraseed to even practice." By judging her ability based on the skills of her teammates, Marjorie is engaging in a. Direct definition b. Ego boundaries c. Social comparison d. Self- fulfilling prophecy e. Reflected appraisal 110\. family members use direct definitions to a. Relay gender stereotypes and expectations b. Respond to children's behaviours c. Relay positive labels that enhance self esteem d. Relay negative labels that can damage self esteem e. all of the above 111\. Since Sam was a bay, her parents have always told her, "treat others how you want to be treated." This is an example of a. Identity script b. Attachment style c. Direct definition d. Ego boundary 112\. When we engage in social comparisons, what might we be doing? a. Measuring ourselves in relation to others by deciding we are like them or different from them b. Telling ourselves that we are good c. Measuring how long it takes us to invite the individual to converse d. Forming an identity script for what a friend is 113\. Which of the following refers to the attachment style that develops when a caregiver is disinterested, rejecting or abusive? a. Fearful b. Dismissive c. Secure d. Anxious e. ambivalent 114\. all of the following are values of self-disclosing Except a. Sharing enhances closeness between people b. Sharing may lead to others responding more sensitively c. Self disclosing invites others to self disclose d. Self disclosing can affect what we know about ourselves and how we feel about who we are. e. Self disclosing leads to positive ego boundaries 115\. All of the following are examples of influential particular others Except a. Parents b. Siblings c. Day care providers d. Cyber bullies e. None of the above 116\. the first step t accepting yourself as being "in process" is a. Accepting yourself as you are now b. Realizing that self is influenced by how others see us c. Considering the setting, or context d. Avoiding self sabotage e. Considering yourself in the context of society. 117\. Which of the following is a guideline for encouraging personal growth as a communicator? a. Make a strong commitment to help improve others b. Gain knowledge as a basis for personal change c. Set goals that are based on our ideals. d. Seek out the perspective others have of you 118\. After failing the exam, Jim told himself that he would never learn calculus. Jim's statement is an example of a. Self fulfilling prophecy b. A negative attachment style c. Self sabotage d. Ego boundary e. Being a self vulture 119\. Maria tried to learn to swim at a young age but gave up before sucessding. She carried the belief that she could not learn to swim into adulthood and labeled herself a non swimmer. This is an example of a. A negative attachment style b. A self fulfilling prophecy c. A generalized other d. An ego boundary e. Self sabotage 120\. Which of the following is a regulative communication rule? a. Hugging is a way to show care and friendship b. Making eye contact and nodding are ways to show interest and respect. c. To demonstrate romantic interest, stand close to the other person d. Ignoring someone shows anger or dislike e. Do not argue at the dinner table 121.when you state that symbols are not intrinsically connected to what they represent, you are asserting which of the following statements? a. Symbols are powerful b. Symbols are arbitrary c. Symbols are ambiguous d. Symbols create meaning 122\. Roger was sitting in class listening to his broadcasting professor talk about blogs, wikis, and memes. Roger was diligently taking notes and providing feedback. Roger's participation could be viewed as respectful based on a a. Regulative rule b. Constitutive rule c. Stereotype d. Personal construct e. Hypothetical thought 123\. The ability to recognize another person's perspective as well as your own is called a. Dual perspective b. Empathy c. Abstraction d. Self reflection 124\. what is the significance of understanding individual differences among children in educational settings? a. It helps educators identify and address learning difficulties and tailor instruction to meet student needs. b. It promotes inclusivity and appreciation of diverse perspectives among students. c. It assists in identifying gifted and talented students who may require specialized edicational programs. d. All of the above 125\. Which of the following factors contribute to individual differences among children? a. Culture and socioeconomic background b. Age and Gender c. Parenting styles and family dynamics d. All of the above 126\. For children in the age group of 2-8 years old, the pattern of development include motor, social, emotional, cognitive and a. Adaptability skills b. Communication skills c. Language skills d. Writing skills 127\. which of the following is true for the process of growth and development? a. Both are natural processes. b. Growth is natural while development needs external intervention c. If growth is satisfactory, development follows d. Both the processes go together without any external intervention. 128\. In Kohlberg's moral development theory, stage 3 level 2, conventional morality is referred to as- a. The obedience and punishment orientation b. "Good boy- Good girl" orientation c. The law and order orientation d. the social contract and individual rights orientation 129\. According to Piaget children in preoperational stage of development are able to do: a. Reversible thinking b. Make believe play c. Hierarchical classification d. Conservation 130\. Which development focuses on how children learn and process information using their senses, registering information in their minds and efficiently taking it back from their memory? a. Cognitive b. Social c. Physical d. Language 131\. Who proposed the concept of Zone of Proximal Development? a. Abraham Maslow b. Lev Vygotsky c. Carl Rogers d. Alber Bandura. 132\. What cognitive principle doea a child possess when she understands that the aount of clay in a 2cm ball remains the same whether the ball is flattened or made into a stick? a. Conservation b. Volume c. Hypothesis d. Irreversibility 133\. Which of the sequence is appropriate when development proceeds from the centre to the peripheral areas of the body? a. Cephalocaudal b. Proximodistal c. Locotion d. Bilateral 134\. Sociology is: a. the study of human groups across all times b. the study of social relations, institutions, and social problems c. the study of psychic unity d. the study of the content and context in which human activity occurs 135\. Which principle of child development states that approximately a certain pattern and sequence appears in the dynamic and linguistic development of children? a. principal of continuity. b. Principle of integration. c. Principle of developments direction. d. Principle of sequential development 136\. Which of the following statements regarding development is not true? a. The process of development takes place in a certain direction. b. The process of growth and development is the combined result of heredity and environment. c. Keeping in mind the pace of growth and development in a child, the direction and nature of its progress cannot be predicted. d. Development always moves from the general to the specific. 137\. For the all-round development of the personality of the child, it is necessary that the teachers should know about his \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Friends b. Behaviour c. Knowledge d. Class mates 138\. Qualitative and Quantitative changes can be observed- a. In human growth. b. In human development. c. In Both growth and development. d. None of these 139\. What is the period of rapid growth in size and weight of a child? a. Childhood b. Infancy c. Adolescence d. Adult age 140\. Who findings concluded that social contact is essential to intellectual development of children a. Bronfenbrenner b. Bandura c. Piaget d. Vygotsky 141\. Who founded the Theory of Cognitive Development and that children go through 4 stages of learning. a. Piaget b. Freud c. Bandura d. Bronfenbrenner 142\. Whose studies concluded that children learn by imitating others and caregivers must provide good examples for children to follow. a. Bandura b. Freud c. Piaget d. Vygotsky 143\. Who outlined layers of environment that affects a child\'s development. Also believes that relationships with caregiver needs to be stable, loving, and lasting. a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Freud d. Bronfenbrenner 144\. Who argued that when a child\'s actions have positive results they will be repeated and and negative results will make them stop. a. Bandura b. Freud c. Piaget d. Skinner 145\. Stressed that \"children learn by using their senses and that they learn best by pursing their interests independently.