Past Paper - History PDF

1) chronological order question: 8 events that you’re gonna get and you need to put them in the right order. There is a possibility that he either B. ask you what does this event refer to? (can you explain this event) or give him the name of the historical period in which it took p...

1) chronological order question: 8 events that you’re gonna get and you need to put them in the right order. There is a possibility that he either B. ask you what does this event refer to? (can you explain this event) or give him the name of the historical period in which it took place. 2) then there’s going to be a question about a concept in which you can use continuity, break or evolution. And explain. 3) statements : true or false. You don’t have to change them, or correct them, just say if it is right or wrong. 4) a question about humanists, (plural) compare them with each other, the difference between a few of them. Compare their ideas, what were they about, what are the differences, what do they have in common. 5) You get an artwork, or Italian or Flemish renaissance. He will probably ask Italian. - give him the name of this artstyle - and give him ⅔ recognisable marks how you recognize this style (and indicate them on picture) - and explain the difference between this and the other artstyle. What’s the difference between the Flemish and the Italian? 6) a topical question: you get 2 or 3 different articles, headlines, images from modern times, you get a list of different concepts, terms, you choose one of them and explain it to how it is connected to this article or headline. How is it related to this idea in modern times, how can you recognize it, why did you choose this one? 7) you get two maps: will probably be from your research module, because we saw a lot of maps there. And you have to explain certain concepts on that map, it could be an event for example. Or things like triangle trade, how do you recognize it, it could also be new monarchs. 8) en dan is er een OMCAPUR. Er komt ook presentisme bij, hoe representatief de bronnen zijn. Het gaan meerdere bronnen zijn die je dan moet vergelijken met elkaar/ aan elkaar moeten gaan linken? Er is een kans dat we een deel van die bronnen al hebben gelezen. IN TOTAAL 60 PUNTEN -> WORDT OMGEZET NAAR 100 these dates are very important 1415: Jan Hus’ Trial and Execution Jan Hus was burned for heresy, sparking the Hussite Wars and influencing the Protestant Reformation. 1433: Zheng He’s Treasure Fleet China’s naval expeditions under Zheng He showcased power and boosted trade but ended as the Ming dynasty turned inward. 1450: Printing Press Invented Gutenberg’s invention made books widely accessible, spreading ideas and fueling the Renaissance and Reformation. 1453: Fall of Constantinople The Ottoman capture ended the Byzantine Empire and overland spice trade, spurring European sea exploration. 1492: Columbus Discovers America Columbus, seeking Asia, reached the Americas, initiating European colonization of the New World. 1497: Treaty of Tordesillas Spain and Portugal divided the world for colonization, shaping their empires. 1498: Vasco da Gama Reaches India Da Gama’s voyage opened direct European-Asian trade routes, boosting Portuguese influence. 1517: Luther’s 95 Theses Martin Luther’s critique of the Catholic Church started the Protestant Reformation. 1519-1521: Conquest of the Aztecs Cortés defeated the Aztecs, aided by alliances and European diseases. 1521: Magellan’s Voyage Magellan’s crew completed the first circumnavigation, proving the Earth’s vastness. 1521: Diet of Worms Luther refused to recant his teachings, leading to his excommunication. 1525: Great Peasants’ War A failed revolt by German peasants seeking social and economic reforms. 1534: Act of Supremacy Henry VIII established the Church of England, breaking from Catholicism. 1536-1541: Dissolution of the Monasteries Henry VIII seized monasteries’ lands and wealth, reshaping English society. 1555: Peace of Augsburg Allowed rulers in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their territories. ±1750: Industrial Revolution A shift to mechanized manufacturing transformed economies and societies. 1776: American Revolution The Thirteen Colonies declared independence, forming the United States. 1789: French Revolution Overthrew the monarchy, establishing a republic and promoting equality. 