Motivation Midterm Study Guide PDF

# Motivation Midterm Study Guide ## General Information 1. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety? - Serotonin 2. Which brain area is responsible for producing dopamine in the reward system? - Ventral tegmental area (VTA) 3. GABA pri...

# Motivation Midterm Study Guide ## General Information 1. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety? - Serotonin 2. Which brain area is responsible for producing dopamine in the reward system? - Ventral tegmental area (VTA) 3. GABA primarily helps the brain by: 4. Which pathway is most associated with pleasure and reward in the brain? - Mesolimbic dopamine system ## Drive-Reduction Theory 5. According to Drive-Reduction Theory, what causes motivation? - The need to restore homeostasis, reduce internal drives 6. What is the primary purpose of ‘drive’ in Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory? - When a biological need is unmet, it creates a state of tension (drive). 7. Which of the following is an example of a primary drive? - Thirst 8. In Drive-Reduction Theory, what reinforces behavior? - The reduction of drives 9. What are learned motives primarily derived from? ## Operant Conditioning 10. Which of the following best describes operant conditioning? - Behavior followed by rewards is reinforced, and behavior followed by punishment is weakened 11. Which of the following is a key component of classical conditioning? - The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response 12. In the classroom example, how does positive reinforcement increase student participation? - By encouraging participation through external rewards like praise or extra credit ## Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 13. What is the first and most basic level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? - Physiological 14. Which of the following is considered a safety need according to Maslow's Hierarchy? 15. At which level of Maslow's hierarchy does the need for love and belonging emerge? - 3rd level 16. Which of the following is true about Maslow's growth needs? - They are driven by a desire for personal development rather than a deficiency. 17. What is intrinsic motivation primarily driven by? - Enjoyment or interest ## Extrinsic Motivation 18. Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation? - An athlete training hard to win a medal 19. Which of these is a characteristic of intrinsic motivation? - Curiosity and desire for mastery 20. Which of the following is a drawback of over-relying on extrinsic motivation? - It leads to short-term compliance but not sustained engagement 21. What is the core premise of Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT)? - Expectancies for success and subjective task values 22. Which of the following is not one of the four components of Subjective Task Value (STV)? - Effort Value 23. Intrinsic value refers to: - Interest/enjoyment 24. What does ‘cost’ refer to in EVT? - Perceived negative aspects 25. Expectancies for success are most directly shaped by: - Past performance, feedback, and task difficulty 26. Which of the following is an example of attainment value? - A student believes doing well in math is important for their identity 27. According to EVT, when is motivation highest? 28. Which of the following factors influences ability beliefs? - All of the above 29. What does utility value refer to? - How useful the task to future goals 30. What is a key difference between Expectancies for Success and Ability Beliefs? ## Self-Determination Theory 31. What are the three basic psychological needs in Self-Determination Theory (SDT)? - Autonomy, relatedness, and competence 32. Autonomy refers to: - Control over one's actions 33. Which type of motivation is characterized by engaging in an activity purely because it is enjoyable or interesting? - Intrinsic motivation 34. A student studying to avoid punishment from their parents is an example of: 35. Which of the following is NOT a subtype of extrinsic motivation in SDT? - Amotivation ## True or False 36. Acetylcholine plays a major role in learning and memory by enhancing attention and motivation. - True 37. External factors like diet and exercise can affect neurotransmitter levels, which in turn impact motivation and psychological well-being. - True 38. Serotonin levels have effect on a person's motivation or social behavior. - False 39. Norepinephrine affects both arousal and attention, especially during stressful situations. - True 40. According to behaviorism, all behavior is learned through interaction with the environment. - True 41. Drive-Reduction Theory suggests that tension decreases motivation by reducing the desire to satisfy needs. - False 42. Secondary drives are learned through association with primary drives such as hunger and thirst. - True 43. Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory fully explains thrill-seeking and overindulgence in humans. - False 44. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments to reinforce or weaken behaviors. - True 45. Classical conditioning involves imitating the behavior of others to learn new responses. - False 46. Learned motives influence how much effort individuals put into achieving their goals and how persistent they are in the face of challenges. - True 47. Cultural and social influences can shape an individual's learned motives, such as the need for affiliation or achievement. - True 48. According to Maslow, self-actualization can only be achieved after all lower-level needs are fully met. - True 49. Esteem needs include both self-esteem and the respect gained from others. - True 50. Maslow's hierarchy suggests that once a need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a motivator. - True 51. According to Maslow, the need for safety must be completely fulfilled before a person can experience love and belonging. - True 52. Extrinsic motivation is more effective for tasks that are inherently enjoyable. - False 53. Intrinsic motivation typically leads to more sustained and meaningful engagement in activities than extrinsic motivation. - True 54. According to Self-Determination Theory, intrinsic motivation fosters autonomy, competence, and relatedness. - True 55. Intrinsic motivation can be diminished if extrinsic rewards are overused. - True 56. Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) states that an individual's motivation is based on both their expectancies for success and the value they place on a task. - True 57. Cost in EVT refers only to the financial expenses associated with completing a task. - False 58. Attainment value is closely linked to an individual's identity and self-worth. - True 59. Utility value is unrelated to how useful a task is for achieving future goals. - False 60. A student's belief in their ability to succeed at a task is primarily influenced by their past experiences and their perceived abilities. - True 61. Intrinsic value refers to how much effort an individual puts into a task. - False 62. According to EVT, high expectancy for success is sufficient to guarantee high motivation, regardless of task value. - False 63. The cultural milieu can influence how individuals develop their expectancies for success and subjective task values. - True 64. According to EVT, expectancies for success and task values are completely static and do not change over time. - False 65. Hierarchies of values suggest that individuals prioritize tasks based on their relative value, influencing their motivation and choices. - True 66. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) suggests that competence, autonomy, and relatedness are essential for fostering motivation. - True 67. Amotivation refers to the highest level of self-determined motivation in SDT. - False 68. Integrated regulation occurs when a behavior aligns with an individual's sense of self and personal goals. - True 69. Intrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards and pressures. - False 70. According to SDT, relatedness refers to the need to feel connected to others and to have a sense of belonging. - True