\" a. Montesssori b. Maslow c. Freud d. Erikson 146\. Who was best known for his theory of the six stages of moral development. (Expanded on Piaget\'s work) a. Vygotsky b. Erikson c. Kohlberg d. Bandura 147\. Of the following, which is a major criticism of Freud\'s theory? a. it overemphasizes sexual feelings in development b. it does not acknowledge the individuals unique life history as worthy of study and understanding c. it ignores the value of clinical, or case study, method d. it mostly ignores milestones of infant and toddler development 148\. Of the following, which measure of infant performance best predicts later intelligence? a. infant perceptual and motor responses b. infant memory c. habituation/recovery to visual stimuli d. infant problem solving 149\. Evidence that HOME confirms that a. stimulation provided by parents is moderately linked to mental development b. the black-white disparity in preschoolers IQ decreases with age c. the extent to which parents talk to infants and toddlers contributes strongly to early reasoning skills d. little can be done to increase the mental development of poverty-stricken children 150\. According to Vygotsky, the force that drives a child\'s cognitive development is a. participation in social dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals b. interaction with physical environment c. the biological unfolding of genetic structures d. early training in the use of egocentric speech 151\. Cephalocaudal trend is growth from the a. head downward b. center of the body outward c. adolescent stage d. none of the above 152\. Why do young infants spend so much time in REM sleep? a. REM sleep in necessary to promote fine muscle development b. REM sleep allows the body to conserve energy to build strength and grow rapidly c. REM dreams help young infants visualize their fine motor movements d. The stimulation of REM sleep is vital for growth of the central nervous system 153\. According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child\'s zone of proximal development? a. a task that has been assigned by a teacher as homework b. a task a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult c. a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult d. a task that a child figures out how to accomplish through trial and error 154\. Emergent literacy refers to a. the automatic retrieval of word meanings in long-term memory during reading and writing tasks b. children\'s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences c. a method of reading instruction that parallels children\'s natural language learning d. an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes phonics 155\. Children experiment with the kind of person they can become during Erikson\'s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage a. initiative vs. guilt b. industry vs. inferiority c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. identity vs. isolation 156\. Which one of the following indicates child's physical growth? a. Quantitative b. Negative c. Qualitative d. Positive 157\. Special education is related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Training program for retarded b. Training programs for Teachers c. Educational programs for disabled d. Educational for talented students 158\. Gifted students are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. non-assertive of their needs b. independent of teachers c. independent in their judgments d. introvert in nature 159\. Inclusion of children with special needs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. is an unrealistic goal b. is detrimental to children without disabilities c. will increase the burden on schools d. requires a change in attitude, content, and approach to teaching 160\. "Having a diverse classroom with varied social, children from economic and cultural backgrounds enriches the learning experiences of all students." This statement is \_\_\_\_\_\_. a. incorrect, because it can confuse the children and they may feel lost b. correct, because children learn many skills from their peers c. correct, because it makes the classroom more hierarchical d. incorrect, because it leads to unnecessary competition 161\. A child with hearing impairment: a. should be sent only to a school for the hearing impaired and not to a regular school b. will not benefit from academic education only and should be given vocational training instead c. can do very well in a regular school if suitable facilitation and resources are provided d. will never be able to perform on a par with classmates in a regular school 162\. Which of the following are secondary agents of socialization? a. Family and neighborhood b. School and neighborhood c. School and immediate family members d. Family and relatives 163\. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, under which stage would the given typical response of a child fall? "Your parents will be proud of you if you are honest. So you should be honest." a. Punishment-obedience orientation b. Social contract orientation c. Good girl-good boy orientation d. Law and order orientation 164\. A 5-year-old girl talks to herself while trying to fold a T-shirt. Which of the following statements is correct in the context of the behavior displayed by the girl? a. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky would explain this as egocentric nature of the child's thoughts. b. Jean Piaget would explain this as egocentric speech, while Lev Vygotsky would explain this as the child's attempt to regulate her actions through private speech. c. Jean Piaget would explain this as social interaction, while Lev Vygotsky would explain this as an exploration. d. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky would explain this as the child's attempt to imitate her mother. 165\. Which of the following describes pedagogical documentation? a. A method of documentation used only by educators to observe children. b. A documentation approach used specifically to understand the strengths and needs of children. c. A theme-based approach to help plan curriculum. d. A reflective and inquiry-based documentation approach used by children, families, and educators. 166\. Appreciative inquiry consists of what four stages? a. appreciating others, inquiring, asking questions, and finding the right solution b. discovery, dream, design, and destiny based on an affirmative topic c. probing, questioning, inquiring, and observing d. none of the above 167\. Action research is best defined as: a. research that requires movement and long-term thinking within a community b. a research and reflection-based cyclical plan for change that identifies elements of practice needing improvement c. research involving advocacy and action by educators in the early childhood profession d. research that isn't static, and research that discovers actions taken by others to solve problems 168\. Which of the following best describe the cycle of observation? a. documentation is driven only by the perspectives of educators as the primary observers b. wondering, inquiring, observing, listening, interpreting, and reflecting c. construction of theme-based plans based on assessment d. always starting at the questioning stage 169\. To which of the following does the professional level of observation pertain to? a. being detached and singular in perspective b. maintaining an uninvolved position c. both a and b d. formal or informal professional training 170\. Tourist curriculum can best be defined as: a. experiences that show different parts of the world b. pictures from around the world to show different families c. trivializing diversity by organizing experiences around holidays or food d. preconceived ideas or attitudes of tourists that are reflected in the curriculum 171\. Consent and confidentiality are important for which of the following reasons? a. They allow us to file private documentation about children's behaviours. b. They preserve our private thoughts about a child's weaknesses. c. They ensure privacy of information about a child to respect their rights. d. They are forms that permit documentation permanently. 