musculo-skeletal 214 (1).pdf

Skeleton mW A It is a bony framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs. Was 660 if Bones:- it is a living tissue,(dense connective) consists of cells, fibe...

Skeleton mW A It is a bony framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs. Was 660 if Bones:- it is a living tissue,(dense connective) consists of cells, fibers and matrix(hard and calcified), and possesses a degree of elasticity. IF Epd sasm 6  Function of the bones:- Form the framework of the body (support) provides mechanical protection for many internal organs of the body e.g. the skull, SID 1H 6 I vertebral column and thoracic cage. II movement for thebone Serves as a lever – locomotion 631 Skeletal muscles attached to bones, when the muscles contract they move the skeleton 250 Production of blood cells, bone marrow produces blood cells. Stores minerals; e.g. calcium It 0 1 29181  Types of bone according to structure: Compact bone forms the outer shell of bones. It consists of a very hard mass of bony tissue arranged in concentric layers Cancellous bone (spongy) is located beneath the compact bone and consists of a meshwork of bony bars (trabeculae) with many interconnecting spaces containing bone marrow. ii I'M MINI to a  Classification classification of bones according to their morphology , they are classified as long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones. 1. Long bones: e.g. humerus, femur, tibia, metatarsal, phalanges They have tubular shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis,) The shaft has a marrow cavity, contains the bone marrow and covered by periosteum.. www.ED  2. Short bones: to in the wrist (carbal)and foot (tarsal). Cubical in shape and have Semi-equal dimensions not faliges  3. Flat bones: skull, ribs, sternum, scapula Composed of thin outer and inner of compact tables, separated by cancellous dipole.  wit em 4. Irregular bone: vertebrae, pelvic and facial bones, Inner cancellous outer thin shell of compact 5. Sesamoid bone; Small nodules found in certain tendons e.g. patella 8 264 Uk w ̅ sesamoid bone compact bone  6-Pneumatic bones They are air filled bones located within the skull to decrease its weight Mysim to the voice. and add resonance II TIMANIA IIs I 1  Idt'm this game Surface Markings; The surface of the bone shows various markings where tendons, ligaments are attached, the surface is raised and roughened or depressed, they are not present at birth appear at puberty. id0E m.tt 13 jul do 8418102316 Iii  A- projections: 8 midweek taranto Tuberosity or trochanter- a large rough eminence Tubercle- a localized rounded elevation Condyle- a smooth rounded articular surface Epicondyle- a localized elevation situated on the side of the condyle Spine- a sharp elevated part of the bone Crest- an elongated ridge that usually lies on the top of the bone Ridge or line- a faint linear elevation on the surface of the bon. kg  notch fossa notch trochanter head crest spine neck formaen line tubercle I facet sulcus tuberosity fossa condyle Groove To 06H a fossa trochlea  Kik B- Depression. Sulcus Notch Groove: may also called Sulcus: It is a linear depression on the Groove surface of a bone Notch; a depression on the border of a bone. Fossa: a shallow depression on the surface of a bone fossa.Foramen: a hole in the bone Human skeleton classified into:- Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Skull bones of upper limbs Vertebral column and shoulder girdles Sternum bones of lower limbs Ribs and pelvic girdles Hyoid bone Skull:- Consists of cranium and mandible. The cranium formed by several bones such as frontal , occipital , temporal ,parietal …… The mandible is only 0 movable bone in the skull Its articulate with skull at Tempro-mandibular joint.  Vertebral column:- The human Series vertebral column consists of: of vertebrae: 7 cervical 12 thoracic HIDING 5 lumbar 5 sacral fused into the sacrum 4 coccygeal fused into the coccyx. 2. Intervertebral disc: it is afibro-cartilage, lies between the bodies of the vertebrae. When the vertebral bodies are stacked one on top of another, they create a vertical tunnel behind the vertebral bodies called the spinal canal or neural canal.  46T nuts V11 A  Sternum:- It is an elongated flat bone located ventrally in the midline of thorax. It is formed of manubrium, body and xiphoid process from above downward.  Ribs:- They are 12 ribs on each side. they form a series of obliquely placed arches that make up a large part of the thoracic cage.  Ñ Bones of upper limbs and shoulder girdles shoulder girdle (clavicle &scapula) Bone of lower limbs and pelvic girdles. Pelvic girdle. (hip bone) bone of thigh. (femur) bones of the leg. (tibia & fibula) bony foot. 8 (tarsal , metatarsal& phalanges)  MG The Joints the site where two or more than two bones come together.  Classification of joints:- 1- according to the tissue between them they are classified into: A- fibrous B- cartilaginous C- synovial 2- according to range of mobility they classified into: A- immovable B- slightly movable C- freely movable IT swims Ted 491 Fibrous joint:- It is immovable joint and the articulating ends joined by fibrous tissue. e.g. the sutures of the skull and inferior tibiofibular If u e un was Wids IT Cartilaginous joint:- a-primary cartilaginous:- It is immovable and the bones are united by plate of hyaline cartilage Wsl g skim madws aa e.g. the joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bones and between first rib and the sternum b- secondary cartilaginous. Slightly movable joint and the articulating end united by fibro-cartilage. e.g. intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis 6 Synovial joint:- it is freely movable joint and has the following characters. 1-The articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, separated by synovial cavity 2-The cavity is lined by synovial membrane 3- protected from out side by fibrous capsule 4-The cavity contain synovial fluid, It is a highly vascular membrane, which covers all the intra-capsular structures except the articular surface. It secretes a small amount of synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the articular cartilage. The muscles Muscular tissue:- Is made up of the cells specialized for contraction. there are three types of muscles in the body 1- skeletal muscles 2- cardiac muscles 3- smooth muscles.  Skeletal muscles: They produce movement of the skeleton and form the main bulk of our bodies. They are called skeletal as they are attached mainly to the skeleton (bone and cartilage) ill They are under voluntary control and supplied by the somatic  Skeletal muscle:- has two or more attachments: origin and insertion. a. Origin: is the least mobile attachment. It is usually the proximal attachment. b. Insertion: is the most mobile attachment. It is usually the distal attachment. The fleshy part of the muscle is called the o belly.  The origins and insertions are attached mainly to the periosteum of bones by cord of fibrous tissue termed tendons..Flat muscles are attached by thin but strong fibrous sheet called aponeurosis. Skeletal muscle actions A muscle may work in the following 4 ways: A. Prime mover: when the muscle is the chief responsible for a particular movement, e.g.. Quadriceps femoris is the prime mover in extending the knee. B. Antagonist; A muscle that opposes the action of prime mover is an antagonist, e.g. the biceps femoris opposes the action of quadriceps femoris when the knee is extended.  C. Fixator: This contract isometerically to stabilized the origin of prime mover, e.g. short muscle of the shoulder. Synergist; in many location the prime mover crosses a number of joints before it reaches the joint at which it action takes place. To prevent un wanted movement in intermediate joint, a group of muscle (synergists )contract to stabilized intermediate joints e.g. flexor and extensor of the carpal contract to fix the wrist to allow the long flexors and extensor to act on the fingers.  Cardiac muscles: The cardiac muscles found in the myocardium of the heart, consist of striated muscle fibers that branch and reunite with each other, The cardiac muscles are involuntary and controlled by autonomic nervous system  Smooth muscles: They are present in internal viscera and blood vessels They are involuntary , control by the autonomic nervous system