The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe PDF

## The Rise of Nationalism in Europe ### 1830-1914 - 1830: July Uprising of France - 1831: Polish Rebellion against Russia - 1832: Treaty of Constantinople - 1834. Formation of Zollverein - 1848: Revolution of Liberals; Frederic Sorrieu prepared prints of "Democratic and Social Republic": Frankfur...

## The Rise of Nationalism in Europe ### 1830-1914 - 1830: July Uprising of France - 1831: Polish Rebellion against Russia - 1832: Treaty of Constantinople - 1834. Formation of Zollverein - 1848: Revolution of Liberals; Frederic Sorrieu prepared prints of "Democratic and Social Republic": Frankfurt Parliament was convened in church of St. Paul. - 1859-1870: Unification of Italy - 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. - 1866-1871: Unification of Germany - 1867: Habsburg rulers grant more autonomy to the Hungarians - 1871: Kaiser William I was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. - 1914: First World War begins ### Objective Type Questions #### Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each) 1. Which of the following countries was not a united nation-state when Frederic Sorrieu's painted "Democratic and Social Republics"? - (a) Switzerland - (b) Sicily - (c) Ireland - (d) Germany **Answer:** (d) Germany **Explanation:** In Sorrieu's painting, nations were represented through a group of citizens bearing their respective nation's symbols. Germany was shown reaching towards the Statue of Liberty as a nation but the country comprised a group of divided German-speaking principalities in 1848. She attained the status of a united nation-state in 1871. **Related Theory:** Switzerland was already a liberal nation-state and led the procession of states along with the USA. Ireland and Sicily were behind Germany in the procession. They were united as a nation but had not attained liberty by 1848. 2. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct option: - (I) Napoleonic wars - (II) The Treaty of Vienna 1815 - (III) Greek Struggle for Independence 1821 - (IV) Slav Nationalism in Ottoman Empire **Options:** - (a) (III), (II), (I) and (IV) - (b) (I), (II), (III) and (IV) - (c) (IV), (III), (II) and (1) - (d) (IV), (II), (III) and (1) **Answer:** (b) (I), (II), (III) and (IV) **Explanation:** The following events took place in the following sequence. - (I) Napoleonic wars - 1797 - (II) The Treaty of Vienna - 1814-1815 - (III) Greek Struggle for Independence - 1821 - (IV) Slav Nationalism in Ottoman Empire - 1905 3. Which of the following statements is true about nation-states? - (a) Citizens share a common sense of shared identity or history. - (b) Nation-state is a state ruled by one absolute ruler. - (c) Commonness is forged through the linguistic factor only. - (d) Nation-States are directly ruled by people and based on heterogenization of society. 4. Fill in the blank by choosing the right answer from the options given below: | Country/Region | Language Spoken | |---|---| | Bohemia | German | | Galicia | | **Options:** - (a) Magyar - (b) French - (c) Polish - (d) Russian **Answer:** (c) Polish **Explanation:** Eastern and Central Europe was divided into multiple autocratic monarchies where ethnically and culturally diverse people resided. They spoke different languages and did not share a sense of collective identity. The aristocratic class of Bohemia spoke German predominantly. The aristocratic class of Galicia was majorly Polish speaking. **Related Theory:** Magyar was spoken in Hungary. 5. Given below is the painting ‘Imperial Federation - Map of the World showing the extent of the British Empire in 1886'. Observe the painting and answer the question that follows. Which of the following elements depicted in the painting seem conflicting when presented together? - (a) The British soldiers and British colonies spread in both east and west. - (b) The variety of animals and costumed figures depicting countries and their people. - (c) Britannia, the personification of Britain, seated on top of the world and the words “federation” written at the top of the image. - (d) The words 'freedom' and 'fraternity' written at the top and Atlas, depicting human labour, holding the world upon his shoulders. **Answer:** (d) The words 'freedom' and 'fraternity' written at the top and Atlas, depicting human labour, holding the world upon his shoulders. **Explanation:** In the picture, the terms freedom and fraternity are shown as the motto of the British government (since the picture celebrates the British Empire). This implies that the British believed in individual freedom, equality and fraternity among nations and communities across the world. They certainly did not believe in individual freedom when they perpetuated the practice of slavery and indentured labour for centuries. The labour class in England faced exploitation and repression for centuries. They fled their own country because they could not manage to eat two square meals a day under the unfair regime of the feudal lords, entrepreneurs and rising middle classes (during the industrial revolution). Labourers were not given their due share of resources and were forced to work for extended hours with no rest or other rights. **Related Theory:** The British proceeded to conquer half of the entire world, colonized such countries, made them their sinks or garbage bins to dispose of their final products at greater costs to profit, while simultaneously trying to destroy native economies, loot their economic resources, and forced them to supply raw materials at ridiculously low costs. **Caution:** Students must not get confused by the question. The question asks them to choose the conflicting concept. Even Britannia (an allegory of British government) cannot be contrasted with the value of brotherhood. 