172\. What does the word semantics refer to? 173 What does pragmatics refer to? a. defining the grammar of sentences b. how words are used in a sentence c. the use of language in a social context d. words that have multiple meanings 174\. By watching a child sit on a chair and stare across the playroom, what are you observing? a. an internal condition b. a set of behaviours c. a characteristic of the child d. nothing of importance to the learning of this child 175\. A sore throat, daydreaming, and loneliness are all examples of which of the following? a. children not engaged b. internal conditions c. characteristics of a preschooler d. behaviours typical of a school-age child 176\. After Matthew had been enrolled in the child-care centre for three months, the educators conclude that he is a self-directed, easygoing child. The conclusion refers to which of the following? a. the educator's first thoughts about him on his first day in the centre b. the bias of the educator c. Matthew's characteristics d. Matthew's internal conditions and behaviours 177\. Which of the following describes the format of the anecdotal record? a. located in the format column of the interpretation b. flexible enough to accommodate most situations c. complicated and difficult to administer d. all of the above 178\. What does the use of the words seems, perhaps, as if, and appears mean? a. that interpretations are speculative and subject to personal bias b. that interpretations are used extensively c. that interpretations are appreciated by the observer d. that these are your favourite words 179\. Select the most accurate answer below. Documentation panels as pedagogical documentation a. are written observations solely prepared by the educator who observed the children. b. are premised on the project-based approach and are collaborative in nature. c. may consist of a variety of artifacts to prompt reflection and to demonstrate the thinking and learning of children. d. consist of photos only that are placed as panels on the wall. e. B and c) 180\. What kinds of stories are learning stories? a. stories that reflect ABCs and are written by the child b. stories that could not be included in a reflective journal in schools c. stories that teach others about how to learn d. stories that narrate and reflect the child voice and could include contextual information about a child's thinking and learning 181\. Select the most accurate answer below. Technology-assisted pedagogical documentation is intended to a. only be used on a computer. b. visually make children's learning visible. c. share information about children with anyone who wants to read it. d. be used by adults to obtain "likes" on children's learning. 182\. Which of the following is the most efficient type of documentation for checking off targeted behaviours? a. a profile b. a checklist c. a rating scale d. a sociogram 183\. Which of the following is the type of documentation used to judge an instance of a behaviour along a continuum? a. a checklist b. a profile c. a participation chart d. a rating scale 184\. Which type of documentation can include a graphic representation of observed behaviours? a. ratings and charts b. profiles c. behaviour tallying and charting d. ABC analysis 185\. In the ABC analysis observational tool, what is the antecedent? a. what happened before the behaviour b. the beginning of an anecdotal observation c. related, similar behaviours d. the definition of the behaviour 186\. The cycle of observation can inform curriculum through a. authentic and emergent portfolios that capture all the skills of a child b. professional frameworks c. dialogue, reflection, observation, documentation, and collaboration between children, educators, and parents d. telling educators what they need to do, plan, and prepare for the room 187\. Which of the following describes a working/developmental portfolio? a. It evolves and changes as the individual grows. b. It is sometimes seen as a temporary home for information. c. It contains culturally and developmentally relevant artifacts. d. All of the above. 188\. Which of the following best describes early intervention? a. an exclusive, consultative model only for special needs children and families b. a multilayered, multifaceted system offering support, resources, and services to children and families c. a variation of systems within special education specific to behaviour d. a and c 189\. What has changed in the field of early childhood education regarding the term special needs? a. Special needs is now a speculative term defined by practitioners only. b. It is a new term that requires extensive terminology and diagnosis. c. It is an attitudinal change recognizing that everyone possesses needs of some kind. d. Special needs now refers to those who have been identified using three criteria. 190\. Permission to record observations a. is necessary only if you don't know the child b. should always be written c. is unnecessary in schools and childcare centres d. can be acceptable if given verbally 191\. Confidentiality involves a. avoiding talking about children to anyone b. avoiding talking to people other than the parents of the child and other professionals in the team c. locking up information so that the children can't look at it themselves d. talking about children to any adult who you can trust not to pass on the information 192\. The role of parents in observations should be a. to listen to what the educator says b. to do what the observer says c. to share observations and insights d. to share methods of recording 193\. Participant observation a. allows the children to participate in recording the behaviours while playing b. allows the parents to participate in recording the behaviours while they are in the centre c. allows the teacher to participate in recording the behaviours while remaining involved and responsible for the children d. allows the parents to participate in the program while they stay at work 194\. Professional observation a. is being nosy about children's behaviour b. requires recording significant behaviours that children demonstrate c. allows the teacher to sit down and relax for a while d. provides an opportunity to fill the child's portfolio 195\. Observer bias a. is not significant for trained observers who are never subjective b. must be understood by observers so that they can be aware of the ways they interpret what they see c. means that we are negative about children from different cultures d. can be eliminated with sufficient observational practice 196\. Philosophy and pedagogy a. will create many problems for the observer b. is supported by observations c. is incompatible with observational assessment d. determines whether observation is appropriate or not e. undermine the practitioners role in observation 197\. Nonparticipant observation is an opportunity to a. observe the program without being directly involved in the activity b. rest c. prepare the next day's activities d. observe the program while being involved with the children 198\. As a student observing children in a child care setting, you should a. gossip with your friends about what you see b. only tell one close friend about the interesting things the children say c. share what happens each day with a trusted family member d. share information for the purpose of enhancing your learning 199\. All written records, such as observations, should be a. kept in a secure location (preferably locked) b. kept in a tabbed binder (with one child\'s name on each tab) c. photocopied in case the originals are lost d. kept in different coloured file folders 200\. Confidentiality: a. ensures that only necessary and appropriate individuals receive observational data b. trumps the law c. is unnecessary when students conduct observations d. may be difficult to ensure with photographs but is required. e. is only required if you work in an early learning setting. 