Motivation Midterm Study Guide PDF

# Motivation Midterm Study Guide ## Multiple Choice Questions **1. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety?** - Serotonin **2. Which brain area is responsible for producing dopamine in the reward system?** - Ventral tegmental area (VTA) **...

# Motivation Midterm Study Guide ## Multiple Choice Questions **1. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety?** - Serotonin **2. Which brain area is responsible for producing dopamine in the reward system?** - Ventral tegmental area (VTA) **3. GABA primarily helps the brain by:** **4. Which pathway is most associated with pleasure and reward in the brain?** - Mesolimbic dopamine system **5. According to Drive-Reduction Theory, what causes motivation?** - The need to restore homeostasis, reduce internal drives **6. What is the primary purpose of 'drive' in Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory?** - When a biological need is unmet, it creates a state of tension (drive). **7. Which of the following is an example of a primary drive?** 1. Desire for social acceptance 2. **Thirst** 3. Pursuit of wealth 4. Seeking adventure **8. In Drive-Reduction Theory, what reinforces behavior?** - The reduction of drives **9. What are learned motives primarily derived from?** **10. Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?** 1. **Behavior followed by rewards is reinforced, and behavior followed by punishment is weakened** 2. Learning through observation 3. Learning through association of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus 4. Learning that does not require any form of reward **11. Which of the following is a key component of classical conditioning?** 1. Reinforcement and punishment 2. Receiving feedback for behavior 3. Imitating the actions of others to learn new behaviors 4. **The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response** **12. In the classroom example, how does positive reinforcement increase student participation?** 1. By punishing students for not participating 2. By reducing the motivation to participate 3. **By encouraging participation through external rewards like praise or extra credit** 4. By fostering competitive behavior between students **13. What is the first and most basic level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?** - Physiological **14. Which of the following is considered a safety need according to Maslow's Hierarchy?** **15. At which level of Maslow's hierarchy does the need for love and belonging emerge?** - 3rd level **16. Which of the following is true about Maslow's growth needs ?** 1. They are not relevant in professional settings. 2. **They are fulfilled only after all basic needs are fully satisfied.** 3. They are related to physical survival. 4. They are driven by a desire for personal development rather than a deficiency. **17. What is intrinsic motivation primarily driven by?** - Enjoyment or interest **18. Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?** 1. A student studying because they enjoy learning 2. A child playing a game for fun 3. **An athlete training hard to win a medal** 4. A musician playing for personal fulfillment **19. Which of these is a characteristic of intrinsic motivation?** 1. Engagement for the sake of external rewards 2. A focus on outcomes rather than the process 3. **Curiosity and desire for mastery** 4. Behavior that is sustained only when rewards are present **20. Which of the following is a drawback of over-relying on extrinsic motivation?** 1. It reduces the importance of rewards 2. It increases intrinsic motivation 3. It improves problem-solving skills 4. **It leads to short-term compliance but not sustained engagement** **21. What is the core premise of Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT)?** - Expectancies for success and subjective task values **22. Which of the following is not one of the four components of Subjective Task Value (STV)?** 1. Intrinsic Value 2. Attainment Value 3. **Effort Value** 4. Utility Value **23. Intrinsic value refers to:** - Interest/enjoyment **24. What does 'cost' refer to in EVT?** - Perceived negative aspects **25. Expectancies for success are most directly shaped by:** - Past performance, feedback, and task difficulty **26. Which of the following is an example of attainment value?** 1. A student enjoys solving math problems for fun 2. **A student believes doing well in math is important for their identity** 3. A student wants to do well in math to meet future job requirements 4. A student finds math challenging and stressful **27. According to EVT, when is motivation highest?** **28. Which of the following factors influences ability beliefs?** 1. Cultural milieu 2. Social comparison 3. School grades 4. **All of the above** **29. What does utility value refer to?** - How useful the task to future goals **30. What is a key difference between Expectancies for Success and Ability Beliefs?** **31. What are the three basic psychological needs in Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?** - Autonomy, relatedness, and competence **32. Autonomy refers to:** - Control over one's actions **33. Which type of motivation is characterized by engaging in an activity purely because it is enjoyable or interesting?** - Intrinsic motivation **34. A student studying to avoid punishment from their parents is an example of:** **35. Which of the following is NOT a subtype of extrinsic motivation in SDT?** 1. Introjected Regulation 2. Integrated Regulation 3. External Regulation 4. **Amotivation** ## True/False **36. Acetylcholine plays a major role in learning and memory by enhancing attention and motivation.** - True **37. External factors like diet and exercise can affect neurotransmitter levels, which in turn impact motivation and psychological well-being.** - True **38. Serotonin levels have no effect on a person's motivation or social behavior.** - False **39. Norepinephrine affects both arousal and attention, especially during stressful situations.** - True **40. According to behaviorism, all behavior is learned through interaction with the environment.** - True **41. Drive-Reduction Theory suggests that tension decreases motivation by reducing the desire to satisfy needs.** - False **42. Secondary drives are learned through association with primary drives such as hunger and thirst.** - True **43. Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory fully explains thrill-seeking and overindulgence in humans.** - False **44. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments to reinforce or weaken behaviors.** - True **45. Classical conditioning involves imitating the behavior of others to learn new responses.** - False **46. Learned motives influence how much effort individuals put into achieving their goals and how persistent they are in the face of challenges.** - True **47. Cultural and social influences can shape an individual's learned motives, such as the need for affiliation or achievement.** - True **48. According to Maslow, self-actualization can only be achieved after all lower-level needs are fully met.** - True **49. Esteem needs include both self-esteem and the respect gained from others.** - True **50. Maslow's hierarchy suggests that once a need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a motivator.** - True **51. According to Maslow, the need for safety must be completely fulfilled before a person can experience love and belonging.** - True **52. Extrinsic motivation is more effective for tasks that are inherently enjoyable.** - False **53. Intrinsic motivation typically leads to more sustained and meaningful engagement in activities than extrinsic motivation.** - True **54. According to Self-Determination Theory, intrinsic motivation fosters autonomy, competence, and relatedness.** - True **55. Intrinsic motivation can be diminished if extrinsic rewards are overused.** - True **56. Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) states that an individual's motivation is based on both their expectancies for success and the value they place on a task.** - True **57. Cost in EVT refers only to the financial expenses associated with completing a task.** - False **58. Attainment value is closely linked to an individual's identity and self-worth.** - True **59. Utility value is unrelated to how useful a task is for achieving future goals.** - False **60. A student's belief in their ability to succeed at a task is primarily influenced by their past experiences and their perceived abilities.** - True **61. Intrinsic value refers to how much effort an individual puts into a task.** - False **62. According to EVT, high expectancy for success is sufficient to guarantee high motivation, regardless of task value.** - False **63. The cultural milieu can influence how individuals develop their expectancies for success and subjective task values.** - True **64. According to EVT, expectancies for success and task values are completely static and do not change over time.** - False **65. Hierarchies of values suggest that individuals prioritize tasks based on their relative value, influencing their motivation and choices.** - True **66. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) suggests that competence, autonomy, and relatedness are essential for fostering motivation.** - True **67. Amotivation refers to the highest level of self-determined motivation in SDT.** - False **68. Integrated regulation occurs when a behavior aligns with an individual's sense of self and personal goals.** - True **69. Intrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards and pressures.** - False **70. According to SDT, relatedness refers to the need to feel connected to others and to have a sense of belonging.** - True