Skeletal System Lecture Notes (September 7, 2023) PDF

September 7, 2023 1. September 19 (Tuesday) Unit I Exam over lectures 1 – 6 Review, Thurs. Sept. 14 2. Skeletal System I (Lecture #5) 3. learning anatomy a. over 200 bones & numerous muscles presented in next few weeks b. importance c. ¿ already know ? d. how organizati...

September 7, 2023 1. September 19 (Tuesday) Unit I Exam over lectures 1 – 6 Review, Thurs. Sept. 14 2. Skeletal System I (Lecture #5) 3. learning anatomy a. over 200 bones & numerous muscles presented in next few weeks b. importance c. ¿ already know ? d. how organization latin names repetition - anatomy cards (Walmart, unemployment line, I-595, etc.) e. No worries, your memorizing machines! 4. I clicker questions at end of lecture  Skeletal System I Lecture #5 MTT, Chap 5,6, pgs 116 - 177 I. Introduction A. organ system B. active, functioning tissue II. Function A. support B. protection C. movement D. hematopoiesis E. mineral homeostasis F. energy storage I. Histology A. cell types 1. osteoprogenitor a. derived from mesenchymal cells b. become osteoblasts 2. osteoblast a. secrete bone matrix b. cannot undergo mitosis c. osteocyte progenitor 3. osteocyte a. principle bone cell located in lacunae b. cell processes extend through canaliculi c. interact w. other osteocytes via gap junctions d. sensory function – bone stress activates cell family e. regulate osteoblast & osteoclast activity i. sclerostin is negative regulator of osteoblast fn ii. increases in bone distortion inhibit sclerostin release resulting in an increase osteoblast activity 4. osteoclast a. derived from stem cells that produce macrophages b. multinuclear c. fn in bone resorption B. bone matrix 1. hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH) 2. CaCO3, Mg(OH)2, Mg(Fl)2, MgSO4 3. collagen fibers C. compact vs. spongy bone 1. spongy bone - epiphysis of long bones, network of struts and plates 2. compact bone a. superficial long bones, relatively dense b. haversian canal system osteon (haversian sytem) i. central canal iv. osteocytes ii. lamellae v. lacunae iii. canaliculi vi. Volkman’s (horizontal) canal Volkman’s canal D. membrane systems 1. periosteum a. structure i. outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue ii. inner layer of osteoprogenitor cells b. function i. isolates and protects bone ii. participates in growth and development of bone iii. attaches bone to deep fascia 2. endosteum a. cellular layer of osteoprogenitor cells b. covers trabeculae of spongy bone and canals IV. Bone Formation A. embryonic skeleton formed of cartilage B. patterns of ossification 1. intramembraneous a. bone formation from connective tissue membranes b. mesenchyme cells differentiate into osteoblasts w/i connective tissue b. e.g. infant fontanel, ribs, sternum 2. endochondral – bone formation from hyaline cartilage V. Types of Bones A. long bone (femur, fibia, fibula, phalanges, humerus, ulna) 1. epiphysis 4. periosteum 2. diaphysis 5. medullary cavity 3. articular surface 6. endosteum. short bones (cube like) C. flat bones 1. equal length and width 1. thin bones 2. composed of spongy bone 2. compact surrounding spongy bone 3. carpels and tarsals 3. e.g. cranium, sternum, ribs D. irregular bones 1. complex shape 2. variable composition 3. e.g. vertebrae, some facial bones E. wormian bones 1. small bones in cranial sutures 2. variable numbers F. sesamoid bone 1. bones wrapped in tendons 2. e.g. patella, wrist bones, foot G. pneumatized bone 1. bones containing hollow air pockets 2. ethmoid bone VI. Surface Markings A. distinct, structural features of bone: 1. canal - narrow tube 2. fissure - cleft like opening housing vessels & nerves 3. fontanel - connective tissue between skull bones 4. sulcus - furrow or depression 5. meatus - tube-like passageway 6. condyle -large, rounded, articular prominence 7. head - rounded