1815: Napoleon Defeated at Waterloo Napoleon’s defeat ended his rule and the Napoleonic Wars. 1830: Belgian Revolution Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands. 18th/19th Century: End of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Countries gradually abolished the slave trade and slavery, driven by humanitarian efforts. Module 1: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance The Renaissance The Renaissance marked a cultural shift in Europe, focusing on rediscovering classical knowledge, humanism, and individual potential. Humanism: A break from medieval scholasticism, focusing instead on secular subjects and the dignity of human life. It continued classical traditions by studying ancient texts and emphasized education for societal improvement. Art and Science: Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo developed new techniques, such as linear perspective, symbolizing a break with medieval art styles. Scientific inquiry evolved, with Copernicus’s heliocentric theory challenging the continuity of Ptolemaic astronomy. Questions for Reflection: How did humanism represent a break from medieval religious views on human potential? In what ways did Renaissance art show continuity with classical Greek and Roman traditions? How did the invention of the printing press signify an evolution in how knowledge was shared? The Reformation The Reformation began as a break from Catholic traditions with Martin Luther’s 95 Theses in 1517, critiquing Church corruption and practices like indulgences. Key Developments: Luther’s ideas spread rapidly through the printing press, marking an evolution in communication. Protestant reformers like John Calvin further broke from Catholic doctrines, establishing new theological frameworks. Consequences: Religious wars, such as the Thirty Years’ War, show the continuity of political conflict tied to religious identity. The Counter-Reformation was both a continuity of Catholic dominance and an evolution as the Church reformed itself to regain influence. Questions for Reflection: How did the Reformation represent a break in religious authority and structure? How did the Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation signify evolution rather than rejection of Protestant critiques? In what ways did political alliances during the Reformation show continuity in the relationship between Church and state? Module 3: The Age of Discovery Motivations for Exploration The Age of Discovery was driven by various motivations, some rooted in continuity with medieval goals and others signaling breaks or evolutions. Economic: The search for gold and spices shows a continuity of mercantile priorities. Political: Rivalries among European powers marked a break from localized medieval conflicts, shifting focus to global dominance. Religious: Spreading Christianity was a continuity of the medieval crusading spirit, now applied to non-European lands. Questions for Reflection: How did the motivations for exploration show continuity with medieval trade goals? In what ways did the focus on maritime exploration signify a break from earlier overland routes? How did advancements like the caravel represent an evolution in technological capability? The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds, leading to profound evolution in global interactions. Positive changes, like new crops and livestock, represented an evolution in diets and agricultural practices. The spread of European diseases marked a tragic break in Indigenous population stability and continuity. Questions for Reflection: How did the introduction of New World crops signify an evolution in European agriculture? In what ways did the demographic impact of diseases show a break in Indigenous continuity? How did the Columbian Exchange represent a continuity in human societies’ interconnectedness? Colonisation and Conquest The conquest of the Americas brought about new systems, blending continuity with Indigenous practices and breaks introduced by European colonizers. Case Study: The Aztec Empire Cortés’s alliances with Indigenous groups show a continuity of exploiting local rivalries. The encomienda system marked a break from traditional Indigenous social structures, imposing European control. The racial casta system was an evolution of hierarchical models, now based on ancestry and skin color. Questions for Reflection: How did the Spanish use of Indigenous allies show continuity with earlier colonial strategies? In what ways did the encomienda system represent a break from pre-Columbian governance? How did the casta system reflect an evolution of European social hierarchies? The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The trans-Atlantic slave trade, part of the triangular trade system, was a tragic break in African societal stability and an evolution of European economic exploitation. Millions of Africans were forcibly relocated, showing a break in traditional migration patterns. The trade system, linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe, marked an evolution in global economic integration. Questions for Reflection: How did the trans-Atlantic slave trade signify a break in African demographic stability? In what ways did the triangular trade represent an evolution of global economies? How did the introduction of plantation systems show continuity with earlier agricultural exploitation? Summary of Module: Introduction to the Birth of the Modern Age This module explores the Early Modern period (c. 1450–1750) as a transitional era between the Middle Ages and Modernity. It examines key inventions, societal changes, and evolving worldviews that defined the emergence of modernity, emphasizing the interplay of breaks, continuity, and evolution. 