201.Casual Observation: a. an early childhood educator conducts the Denver Developmental test on a four year old b. take place at regularly scheduled times c. are designed to offer a holistic view of a child's development d. an early childhood educator notices a child arriving with a bruise on their neck and records it e. is a technique mainly used in early learning settings 202.Informal assessment a. are completed three times a year b. are sensitive to the socio-context of the child and their family c. an example is direct testing d. are questioned for their appropriateness e. records only insignificant information about a child 203\. Associative play is a. acting separately unable or unwilling to engage in play with others b. noticing children playing, mimicking the play c. acting along, following their own imagination d. watching the play of others e. involves negotiation of roles and the content of the play 204\. Pretend play a. involves negotiation of roles b. involves role playing c. describes observing the play of others d. spontaneous activity involving imagination, imitation and make believe e. consists of engaging in play alongside of another child 205\. These three concepts define play a. intrinsically motivated, self-chosen, rigid b. absorbing, active, spontaneous c. symbolic, adult directed, enjoyable d. enjoyable, intrinsically motivated, taught e. spontaneous, manipulating ideas, unimportant 206\. Running records record a. all behaviours, expressions, and gestures but not language b. all language, expressions, and gestures but not behaviours c. all language, gestures, and behaviours but not expressions d. all behaviours including language, expressions, and gestures 207\. Advantages of diary records are a. easy to record, records only one child at a time, inferences are drawn easily b. easy to record, identifies behavioural changes, reveal patterns of behaviour c. easy to record, identifies stable behaviour, valuable tool for communication d. identifies behavioural changes, provides a keep sake, no need to interpret data 208\. Running records are usually a. easy to record for everyone b. challenging to record in complete detail c. meaningless d. need to be interpreted by a psychologist 209\. Specimen records a. should only be analyzed by one professional b. may establish triggers of behaviour c. requires little observer skill d. are participant observations 210\. Observer bias can be overcome if the recorder a. recognizes where there is an issue of bias b. ignores her or his biases c. seeks psychoanalysis d. asks for the parents' help 211\. Verbs are used in narrative observations to a. describe the quality of action b. tell us what the action is c. tell us when something happened d. describe the sequence of action 212\. Common problems with narrative observations are a. finding time, avoiding assumptions, and recording all the details b. recording all the details, setting up a test, and avoiding assumptions c. setting up a test, avoiding assumptions, and finding time d. recording all the details, setting up a test, and finding time 213\. Learning stories are a useful tool in early education because a. practitioners are challenged to think differently about how and where a child's learning occurs b. we can capture what is insignificant about children's learning c. allows for observation from a distance d. subjectivity is not an issue. 214\. The word "play" is not a very good description of a child's activity because a. it makes it sound as though the child is doing the same thing over and over b. the word is not an accurate description of exactly what the child is doing c. play is not important in an observation d. play activity is only one part of the child's action 215\. Educators complete narrative observations a. to have something in the child's portfolio b. because the agency will be inspected c. to prove you can write well d. to support the child's development 216\. Checklist observations a. may require inferences to be made as items are recorded b. must not have inferences documented as they are recorded c. require the use of norm referencing d. must not cite any evidence 217\. When choosing a checklist, it is best to select one where a. none of the items can be checked off b. 30--40% of the items can be checked off c. less than 80% of the items can be checked off d. all of the items can be checked off 218\. An ABC event sampling should have a. an antidote, behaviour, and consequent b. an anecdote, behaviour, and consequent c. an anecdote, behaviour, and cause d. an antecedent, behaviour, and consequent 219\. An operational definition of a behaviourmust have a. a clear description of the behaviour category b. a list of possible behaviours in that category c. a description of how the sampling operates d. a description of behaviour in an operating theatre 220.The "severity" of a behaviour recorded in an event sampling refers to a. the degree to which the behaviour is serious or cause for concern b. the degree to which the child's violence hurts another child c. the degree to which the parents think that the behaviour is worse than their other children's behaviour d. the degree to which the behaviour is considered to be in need of medical intervention 221\. In which of the following situations are you most likely to want to use an event sampling? a. You want to record information in each developmental domain so that you have a detailed profile. b. You want to record events that have already occurred. c. You want to test a very young infant's reflexes. d. You want to see how often a child is being aggressive and what might have triggered the behaviours. 222\. To review and confirm the findings of a checklist observation completed on a 3-year-old girl, you might a. carry out another observation and check the results with other team members b. check your results with parent volunteers c. carry out another observation and share your results with the child d. carry out another observation and file your recordings 223\. Observation charts a. can help the caregiver to appreciate the child's development in a holistic sense b. offer opportunities to contextualize behaviour. c. provide in depth data on a child's development d. can be relied on as a sole source of observational data. 224\. Behavioural charts a. are viewable by all those in the educational setting. b. hold the view good behaviour is the correct reason for their use c. reveal the cause of behaviour d. are recommended for use in early learning settings. 225\. Mapping and tracking observations are a. best used for observing emotional development. b. effectively useful when completing qualitative evaluations. c. useful when recording a group of children d. easily designed and are efficient 226\. We need to observe and evaluate the child's environment because we 227\. Which of the following might be an example of hidden curriculum? a\. encouraging boys, more frequently than girls, to experiment with science b\. hiding some of the important items for science discovery c\. failing to show the parents what the curriculum plans will be for the next month d\. encouraging children to do well so that they do not hide their potential 228\. Which of the following parts of the environment could be altered with the least cost? a\. using a new testing system to measure the children's performance b\. seeking extra staff to reduce the adult--child ratio c\. setting up new learning centres with curriculum materials d\. moving around the furniture to maximize the use of the area 229\. Quality indicators of a good school are a\. universality, comprehensiveness b\. proficiency, accountability c\. consistency, greening d\. resilience, assistive devices 230\. Our practice should be a true reflection of a\. popular culture b\. our philosophy c\. our own values d\. hidden curriculum 231\. An agency or school wishing to include all children in their program would need to a. keep the doors open b. make accommodations for a variety of cultures and adapt the environment to meet the needs of those with differing abilities c. put up pictures of people in wheelchairs and in national costumes d. have a multicultural day to highlight people from different cultures and have a sports day for the disabled 232\. Environmental observation in childcare centres and schools a. takes the place of observing individual children b. takes the place of naturalistic observation c. is part of the process of ensuring quality programs d. is part of the process of observing social history 233\. Some elements of the environment are challenging to evaluate because a. the values on which the