6. Read the facts regarding the Revolution of the Liberals in Europe during 1848 and choose the correct option: - (1) Abdication of the monarch - (2) Universal male suffrage had been proclaimed - (3) Political Rights to women were given - (4) Freedom of the press had been asked **Options:** - (a) Only (1) and (2) are correct. - (b) Only (1), (2) and (3) are correct. - (c) Only (1) and (4) are correct. - (d) Only (1), (2) and (4) are correct. **Answer:** (d) Only (1), (2) and (4) are correct. **Explanation:** Political rights to women was a controversial topic within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years! Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations. 7. Choose the correctly matched pair from the following: - (a) Otto Von Bismarck - Germany - (b) Napoleon - Spain - (c) Giuseppe Garibaldi - France - (d) Bourbon Kings - Italy **Answer:** (a) Otto Von Bismarck - Germany 8. Which one of the following claimed that German culture was discovered among common people - das volk? - (a) Karol Kurpinski - (b) Louis Philippe - (c) Carl Welcker - (d) Johann Gottfried Herder **Answer:** (d) Johann Gottfried Herder **Explanation:** Johann Gottfried Herder was a, German Philosopher, **Related Theory:** Louis Philippe was the constitutional monarch of France and his reign was known as July monarchy as he came in power after the July Revolution of 1830. Karol Kurpinski was a polish music composer. Carl Welcker was a liberal politician and an elected member of the Frankfurt Parliament which convened in the Church of St Paul on 18 May 1848. 9. Which among the following best signifies the idea of liberal nationalism of nineteenth-century Europe? - (a) Emphasis on social justice - (b) State planned socio-economic system - (c) Freedom for individual and equality before law - (d) Supremacy of state oriented nationalism. **Answer:** (c) Freedom for individual and equality before law 10. Identify the person in the painting from the options given below. He was described as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'. 11. Industrialization began in which one of the following European countries in the second-half of the eighteenth century? - (a) Germany - (b) France - (c) Italy - (d) England **Answer:** (d) England **Explanation:** Industrialization began in England in the second half of the 18th century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the 19th century. **Related Theory:** In the Western parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market. 12. Who among the following was the architect for the unification of Germany? - (a) Otto Von Bismarck - (b) William I - (c) Frederick III - (d) William II **Answer:** (a) Otto Von Bismarck 13. Following image is the personification of Germany commonly associated with the Romantic Era and the Revolutions of 1848. Identify its name from among the following options. **Options:** - (a) Metternich - (b) Mazzini - (c) Garibaldi - (d) Cavour **Answer:** (b) Mazzini **Explanation:** This painting is of Giuseppe Mazzini and the founding of Young Europe in Berne 1833. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who asserted his influence to unify Italy and worked hard to achieve it. 14. In which one of the following countries did the first liberalist-nationalist upheaval take place in July 1830? - (a) France - (b) Germany - (c) England - (d) Italy **Answer:** (a) France 15. Identify the country indicated through the symbols given in the picture. **Options:** - (a) Bulgaria - (b) Germany - (c) Italy - (d) France **Answer:** (b) Germany **Explanation:** The tricolour flag shown in the image was the flag of the liberal-nationalists in 1848 which was banned by the Dukes of the German states. The breastplate with an eagle on it is the German symbol for strength. **Related Theory:** Philip Veit prepared a painting of Germania on a cotton banner, as it was meant to hang from the ceiling of the Church of St Paul where the Frankfurt parliament was convened in March 1848. The said painting also features the symbols given in the picture above. **Caution:** Every picture given in the chapter must be carefully studied by the students. They can serve as mediums for easy understanding of concepts. 16. Which one of the following attributes stands for 'Willingness to make peace'? - (a) Breastplate with an eagle - (b) Olive branch around the sword - (c) Broken chain - (d) Flag **Answer:** (b) Olive branch around the sword **Explanation:** An olive branch symbolizes peace and the sword symbolizes readiness to fight, but together an olive branch around the sword symbolizes a willingness to make peace. **Related Theory:** A breastplate with eagle stands for the strength of the German empire. A broken chain refers to 'Being freed from chains'. 