1. The Early Modern Period: A Blend of Change and Tradition The term "Early Modern" reflects both a break with the medieval past and a continuity with classical antiquity, especially through the Renaissance, which revisited Greek and Roman ideas. The period saw significant cultural, technological, and societal transformations, though many medieval structures, like feudalism and the three-estate system, persisted. Key Question: How did the Early Modern period blend innovation with reliance on historical traditions? 2. The Printing Press: A Catalyst for Change Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press around 1450 marked a significant break from oral and handwritten traditions. It facilitated:  Standardization: Scientific and cultural ideas were copied accurately. Preservation: Knowledge could now endure generations without significant alteration. Mass Communication: Ideas spread faster and reached wider audiences. The printing press became central to movements like the Reformation and the spread of Renaissance humanism. Initially concentrated in urban centers (e.g., Germany, Italy, the Netherlands), it slowly reached Europe's periphery. Key Question: In what ways did the printing press revolutionize knowledge-sharing, and how did it challenge existing power structures? 3. Societal Impacts of Literacy and Knowledge Literacy expanded, especially in Protestant countries, reflecting a connection between education and religious reform. New forms of literature (almanacs, newspapers, and chapbooks) catered to diverse audiences, making reading both an intellectual and leisure activity. The rise of local language printing led to the standardization of spelling and grammar, impacting cultural identity. Continuity: Books remained expensive, and access to education was limited, preserving gaps in literacy rates between urban and rural areas. Evolution: Reading shifted from a privilege of the elite to a broader social activity, laying the groundwork for the Enlightenment. Key Questions: How did Protestantism influence literacy rates and access to knowledge? What barriers to widespread literacy persisted during this period? 4. Dangers and Challenges of the Printing Press The widespread availability of printed materials brought unintended consequences: Misinformation: The Salem Witch Trials exemplified how written texts could fuel hysteria. Censorship: Authorities sought to suppress dissent by banning books and monitoring printers. Radical Ideas: Figures like Mennochio used books to develop unique worldviews, challenging Church authority but often facing severe punishment. Key Question:  How did the benefits of the printing press compare to the risks it posed to societal stability? 5. Modern Reflections: Digital Revolution The module draws parallels between Gutenberg's revolution and today’s digital age, where information is widespread but often unreliable. Just as the printing press reshaped Early Modern Europe, modern technologies like eBooks and the internet redefine how knowledge is created and consumed. Key Question: Are we living through a digital equivalent of the Gutenberg Revolution? Modern Meaning: Of the present or recent time; new and different from past styles; using the latest technology, designs, and materials. Dutch Translation: Modern Eurocentrism Meaning: An attitude that focuses on European culture or history and regards it as more important than the culture or history of other regions. Dutch Translation: Eurocentrisme Historical Framework Meaning: The concepts, models, and perspectives used by historians to explain and understand the past (e.g., period, place, domain). Dutch Translation: Historisch referentiekader Societal Domain Meaning: Categories used to describe society, such as political (law/order), social (groups/identity), economic (money/trade), and cultural (technology/religion/art). Dutch Translation: Maatschappelijke domeinen Feudalism Meaning: A system in medieval Europe where people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange for work and service. Dutch Translation: Feodalisme Ancien Régime or Three Estate System  Meaning: The social order in pre-revolutionary Europe, divided into three groups: clergy, nobility, and commoners. Dutch Translation: Ancien Régime of standenmaatschappij Printing Press Meaning: A machine used to produce books and newspapers