environment is based cannot easily be recorded on a checklist b. teachers will behave well when they know they are being watched c. children will behave in a silly way when they know they are being watched d. each room is different 234\. Separating observations from inferences allows us to evaluate environments a. more quickly b. more objectively c. more cost effectively d. more sensitively 235\. Portfolios are an excellent way to document learning because a. teachers get to hear all about the child's family b. parents get to snoop on what teachers are doing c. children can be empowered to take charge of their learning d. administrators can see what the teachers are doing in the classrooms 236\. Parents like to be part of the assessment process so that they can a. tell teachers what they should be teaching b. tell children what they should be learning c. collaborate with administrators regarding the curriculum d. contribute to the child's learning 237\. A common criticism of portfolio assessment is that the criteria for assessment a. seem unclear b. seem too rigid c. are only normative d. are only summative 238\. Portfolio assessment is a form of authentic assessment because it measures performance a. with authentic tests b. naturalistically c. with standardized assessments d. using educational psychologists 239\. Contextual information supports portfolio assessment for the following reason a. portfolios consider achievements in a personal and cultural manner b. portfolios document knowledge of letter sounds c. portfolios are more interesting if they describe the child's family d. portfolios are put in alphabetical order 240\. One disadvantage of using a portfolio is a. detail of analysis can surpass detail produced by any other evaluation method b. all children cannot be studied in depth c. it includes parent involvement d. that no training is required 241\. The purpose of a portfolio is a. demonstrate children's developmental weaknesses b. evaluate early learning environments c. record stages of children's development d. collect random children's created items 242\. Contents of a portfolio can include a. health records, artwork samples, developmental checklists b. questionnaire responses, event samples, report cards c. course grades, analysis, digital recordings d. running records, learning log, centre philosophy statement 243\. Documentation used with emergent curriculum a. helps identify areas of competence and weakness b. summarizing behaviours c. can identify areas of competence and interest d. contains adult planned activities 244\. The project approach a. provides aesthetically pleasing wall decor b. can be used with children of all ages c. focuses on one child d. involves lower order thinking 245\. The Playing to Learn philosophy a. is based on adult selected and directed activities b. uses the documentation gathered for assessment purposes c. contains a play-based living curriculum d. is based on theorists such as Freud and Piaget 246\. Critical thinking involves a. being critical of people b. summarizing behaviours c. a process of evaluation involving higher-order skills d. a process of evaluation involving lower-order skills 247\. The portfolio should a. apply theoretical models b. be reviewed on a regular basis c. consider children's needs d. supported with validation from any source 248\. Analyzing observations involves a. organizing, summarizing, making inferences, checking inferences b. editing, organizing and summarizing information c. editing, summarizing, making inferences, checking inferences d. organizing, making inferences, and using standardized tests 249\. Assessments and curricula need to be a. Contextualized b. Caring c. Categorized d. Based on competencies 250\. Reggio Emilia uses extensive documentation for its a. Assessments b. Action research c. Anecdotal records d. Assistive devices 251\. An IPP is developed a. before assessments b. after assessments c. during assessment d. separately from assessments 252\. Parents should a. not be part of the assessment process b. be told about assessments after they have been finished c. have an IPP explained but be excluded from the assessment d. be part of the assessment process 253\. Patterns of behaviour can be determined by analyzing a. photographs of children b. children's art work c. making inferences d. sampling observations 254\. The analysis process is usually a. easy b. impossible c. challenging d. takes time and effort 255\. The observation cycle a. is a plan for how to observe at the end of a cycle b. is a plan for how to record information regularly c. is a model for on-going observation and assessment d. is a time-line for making observations 256\. We should be critical about the validations selected to avoid a. generally accepted work b. primary sources c. reliable and valid sources d. contradictory research and bias 257\. Materials in a portfolio should be reduced a. to include only lengthy observations b. to remove duplicate materials c. when the purpose of observation changes d. to construct the analysis 258\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies why some groups of people are healthier than others. a. Privatized Health Care b. Public Health c. Population Health d. Health Inequity 259\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups. a. Population Health Model b. Behavioural Approach c. Population Health Approach d. Medical Approach 260\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as healthy start in life has a great impact on the well-being of children and throughout life, providing opportunities for children to develop the attributes and resilience needed to mature into healthy adults in our complex society. a. Social Support Network b. Healthy Child Development c. Health Services d. Gender 261\. At certain levels of exposure, contaminants in our air, water, food, and soil can cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, birth defects, respiratory illness, and gastrointestinal ailments. This is \_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Gender b. Physical Environments c. Employment And Working Conditions d. Health Services 262\. Which one is NOT a foundation of the healthy development of children. a. Safe, supportive environment b. Adequate income to provide necessities c. Stable, responsive relationships d. Appropriate Nutrition. 263.Among the factors that influence children's health and safety, \_\_\_\_ has been decreasing in the past 15 years. a. Violence b. Poverty c. Death due to childhood illness d. Family stress 264\. World Health Organization's definition of health includes a. health is the objective for living b. the extent to which we are able to realize our goals and satisfy our needs c. our ability to change or cope with change d. both b and c e. a, b, and c 265\. Which of the following is not likely to be considered a social determinant of health? a. freedom from discrimination b. eating habits c. access to an adequate income d. life skills 266\. The national principles of medicare are a. universality, completeness, portability, publicly administered, accessibility b. universality, comprehensive, portability, publicly administered, accessibility c. universality, comprehensive, portability, privately administered, accessibility d. universality, comprehensive, portability, publicly administered, availability 267\. The following is true with reference to Canada's health care system: a. One of the roles of staff is to network with the local public health agency. b. Each public health department serves a specific geographic area. c. The goal of the public health system is to improve the health status of Canadians. d. both a and b e. a, b, and c 268\. Which of the following is/are a prevention strategy(ies)? a. wearing a bike helmet when riding b. parents using appropriate car seats/seatbelts for their children c. eating nutritious, well-balanced meals d. all of the above 269\. Mental health: a. is a positive sense of physical and spiritual well-being b. is the capacity of each of us to feel, think, act in ways that enhance our ability to enjoy life and deal with challenges we face c. issues have decreased substantially for persons of all ages d. all of the above 270\. Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide is based on two principles: a. avoid all additives and only eat organic foods b. eat often and relax daily c. eat well and be active today and every day d. none of the above 271\. From the following list, which behaviour(s) do(es) not contribute to your health? a. talking to your coworkers about how angry you are at your supervisor rather than discussing it with your supervisor b. dieting c. avoiding second-hand smoke d. women conducting monthly breast self-examinations e. both a and b 272\. The communicable diseases that female educators need to be aware of in terms of avoiding contact during pregnancy are a. CMV, rubella, shingles, mumps b. CMV, rubella, chickenpox, mumps, measles c. mumps, rubella, polio, chickenpox d. polio, mumps, chickenpox, shingles 273\. Good lifting techniques include a. keep back straight, knees straight, and bend at waist b. stand in front of what you are going to lift and as close to it as possible c. look ahead before straightening your knees after lifting to avoid twisting d. b and c only 274\. A footwear policy in ECLC programs a. is intended to protect the safety of both adults and children in the program b. recommends a tight fit around the toes to prevent aching feet c. requires closed-toe shoes to minimize injuries d. requires footwear to grip the heel firmly (i.e., closed heel or back strap) 275\. The following strategy will help manage your stress in a professional ECLC environment: a. You are angry with your supervisor and get it off your chest by complaining about her to your coworkers. b. You don't ask for help when you are confused---you believe doing it all on your own will increase your competence and self-esteem. c. You evaluate situations as they arise and decide whether you can handle them on your own or would benefit from support by others. d. You send anyone with a question to the supervisor, believing that if you are expected to make decisions, this will increase your stress level. 276\. Which of the following statement(s) about germs is/are true? a. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are germs. b. Germs die on contact with a surface. c. Germs may live on surfaces for a week. d. a and b only e. a and c only 277\. Defence mechanisms in our body: a. help keep germs from "taking over" and causing disease b. include your skin, hair follicles, and nasal hair c. include mucus from the mucous membranes, tears from the eye, and stomach secretions d. all of the above 278\. Antibodies relate to germs/illness in the following way: a. Our body's immune system produces antibodies specific to the germs that enter our body. b. Our body's immune system produces general antibodies to fight off germs that enter our body. c. Antibodies are a type of germ that spreads within our body and causes antibacterial resistance. d. Antibodies always prevent illness. e. a and d 279\. Immunization: a. protects children from all childhood illnesses b. results from our body actively forming antibodies against the specific disease's antigen c. requires more than one dose for measles, mumps, and rubella d. often results in life-threatening reactions e. b and c only 280\. The introduction of germs into the body, stimulating the production of antibodies, usually results in almost total protection to a specific communicable disease and is known as a. antigens b. immunization c. sterilization d. natural immunity 281\. Naturally acquired immunity refers to a. routine immunization b. immunity that is passed on to babies from their mother before birth c. immunity acquired by coming into contact with pathogens d. none of the above 282\. Vehicles of transmission include a. direct and indirect contact b. hands c. food d. mouthing toys e. all of the above 283\. Infants and toddlers get more illnesses than older children because a. they wear diapers b. they share mouthing toys c. they have a mature immune system d. all of the above e. a and b only 284\. The chain of infection tends to happen in this order: a. the germ, a vehicle of transmission, and a new host b. the host, the germ, a vehicle of transmission, and a new host c. the germ, the host, a vehicle of transmission, and a new host d. the host, the germ, a new host, and a vehicle of transmission e. all the above orders are possible 285\. The following statement(s) is/are true about the use of gloves in the program: a. They should be worn for routine diaper changing. b. They should be worn when there is risk of exposure to blood or to bloody body fluids. c. The use of gloves makes hand washing unnecessary. d. The unnecessary use of gloves is not a problem because they are inexpensive and biodegradable. 286\. The single most effective strategy to prevent the spread of infectious diseases is a. good ventilation b. keeping the room very warm c. regular and thorough hand washing d. keeping toys clean 287\. The following is true about cleaning and disinfecting in the ECLC environment: a. The purpose of disinfecting is to remove most of the visible dirt, whereas cleaning kills as many germs as possible. b. The purpose of cleaning is to remove most of the visible dirt, whereas disinfecting kills as many germs as possible. c. Cleaning and disinfecting is only done when necessary, possibly once a week. d. none of the above 288\. When talking with the toddler and parent at drop-off in the morning, the educator will a. ask the parent how well the child slept last night b. lift up the child's shirt to check the skin for a rash c. ask the parent to complete the program's infant and toddler daily report form before she or he leaves for work d. a and c only 289\. Documentation of children's signs and symptoms of illness: a. is not an educator's role b. is shared with parents and possibly health professionals c. needs to be objective, clear, and concise d. b and c only 290\. Daily baseline health observations: a. call on the educator's senses and observation skills b. happen at the end of each child's day c. happen at home and are communicated by the parent to the educator d. include a physical examination of each child, lifting clothing, and using a flashlight 291\. The program's exclusion policy should state that children will not be able to attend the program when a. an illness prevents the child from participating in routine activities b. the child has a fever and/or a runny nose c. a child poses an increased risk of infecting other children or educators d. all of the above e. a and c 292\. When caring for infants and toddlers with diarrhea, an educator will a. call the parents to pick up the child after the first episode of diarrhea b. have the director notify the public health agency when one child has diarrhea c. try to ensure that a child with diarrhea doesn't become dehydrated d. all of the above e. b and c only 293\. The following statement is true about indicators of illness: a. Fevers are dangerous. b. A child whose main indicator is a runny nose with green mucus should be excluded from the program and seen by a doctor. c. A change in a child's behaviour is a reliable indicator of illness. d. Observing a child's behaviour is not as important as taking a child's temperature. e. None of the above statements are true. 294\. Parents or educators would seek immediate medical attention if the child had any of the following signs or symptoms: (NOTE: All signs and symptoms indicated in each response must require immediate medical attention for the response to be correct.) a. changes in breathing; pain or difficulty swallowing; stiff neck; rash with fever; rash with change in behaviour b. rash with a change in behaviour; stiff neck; difficulty swallowing; fever c. runny nose; diarrhea; vomiting; pain or difficulty swallowing d. stiff neck; cranky behaviour; rash with fever; runny nose e. none of the above 295\. Pinkeye: a. is not spread by indirect contact b. causes itchy, pink/red eyes and is always contagious c. can be caused by bacteria, which then requires an antibiotic treatment for 24 hours before the child returns to the program d. all of the above 296\. One (1) toddler has diarrhea in the program. How can the educator stop the spread of germs? a. Pay more strict attention to hand-washing and diapering routines. b. Take extra care with food handling. c. Ensure all children are wearing clothes over diapers. d. Exclude the child after a second episode of diarrhea within 24 hours. e. all of the above 397\. Remember the following points when giving