articular portion, supported by neck 8. crest - prominent ridge or border 9. epicondyle - prominence above condyle 10. tuberosity - large, rounded, rough process 11. trochanter - massive process only on femur 12. fossa - flattened or shallow surface Skeletal Divisions 1. axial (blue) a. lie on longitudinal axis b. skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, auditory ossicles 2. appendicular (yellow) a. bones of appendices b. pectoral & pelvic girdle, upper & lower limbs 3. human skeleton has 206 bones, classically divided into 80 axial and 126 appendicular VIII. Skull A. Sutures – immovable joints form boundaries of skull bones 1. coronal – between frontal and parietal bones 2. sagittal – between parietal bones 3. lambdoid (λ) – between parietal and occipital bones 4. squamousal – between parietal and temporal bones B. cranium (lateral aspect) 1. function – encloses and protects brain, site for muscle attachment 2. frontal – forms forehead, eye socket roof 3. parietal – sides and roof of cranium 4. occipital bone (ventral aspect) a. forms base and posterior of skull b. foramen magnum c. occipital condyle 5. temporal bone (lateral aspect) a. inferior sides and floor of cranium b. zygomatic process – cheek bone c. mandibular fossa – mandible articulation site d. external auditory (acoustic) meatus – ear canal e. mastoid process – facial muscle attachment site f. styloid process – tongue and facial muscle attachment mandibular fossa 6. sphenoid bone (lateral aspect) a. cranial floor keystone – very complex shape 6. sphenoid bone (cont’d, superior view) a. butterfly shaped i. greater wing ii. lesser wing b. sella turcica  b. sella turcica (mid-sagittal view) 7. ethmoid a. sponge-like bone b. forms anterior cranial floor, nasal septum (perpendicular plate), medial eye orbit c. cribiform plate of ethmoid bone (superior view) (1) anterior medial cranial floor (2) foramen for olfactory nerves C. facial bones 1. function – shapes face, muscle attachment 2. nasal – paired bones, bridge of nose 3. maxillae-paired bones form upper jawbone 4. zygomatic – “cheek bones” floor of orbits and ½ of zygomatic arch 4. zygomatic bone (lateral view) a. forms anterior portion of zygomatic process 5. mandible – lower jawbone 6. lacrimal a. paired bones posterior and lateral to nasal bones b. tear ducts 7. palatine –paired bones form posterior hard palate 8. vomer – inferior nasal septum Skull – inferior view 7. palatine 8. vomer X. Hyoid Bone A. U-shaped bone 1. doesn’t articulate with any bones 2. suspended from styloid & mastoid processes I-clicker questions 1. Which of the following molecules would be expected to exhibit similar translocation kinetics with either an artificial phospholipid bilayer or a plasma membrane? a. galactose (monosaccharide) b. chloride ion (Cl-) c. oxygen (O2) d. sodium ion (Na+) e. glutamine (amino acid) 2. Which of the following glands are closely affiliated with hair follicles? a. ceruminous d. sudiferous b. sebaceous e. eccrine c. mammary 3. Almost all of the mitotically active cells in the epidermis are located in the: a. stratum corneum d. stratum lucidum b. stratum spinosum e. stratum basale c. stratum granulosum 4. The epidermis of human skin is classically described as being comprised of: a. stratified columnar d. simple cuboidal b. transitional e. simple squamous c. stratified squamous 5. The tissue often referred to as the nail cuticle, or thin layer of dead skin located at the nail bed, is properly called the: a. eponychium c. nail root b. lunula d. hyponychium 2. This figure has been derived from which class of tissue? a. epithelial b. connective (55%) c. nervous d. muscle September 12, 2023 1. Complete Skeletal System I (Lecture #5, X. vertebral column) 2. Skeletal System II – Appendicular Skeleton (Lecture #6) 3. Unit I exam will cover lectures #1 – 6. Lecture 7 will be covered