by pressing ink-covered surfaces onto paper. Dutch Translation: De drukpers Mass Communication Meaning: The process of communicating ideas to a large audience. Dutch Translation: Massa communicatie Urbanization Meaning: The process in which more people begin to live and work in towns and cities instead of rural areas. Dutch Translation: Urbanisatie / verstedelijking Protestantism Meaning: The beliefs and principles of the part of the Christian Church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th century. Dutch Translation: Protestantisme Literature Meaning: Written works that are valued for their artistic quality, such as novels, poems, and plays. Dutch Translation: Literatuur Translation Meaning: The process of changing a text or word from one language into another. Dutch Translation: Vertaling Almanac Meaning: A book or resource that provides information for a particular year, often about specific subjects or activities. Dutch Translation: Almanak Prints Meaning: Pictures created by pressing ink-covered wood or metal onto paper; used for reproducing art. Dutch Translation: Prent / print Pamphlets  Meaning: Small booklets that contain information on a specific subject. Dutch Translation: Pamflet Magazines Meaning: Publications with articles, photos, etc., often published weekly or monthly, focusing on various topics. Dutch Translation: Magazine Broadsheets Meaning: Large-sized newspapers or printed sheets used for serious news or advertisements. Dutch Translation: Eenbladsdruk Chapbooks Meaning: Small, inexpensive printed booklets, often containing street literature, stories, or fairy tales. Dutch Translation: Heksenjacht Inquisition Meaning: The institution set up by the Catholic Church to punish those who opposed its beliefs, particularly from the 15th to the 17th century. Dutch Translation: Inquisitie Censorship Meaning: The practice of removing or prohibiting content that is considered offensive or politically threatening. Dutch Translation: Censuur Witch Trial Meaning: The investigation and trial of individuals accused of witchcraft, often accompanied by persecution. Dutch Translation: Heksenjacht Microhistory Meaning: A historical approach focusing on small-scale, detailed studies of individuals, events, or communities to understand broader trends. Dutch Translation: Micro-geschiedenis Representation Meaning: The act of depicting or presenting someone or something in a particular way. Dutch Translation: Representatie Comparative History Meaning: A method of studying historical events or ideas by comparing them across different societies or time periods. Dutch Translation: Vergelijkende geschiedenis Civilization Meaning: The state of human society characterized by advanced cultural, social, and technological development. Dutch Translation: Beschaving Pre-Colombian Meaning: Referring to the civilizations and their history before the arrival of Columbus in 1492. Dutch Translation: Pre-Colombiaans New World Meaning: A European term referring to the Americas, viewed as an unclaimed land to be colonized. Dutch Translation: Nieuwe Wereld Navigation Meaning: The act of steering a ship on open seas, particularly during the Age of Discovery. Dutch Translation: Navigatie Colonialism Meaning: The practice of a powerful country controlling and claiming another country or territory. Dutch Translation: Kolonisatie Encomienda Meaning: A system in Latin America where the indigenous population was forced to work on plantations or in mines. Dutch Translation: Encomienda Conquistador Meaning: A Spanish explorer or soldier who conquered Latin America during the 16th century. Dutch Translation: Conquistador Plantation  Meaning: A large farm or estate where crops like coffee, sugar, and rubber are cultivated, typically in tropical areas. Dutch Translation: Plantage Casta System Meaning: A racial and social system used in colonial Latin America that classified people based on their ethnicity and skin color. Dutch Translation: Het Casta systeem Chattel Slavery Meaning: A system where enslaved people are considered property, and their descendants inherit the status of being enslaved. Dutch Translation: Koloniale Slavernij The Colombian Exchange Meaning: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas). Dutch Translation: De Colombiaanse uitwisseling Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Meaning: The trade of slaves from Africa to the Americas, central to the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Dutch Translation: Trans-Atlantische slavenhandel Triangular Trade Meaning: A trading system between three regions (Europe, Africa, and the Americas), especially during the colonial era. Dutch Translation: Driehoekshandel Abolitionism Meaning: The movement to end slavery, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. Dutch Translation: Abolitionisme Stock Exchange Meaning: A market where shares in companies are bought and sold, facilitating investment and business growth. Dutch Translation: Beursgebouw Shares Meaning: Portions of ownership in a company that can be bought or sold by investors. Dutch Translation: Aandelen Cosmopolitan Meaning: Containing people from different countries or cultures and influenced by their cultures. Dutch Translation: Kosmopolitisch Renaissance Art Meaning: Art produced during the Renaissance period (14th-16th centuries) influenced by classical learning and humanism. Dutch Translation: Renaissancekunst Humanism Meaning: A system of thought that emphasizes solving human problems with reason, valuing human nature as good. Dutch Translation: Humanisme Reason Meaning: The power of the mind to think logically and critically. Dutch Translation: Reden Anthropocentric Meaning: A worldview that places humans at the center, considering them the most important beings. Dutch Translation: Anthropocentrisme Homo Universalis or “Renaissance Man” Meaning: An idealized person with many different skills and interests, embodying the Renaissance belief in a well-rounded individual. Dutch Translation: Homo Universalis Paterfamilias Meaning: The male head of a family or household, often considered the basis for the concept of patriarchy. Dutch Translation: Paterfamilias Utopia(n) Meaning: A belief in or depiction of an ideal or perfect society, often unrealistic or impractical. Dutch Translation: Utopia en utopisch Proto-feminist Meaning: A person or idea that advocates for gender equality before the formal establishment of feminism.  Dutch Translation: Proto-feministen Machiavellian Meaning: Using cunning, deceit, and manipulation to achieve goals, often associated with political strategies. Dutch Translation: Machiavellisme Detailed Summary of Maps in Module 3 1. Pre-Columbian and Early Modern Worldviews ○ Key Features: The contrast between medieval and Renaissance maps is highlighted, especially regarding orientation and focus. Medieval maps, like the Psalter Mappa Mundi, often placed Jerusalem at the center and depicted the world in a theocentric way, focusing on religious elements and biblical places, such as paradise, outside the map's boundaries. In contrast, early modern maps, like Fra Mauro's map (c. 1450), placed the focus on humanism, with cities in the Middle East at the center. These maps adopted a more anthropocentric or human-centered view, reflecting the increasing interest in human experience, science, and exploration. The use of Ptolemaic coordinates and the concept of the globe as a spherical Earth became more common. 2. The Emergence of New Geographical Knowledge ○ Humanism and the Rediscovery of Ancient Knowledge: Humanist scholars in the 15th century rediscovered classical texts and maps, like Ptolemy's World Map. This allowed Europeans to incorporate latitude and longitude into their navigational strategies. The use of these coordinates made it possible to navigate far from the coast, increasing exploration capabilities and laying the foundation for further maritime explorations. The maps from this period demonstrated a growing understanding of the world as a global entity, challenging the medieval "flat Earth" concept. 3. Impact of the Age of Discovery on Mapping ○ Global Navigation and Colonial Expansion: Compass and caravel ships were key technological advancements that influenced exploration and map-making. These tools made it easier for sailors to calculate coordinates and navigate across the ocean. Maps began showing more detailed representations of the Americas, Africa, and Asia, reflecting the new trade routes and territorial divisions that were developing due to European expansion. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1497), which divided the world between Spain and Portugal, was depicted in maps to reflect the imperial interests of these powers.  The Colombian Exchange also impacted cartography by showing the interconnectivity between the Old and New Worlds. 4. The Impact of European Exploration on Worldviews and Mapping ○ Visual Representations of the "New World": Maps from this period reflect a shift in cultural and ideological frameworks, as they not only provided geographical data but also conveyed Eurocentric views of the world. For example, the portrayal of Indigenous Americans in maps and illustrations often emphasized the exotic and unexplored nature of the New World. European explorers and cartographers often used maps to assert dominance and territorial claims. Maps helped establish and justify colonialism by portraying vast, unclaimed lands ready for European control. The "Us vs. Them" narratives also shaped the way maps depicted Indigenous peoples, as they were often shown as primitive or inferior compared to European civilization.