medication to children: a. Call the medicine "candy" if it will help the child want to take it. b. Explain to the child what you are going to do and how she or he can cooperate. c. Give the child the medication in the play area around other children. d. all of the above 398\. When giving medication to a child, the following considerations are important: a. Ensure that you have the right child, medication, dosage, time, and route. b. If the medication is nonprescription, ensure that you have the parent's verbal permission to administer it. c. As an ECE student in placement, ensure that you have your supervising teacher's permission to administer the medication. d. a and b only 399\. Asthma: a. is an illness that prevents children from participating in the program's activities b. is a mild respiratory infection c. is a chronic (or long-term) medical condition that makes breathing difficult d. is an illness that only develops in teenagers and adults 400\. Asthma: a. can be cured with reliever medication (i.e., Ventolin) b. results in sticky mucus building up on the mucous membranes in the lungs' airways c. varies in severity and is diagnosed when children have recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath d. is not an issue for educators because children will only be taking their medication at home e. b and c only 401\. Which of the following can cause severe allergic reactions? a. peanuts b. eggs c. bee and wasp stings d. penicillin e. all of the above 402\. Asthma episodes can be triggered by a. an exposure to the child's allergens, such as dust mites' feces, pollen, or cat dander b. strenuous play, particularly in cold weather c. a cold d. all of the above 403\. The following is true with regard to anaphylactic shock: a. The symptoms of anaphylactic shock take several hours to develop. b. Anaphylactic shock is a mild allergic reaction, commonly to peanuts or bee stings. c. Anaphylactic shock affects the entire body, and the person may die if emergency action with adrenaline (e.g., EpiPen) does not occur immediately. d. A medical alert bracelet serves no purpose for life-threatening allergies that may trigger anaphylactic shock. e. all of the above statements are false 404\. You know that a child's asthma is well managed when a. the child is absent from school only once a month due to the asthma b. the child's coughing, wheezing, or chest tightness does not wake her or him at night c. the child uses the inhaler several times each day d. the child stays indoors during outdoor playtime to prevent an asthma episode e. a, b, and d only 405\. ECLC programs should do the following to ensure that specific children are not exposed to food allergens: a. carefully follow licensing guidelines for peanut-free environments b. inform all staff of children with allergies, review menus, and talk with parents c. post an allergy list in the kitchen and eating areas d. isolate children with food allergies e. a, b, and c 406\. Vegetarianism: a. generally means choosing a plant-based way of eating b. includes a range of options c. requires an understanding of how to complement protein to obtain a complete protein d. all of the above 407\. The term "flexitarians" refers to people who a. want to reduce the amount of red meat that they consume in order to lower their cholesterol and fat intake b. eat all foods without restriction c. only eat foods of plant origin d. only eat animal products 408\. Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide is a. designed to be flexible enough to include most foods b. designed for meat-eaters only c. available in a number of languages, and also highlights culturally specific foods d. a, b, and c e. both a and c 409\. In a positive eating environment a. children's rights are respected; they are encouraged to develop their five senses in enjoying foods b. children are expected to conform to rules that result in perfect table manners c. distractions are welcomed and children are encouraged to listen to upbeat music while eating d. a and b only 410\. Which of the following best describes toddler nutrition? a. Toddlers usually enjoy sitting and focusing on eating. b. Toddlers are developing a sense of autonomy, and an adult making demands on how much they eat is appropriate. c. Toddlers have growth spurts that affect their interest in eating. d. a and b only 411\. When preschoolers are eating, educators keep in mind that a. food jags, dawdling, and fear of new foods are issues that tend to diminish during the preschool years unless adults have paid a lot of attention to these behaviours b. they have a genuine interest learning about others and food provides opportunities to do this c. preschoolers like to take initiative, and therefore serving themselves provides a developmentally appropriate opportunity to do so d. all of the above 412\. The following statement(s) about school-age nutrition is/are true: a. Children who have been introduced to a variety of foods will probably be less open to trying new foods and accepting others' food choices. b. Their developmental need for mastery and accomplishment suggests that cooking experiences (preparing food) can be very positive for school-age children. c. Concerns about dieting and the fear of fat don't usually emerge until the teenage years. d. a and b only 413\. Which of the following statements is not a reason why infants, toddlers, and preschoolers are at risk of injury? a. They have yet to learn how to control impulses and so they may be unaware of the danger they are putting themselves in. b. They are usually concerned about others' safety rather than their own. c. They can go through rapid growth spurts and are likely to misjudge how tall they are. d. They often learn through trial and error. 414\. Childhood injuries in ECLC programs (i.e., centres) are more likely to happen a. when children are tired or hungry b. due to changes in children's social development c. in the winter, caused by ice and snow d. when the daily routine causes boredom 415\. Forces affecting how children are socialized include which of the following? a. Demographics b. Economics c. Politics d. All of the above 416\. The process by which externally controlled behavior shifts to internally controlled, or self-controlled, behavior is a. internalization. b. socialization. c. reciprocal connection. d. cultural change. 417\. "Socialization as a reciprocal process" refers to which of the following ideas? a\. When individuals interact, a response in one individual usually elicits a response in the other. b\. Both mothers and fathers are important in the lives of children. c\. Children are socialized by many people; many people are important in their lives. d\. Human interactions change over time. 418\. The process of socialization begins a\. At birth b\. Before birth c\. At school age d\. After birth 419\. The difficult child has what kind of response? a\. Intense b\. Mild c\. Indifferent d\. Adaptable 420\. Samantha is generally in a positive mood, has regular rhythms, and can adapt to change with ease. Which temperament style does Samantha exhibit? a\. Easy b\. Difficult c\. Slow-to-warm-up d\. Unclassified 421\. An adult tells a 6-year old to share a toy with a 4-year-old sibling. This is an example of what kind of socialization? a\. Intentional b\. Unintentional c\. Private d\. Challenging 422\. Which of the following is true? a\. Children absorb the verbal as well as the nonverbal cues of others. b\. Intentional socialization can end up being unintentional. c\. Much of socialization takes place spontaneously during human interactions. d\. All of the above. 423\. Children are socialized by a\. parents. b\. friends. c\. characters in movies and books. d\. all of the above. 424\. Which of the following is not part of the microsystem? a\. School b\. Peer group c\. Family d\. Religion 425\. The socializing agent that is thought to have the most significant impact on a child's development is a\. family. b\. parent's work. c\. macrosystem. d\. media. Pg 9. 426\. The family offers the child his or her first opportunities to a\. experience nurturance. b\. observe models of behavior. c\. experience language. d\. all of the above. 427\. The microsystem in which children formally learn about their society is which of the following? a\. Family b\. Peer group c\. School d\. Community 428\. The relationships between family and school are part of the a\. microsystem. b\. macrosystem. c\. mesosystem. d\. exosystem. 