in Unit II exam. 4. Unit I exam review at end of Thursday’s lecture 5. I-Clicker questions at beginning for a change to reward those on time I clicker question 1. Which of the labeled structures below represents a canaliculi? a. A d. D b. B e. E c. C 2. The lamella are labeled in the diagrams below by _____? a. A d. D b. B e. E D c. C C B E A  I clicker question 3. The shaft of a long bone is termed? a. diaphysis d. endosteum b. epiphysis e. parietal periosteum c. periosteum I clicker question 4. Which of the following sutures is located between the parietal and temporal bones in the human skull? a. coronal d. squamosal b. lambdoidal e. sagittal c. parasagittal I clicker question 5. On the skull representation below, the occipital bone is labeled: a. A d. D b. B e. E c. C A C B D E. Vertebral Column 1. general a. forms vertical axis of skeleton b. composed of vertebrae, separated by fibrocartilage disks c. protects spinal cord, provides flexible support d. spinal curves (regions) i. cervical ii. thoracic iii. lumbar iv. sacral e. 26 bones divided into four parts i. 7 cervical vertebrae ii. 12 thoracic iii. 5 lumbar iv. 1 sacral v. 1 coccyx 2. typical vertebrae a. body e. lamina b. vertebral foramen f. pedicle c. spinous process g. intervertebral disk d. transverse process h. intervertebral foramen lamina 3. first vertebrae – atlas second vertebrae – axis (odontoid process “dens”) 4. pelvic curvature a. sacrum – five fused vertebrae (by 18 – 30 yrs of age) b. coccyx – four fused vertebrae (by 26 yrs of age) XI. Thoracic Cage A. general 1. protects thoracic organs, supports pectoral girdle 2. ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilage B. sternum 1. flat, narrow bone located in median of anterior chest wall 2. parts a. manubrium-superior portion, sternal angle b. body – middle portion c. xiphoid – inferior portion  b. vertebrochondral ribs (1) 3 pair 1. 12 pair of ribs (2) attach to each other a. vertebrosternal (true) & cartilage of 7th rib (1) 7 pair c. vertebral (floating) (2) join sternum by costal cartilage (1) 2 pair (2) no attachment to sternum XII. auditory ossicles (3) A. three small middle ear bones B. names 1. malleus - contact with tympanic membrane 2. incus - bridge 3. stapes - contact with oval window XIII. Infant Cranium A. fontanels (soft spot) 1. precursor of cranial bones 2. anterior fontanel (coronal suture) 3. posterior fontanel (lambdoidal suture) 4. sphenoidal fontanel (ant. squamosal suture) 5. mastoid fontanel (post. squamosal suture) 3. The left elbow is ______ to the left wrist: a. inferior b. distal c. contralateral d. dorsal * e. proximal (81%) 4. This figure is representative of a _______ section. a. frontal b. coronal c. oblique * d. sagittal (88%) e. transverse  5. The model repesents two closed compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane. The initial concentration of solute in chamber “B” was higher than that of chamber “A”. The U tube represents osmotic pressure. When equilibrium is reached, you would expect: a. [Osm]A = [Osm]B b. [H2O]B > [H2O]A A B O c. [H2O]A = [H2O]B O O O O * d. stopping pressure = osmotic pressure (16%) O O O O O e. π = 0 mmHg O O O O O O O O 6. Low cytosolic calcium concentration is maintained in most cells by a membrane protein which simultaneously exchanges sodium and calcium ions. This transporter could be classified as: a. secondary active transport b. carrier mediated c. coupled transport d. antiport * e. all of the above (56%) 7. Which of the following molecules would be expected to exhibit similar translocation kinetics with either an artificial phospholipid bilayer or a plasma membrane? a. galactose (monosaccharide) b. chloride ion (Cl-) * c. oxygen (O2) (41%) d. sodium ion (Na+) e. glutamine (amino acid) 8. This figure has been derived from which class of tissue? a. epithelial b. connective (55%) c. nervous d. muscle