17. Identify the painting from among the options given below. Sorrieu's vision of society, which is so idealistic that it is unlikely to exist, is .... - (a) Frankfurt Parliament - (b) Reichstag - (c) Duma - (d) The House of Parliament **Answer:** (a) Frankfurt Parliament **Explanation:** This painting showcases Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. In 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. They dreamt of a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. **Related Theory:** Despite their contribution, the women were only admitted as visitors in the galleries upstairs. They were not allowed to vote. **Caution:** Students must always pay very close attention to the pictures given in the chapters and memorize their captions. 18. Which of the following countries were involved in the Three Wars with Prussia, which ended with victory and unification of Germany? - (a) Austria, Poland and France - (b) Austria, Denmark and France - (c) Austria, Turkey and France - (d) Austria, England and France **Answer:** (b) Austria, Denmark and France. 19. Identify the characteristics of Cavour from the following and choose the correct option. - (I) He was an Italian statesman. - (II) He spoke French much better than Italian. - (III) He was a tactful diplomat. - (IV) He belonged to a Royal family. **Options:** - (a) Only (1) and (II) are correct. - (b) Only (1), (II) and (III) are correct. - (c) Only (II), (III) and (IV) are correct. - (d) Only (1), (11) and (IV) are correct. **Answer:** (b) Only (I). (II) and (III) are correct. **Explanation:** Cavour was the chief minister of Italy, not its king. There is no mention of him being a royal or belonging to a royal family. 20. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of 'Nationalism'? - (a) French Revolution - (b) Russian Revolution - (c) Glorious Revolution - (d) The Revolution of Liberals **Answer:** (a) French Revolution 21. Identify the major aspect that helped in the formation of a Nation-State in Britain. - (a) In 1688, the monarch of Britain fought a war with English Parliament. - (b) The Parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy. - (c) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Ireland and Wales. - (d) The formation of a Nation-State in Britain was the result of many revolts. **Answer:** (b) The Parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy. **Explanation:** The English parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 by a protracted conflict. It was the instrument through which a nation-state was formed with England at its centre. No war was fought for the same. **Related Theory:** The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. 22. Which one of the following group of countries collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815? - (a) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria - (b) Britain, Russian, Prussia and Australia - (c) Britain, Russia, Netherlands and Germany - (d) Britain, Luxembourg, Germany and Italy **Answer:** (a) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria **Explanation:** In 1815, the representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. 23. Which type of governments were mainly driven in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815? - (a) Conservative - (b) Liberal - (c) Federal - (d) Feudal **Answer:** (a) Conservative 24. Who among the following had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic during 1830s? - (a) Victor Emmanuel I - (b) Victor Emmanuel II - (c) Giuseppe Mazzini - (d) Count Cavour **Answer:** (c) Giuseppe Mazzini **Explanation:** Giuseppe Mazzini wanted to unite Italy and thus sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic during the 1830s. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. He subsequently founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. 25. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct about Balkan Nationalism? - (I) The Balkan region became part of the conflict because of the Ottoman Empire. - (II) The region comprised of ethnic groups included Greeks, Serbs, Montenegro, etc. - (III) British and ethnic nationalities struggled to establish their identity. **Options:** - (a) (1) and (II) - (b) (II) and (III) - (c) Only (II) - (d) Only (1) **Answer:** (a) (1) and (II) 26. Choose the incorrectly matched option from column A and column B. | Column A | Column B | |---|---| | (a) Frederic Sorrieu | (i) A British Artist | | (b) Bismarck | (ii) Unification of Germany | | (c) Lord Byron | (iii) An English poet| | (d) Karol Kurpinski | (iv) A Polish music composer | **Answer:** (a) Frederic Sorrieu: (i) A British Artist **Explanation:** Frederic Sorrieu was a French Artist. **Related Theory:** In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of Democratic and Social Republics. 27. Choose the correctly matched option from column A and column B. | Column A | Column B | |---|---| | (a) Absolutist | (1) A vision of society | | (b) Utopian | (II) A form of government | | (c) Plebiscite | (III) A system of direct vote | | (d) Suffrage | (IV) A system of holding elections | **Answer:** (c) Plebiscite: (III) A system of direct vote **Explanation:** Plebiscite is a system of direct voting by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal. **Related Theory:** The term ‘Absolutist’ refers to a form of monarchial government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. Utopian means a vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to exist. Suffrage refers to the right to vote. 28. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union 1707? - (a) It was an agreement between England and Scotland. - (b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland. - (c) It resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. - (d) It gave England control over Scotland. **Answer:** (b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland. **Explanation:** England was unified through an act called the Act of Union 1707 passed by the English Parliament. This Act forged a union between England and Scotland. England gained supremacy and suppressed Scottish identity through its political, economic and diplomatic power. Ireland was joined later in 1801, after revolts from Irish Catholics. 29. Identify the correct option regarding ‘Zollverein’. - (a) It was a coalition of Prussian state alliances. - (b) It’s aim was to bind the Prussia politics and to manage political associations. - (c) It was a Customs Union at the initiative of Prussia. - (d) It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment in Europe. **Answer:** (c) It was a Customs Union at the initiative of Prussia. **Explanation:** Zollverein was formed to abolish trade barriers and ease the framework of international trade. It was joined by most German States in an effort to liberalise trade and bring these divided regions together economically. **Related Theory:** It was formed in 1834. 30. Which of the following states was ruled by an Italian princely house before unification of Italy? - (a) Kingdom of Two Sicilies - (b) Lombardy - (c) Venetia - (d) Sardinia-Piedmont **Answer:** (d) Sardinia-Piedmont **Explanation:** Italy was divided into several states/principalities. Sardinia-Piedmont was the only one ruled by an Italian princely house. **Related Theory:** Venetia and Lombardy located in the north were under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions (the two kingdoms of Sicily) were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. 31. Find the odd one out.  - (a) Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia - (b) Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro - (c) Bohemia, Galicia, Austria, Hungary - (d) Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Romania **Answer:** (c) Bohemia, Galicia, Austria, Hungary. **Explanation:** The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. This alternative is an odd-one out because it does not include Balkan states unlike other alternatives. 32. Which of the following statements stand correct about the Statue of Liberty? - (I) The Statue of Liberty holds the torch of Enlightenment and bears the Charter of Rights of Man in her hand. - (II) Frederic Sorrieu painted the statue of Liberty and Statue of Republic in his “Democratic and Social Republics”. - (III) The Statue of Liberty is situated in France. - (IV) The Statue of Liberty is an allegorical representation of the value of Liberty. **Options:** - (a) (1) and (III) only - (b) (1) and (IV) only - (c) (II), (III) and (IV) only - (d) (I), (II), (III) and (IV) **Answer:** (d) (I), (II), (III) and (IV) **Explanation:** Polish nationalism was preserved and continuously promoted through music and language by its artists and revolutionaries. Poland was given to Russia after Vienna Peace Settlement. 33. Read the given source: The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. Identify the class mentioned in the source given above: - (a) Aristocratic class - (b) Peasant class - (c) Nobility - (d) Capitalist class **Answer:** (a) Aristocratic class **Explanation:** Landed aristocracy was a dominant class in Europe and was rich since members owned their fields and others cultivated these fields for them. This class was numerically very small. **Related Theory:** Nobility or the ruler class did not own farmlands. The peasant class cultivated the fields of aristocrats. They were tenants and did not own the lands upon which they worked hard. 34. Which of the following statements stand true for the nation of Poland? - (I) Poland was partitioned in the eighteenth century. - (II) With the end of Poland, the sentiments of nationalism among the Polish people ended as well. - (III) Karl Kurpinski was a polish artist. - (IV) Poland was ruled over by Russia and Polish language was used as a weapon of struggle against Russian Dominance. **Options:** - (a) (1) only - (b) (II) and (IV) only - (c) (I), (III) and (IV) only - (d) (I), (II), (III) and (IV) **Answer:** (c) (I), (III) and (IV) only **Explanation:** Polish nationalism was preserved and continuously promoted through music and language by its artists and revolutionaries. Poland was given to Russia after Vienna Peace Settlement. 35. Which of the following is an allegory for liberty? - (a) Crown of Oak - (b) Red Cap - (c) Olive Branch - (d) Sword **Answer:** (b) Red Cap **Identify the following on basis of the hints given in each question.** 36. Identify the personalities: - (1) They were two brothers who studied law, they soon developed an interest in collecting old folktales. - (2) They spent six years travelling from village to village, talking to people and writing down fairy tales. - (3) They also published a 33-volume dictionary of the German language. **Answer:** Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm ** Explanation:** They were born in Germany and published Grimm's Fairy Tales for children. 37. Identify the personality: - (1) He was an Austrian Chancellor. - (2) He hosted the Congress of Vienna. - (3) He said “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”. **Answer:** Duke Metternich **Explanation:** He was the Austrian Chancellor and believed that conservative order was the best type of government to rule and unify the state.