429\. An example of an exosystem is a\. a parent's job. b\. an elementary school. c\. the relationship between family and school. d\. a peer group. 430\. Examples of chronosystems include a\. changes in computer technology over time. b\. the physical changes of puberty. c\. increases in school violence over time. d\. all of the above 431\. Caring and involvement toward one another is an example of which function of the family? a\. Nurturance/emotional support b\. Economic support c\. Assignment of social roles d\. Authority 432\. Compared to research examining single-parent mothers, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ research has been done on children being raised by single-parent fathers. a\. little b\. more longitudinal (research over time) c\. much d\. more comprehensive 433\. Jennifer just got a divorce. She is expected to experience which of the following? a\. Economic strain b\. Physical strain c\. Emotional strain d\. All of the above. 434\. Binuclear families differ from joint-custody families in that a\. not all binuclear families have joint custody. b\. in the binuclear family, children are always part of two or more households. c\. not all binuclear families have joint custody and in the binuclear family, children are always part of two or more households. d\. none of these; binuclear and joint-custody families are the same. 435\. An analysis of studies on children in joint physical or legal custody showed that these children were a\. more poorly adjusted than children in sole-custody settings. b\. better adjusted than children in sole-custody settings. c\. similar in terms of adjustment. d\. none of the above 436\. Increasing numbers of children are being raised by relatives other than their parents. The most common of these arrangements is children being raised by a\. grandparents. b\. older siblings. c\. aunts and uncles. d\. neighbors. 437\. A common problem found in dual-earner families is a\. lack of spousal support. b\. role overload. c\. lack of multiple roles. d\. lack of role models for the children. 438\. Research finds that children who have mothers employed outside the home have a\. less stereotyped views of gender roles. b\. less disposable income. c\. the same models for the mothering role as children whose mothers stay home. d\. more stereotyped views of gender roles. 439\. Upper-class parents tend to emphasize which of the following? a\. Not being a nuisance b\. Meeting the high expectations of past family achievements c\. Reasoning d\. All of the above 440.A parent's workplace is thought to affect a\. his or her perception of life. b\. the way he or she parents. c\. the way he or she interacts with family members. d\. all of the above. 441\. Universal goals of parenting include a\. ensuring a college education. b\. ensuring physical health and survival. c\. ensuring economic wealth. d\. all of these. 442\. Researchers have found that although specific parenting practices change according to the age of the child, basic parenting styles \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ over time. a\. remain quite stable b\. change even more c\. disappear d\. cannot be determined 443\. Baby Carrie is adaptable and approachable; she shows positive mood and regularity in body function. When she reacts to a stimulus, her reaction is moderate or low in intensity. We would classify Carrie as which of the following? a\. Easy b\. Difficult c\. Slow-to-warm-up d\. Irregular 444\. Factors that will influence family dynamics and parenting styles when a child in the family has a disability include the a\. nature of the disability. b\. age of onset of the disability. c\. severity of the disability. d\. all of the above. 445\. Kelly has a child who is very active and distractible. Kelly has worked hard over the years to adjust her expectations to meet the needs of this child. Based on this information, one would say Kelly has worked hard to develop a\. goodness of fit. b\. rhythmicity. c\. fixations. d\. her child's ethnic awareness. 446\. Which of the following is a family characteristic that affects parenting practices? a\. Family size b\. Family configuration c\. Parents' stage of life d\. All of the above. 447\. According to your text, parents with large families tend to be a\. permissive. b\. individualistic. c\. authoritarian. d\. neglectful. 448\. All of the following are macrosystem factors that affect schools except a\. political ideology. b\. economics. c\. religion. d\. teacher--parent relationships. 449.. How much a society is willing to pay for the education of its citizens is influenced by a. values. b. concepts of knowledge and skills required for the future. c. opinions about the affordability of programs and curricula. d. all of the above. 450\. A school that is authorized and funded by a public school district and formed by a group of parents, teachers, or other community members with a shared education philosophy is known as a a\. charter school. b\. magnet school. c\. home-based school. d\. private school. 451\. A public school that offers special education programs, such as science, music , and performing arts, and draws students from different neighbourhoods by choice is\_\_\_\_\_ a\. charter school. b\. magnet school. c\. home-based school. d\. private school 452\. When Asishma and her family moved to the United States from India, her family began to speak only English and celebrate traditional American holidays. This is an example of which of the following? a\. Cultural assimilation b\. Melting pot c\. Cultural pluralism d\. None of these 453\. The term "melting pot" refers to the idea that a\. a majority cultural group should take on characteristics of a minority group. b\. society should socialize diverse groups to blend into a common culture. c\. educational activities should occur in the child's native language. d\. schools should create a common set, or pot, of science activities. 454.. Neighborhoods affect children's a\. exposure to adult interactions. b\. friendship patterns. c\. types of play. d\. all of the above. 455.. Compared to small towns, urban areas a\. rely on formal rules and regulations to enforce behavior rather than informal norms. b\. have norms that are more homogeneous. c\. are likely to have families with similar goals for socializing their children. d\. none of these. 456\. Privately funded community services are examples of which kind of support? a\. Informal b\. Formal c\. Kin d\. Homogeneous 457.. The most powerful socializing influence of the school is the a\. teacher. b\. peer group. c\. custodian. d\. school principal. 458.. Children are likely to imitate a model who is perceived as a\. cold. b\. having little prestige. c\. warm. d\. all of these. 459\. Which of the following is true? a\. Boys have more interactions with teachers than do girls. b\. Teachers generally respond to girls with instructions. c\. Teachers are more likely to reprimand girls. d\. Teachers give girls attention from a distance. 460\. Play is\_\_\_\_\_\_? a. Motivating and engaging. b. **Focuses on product** c. **Not fun** d. **None of the above** 461\. Some early learning practitioners believe that understanding play helps to: a. b. c. d. 462\. The amount of time and attention invested in child's play is influenced by a child's: a. b. c. d. 463\. When children stop playing with materials, use the materials in a repetitive way, or play only in particular experience centres, early learning practitioners can take a cue that there is a need to: a. b. c. d. 464.Which theorist is thought to promote child's play to have more of a focus on adult-child interactions and less on child-initiated exploration? a. Steiner b. **Montessori** c. Maslow d. Gardner a. Digital b. **Bodily-kinesthetic** c. Memorizing d. Facebook a. An opportunity to know the right answers to questions being asked by their play partners b. A set environment that does not change c. Time limits placed on their play experience so that they can maintain control d. **Opportunities to negotiate rules and solve problems while participating in cooperative experiences pg 32** a. Pick their favourite theorist b. **Adopt an inclusive approach** c. Focus only on contemporary

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