Introduction to Psychology PDF 2024-2025 - LSPU

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) Course Introduction to Psychology Sem/AY First Semester/2024-2025 Module No. 1 Lesson Title Introduction and Basic concepts and its influence on human behavior Week 1-4 Duration Date This module discuss definitions of psychology, its goals and importance and different Description schools of psychology as well as its historical beginnings and psychology in the of the Philippines. In addition, it explains human development in terms of physical, cognitive, Lesson moral, social and emotional. It will also include the relationship of heredity, behavior and mental processes. Learning Outcomes Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes: Learning  Identify and understand the importance of psychology and its goals Outcomes  Recognize and define the different schools of psychology.  Identify the major historical beginnings of psychology as well as in local settings.  Understand the different stages of development as well as its different aspects of development.  Realize the relationship of heredity, behavior and mental processes.  Understand and name the basic function of the nervous system.  Name and describe the basic function of four cerebral lobes. Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Objectives  Define Psychology  Describe the origins of psychology and identify those who made significant contributions to the field.  Describe the various fields and subfields of psychology.  Explain the relevance of the field and its goals.  Explain prenatal development and the role that sex hormones play.  Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social and emotional development of LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited children, adolescents and adulthood.  Describe the connections between heredity, behavior and mental processes.  Explain the nervous system, including neurons, neural impulses and neurotransmitters.  List the structure of the brain and their functions.  Explain the nervous system, including neurons, neural impulses and neurotransmitters.  List the structure of the brain and their functions. Student Learning Strategies Online Activities A. Face to Face Class Discussion (Synchronous/ Students are required to attend the face to face discussion three hours per week based on the official schedule of classes. Online classes may be Asynchronous) conducted only if there are official announcement from the University. B. Learning Guide Questions: 1. What are the goals of psychology? 2. What are some of the importance of psychology? 3. What are three major developmental issues? 4. What are the different aspects of human development? 5. What are the major divisions of the brain and their functions? LECTURE GUIDE 1 PSYCHOLOGY  Greek word “psyche” means soul and “logos” means study.  It is the study of conscious experience. – Wilhelm Wundt  It pertains to finding out how psychological nature helps people adapt themselves to a complex and changing world. – William James Offline Activities  It is focused on the study of covert (unobservable) and overt (observable) (e-Learning/Self- behavior that one can see and can measured scientifically. – John Watson Paced)  It tries to explain, predict, modify and ultimately improves the lives of people and the world where they live. PSYCHOLOGY: ITS HISTORICAL BEGINNING  Wilhelm Wundt founded the first formal psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany and marked the formal birth of psychology as a science; “The Founder of Modern Psychology”.  Gustav Theodore Fechner was considered to be as “The Founder of Experimental Psychology”, which applies to the scientific method to the LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited research of human mind and behavior.  Sir Francis Galton has pioneered mental test and the study of individual differences.  Sigmund Freud, an Austrian expounded the theory of personality.  Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist pioneered the study of learning.  Jean Piaget, a Swiss Psychologist contributed the study of cognitive development of children.  B.F. Skinner, focused on the study in operant conditioning. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY To describe behavior.  What is the nature of behavior?  What happens to a person who slid on the stairs and fell on the floor with head on? To understand behavior.  It tries to explain and interpret facts about behavior.  Why does this behavior occur? To predict behavior.  How a person who met an accident behaves in the future? To control behavior.  This is achieved after describing, understanding and predicting behavior. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY Structuralism centered on investigating the structure of the mind. Conscious experiences can be seen through images, sensation and emotions. It used the method of introspection, observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes; looking inward; reflecting on.  Edward Bradford Titchener  Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism focuses on true-to-life everyday experiences. It was believed that the mental processes serve vital functions that enable us to adapt and survive the changing world. Learning process is one of the means in adjustment of man to where he live within the environment.  William James Gestalt Psychology focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a “whole” sense rather than on the individual elements of perception. The “credo” is that the whole is greater than the sum of all of the parts because the whole has a meaning derived from the relationship of the part to its other. Gestalt – unified form  Max Wertheimer Behaviorism stressed the use of objective facts gathered through actual observation LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited of what an individual does and not on what they thinks about something. Behavior can be best understood in terms of the stimulus-response formula.  John Watson Psychoanalysis was based on his theory of unconscious motivation and its effect on human behavior. It was stated that most of our behavior is governed by hidden motives and unconscious desires.  Sigmund Freud BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY General Psychology studies the underlying principles of human behavior. It tries to interpret how and why people behave the way they do in specific situation. Experimental Psychology points out the methodology by which behavioral process are studies and experimented. Developmental Psychology focuses on various stages of development from pre-natal to old age, how people grow and change throughout their lives. Educational Psychology deals with psychological problems in the field of education and how educational processes affects the students. Social Psychology is the study that centers on all aspects of people’s interpersonal behavior – social thoughts, feelings, attraction and social influence. Industrial-Organizational Psychology deals with the psychology in the workplace, employees’ motivation and productivity, job satisfaction and leadership. Personality Psychology is founded on sound individual differences, characteristics a person display across a vast range of situations. Clinical Psychology involves the application of clinical method of diagnosis and treatments to persons who are severely disturbed and suffering from emotional and adjustment problems. Cognitive Psychology focuses directly on the study of higher mental processes like thinking, learning, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, language and memory. Forensic Psychology studies legal issues like knowing what criteria determine whether an accused person is mentally competent to stand trial. Community Psychology focuses on mental health of the community such as the aged, drug problems and rehabilitation and treatment of the prisoners. Consumer Psychology concerned with buying habits of consumers and the effects of advertisements on people. Legal Psychology involves the application of psychology in legal proceedings. Sport Psychology studies the psychological factors in sports and other exercises. METHODS USED IN PSYCHOLOGY  Introspection or self-observation is a procedure employed to study the component of the mind, here the respondent is asked to relate in detail what he/she is experiencing when exposed to specific situation.  Observation LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Field Observation – used to observe naturally occurring behavior of people in a natural setting. Free observation – unlimited. Direct observation – has rules and requirements to be followed.  Biographical Method traces the individual in order to understand his behavior at different stages of life. Day Book Method – used in childhood study and development; “baby book”. Case History Method –traces individual’s behavior from birth to find out the background of the observed and underlying causes of such behavior. Biography Study Method – studies the lives of person either living or dead. IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY  Psychology makes a person fully aware that no two individuals are exactly alike.  Psychology makes a person understand that the way to interpret the environment depends on a number of things.  Psychology helps one gain deep insights into the significance of many aspects of human desires.  Psychology helps a person develop himself/herself into a well integrated and happy individual. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  Dr. Henry Townsend – American who headed the Department of Philosophy and Psychology in the University of the Philippines.  Dean Francisco Benitez – modeled the entire country the circular utilization of psychology in Education.  Sinforoso Padilla – organized the first Psychological clinic in UP in 1932.  Jesus Perpinan – started the Psychological Clinic at FEU in 1933.  Angel De Blas – put up the Experimental Psychological Laboratory in UST in 1938.  Estefania Aldaba-Lim – started the Institute of Human Relations at PWU in 1948.  Joseph Geortz – established the Psychology Department at San Carlos University in 1954.  Fr. Jaime Bulatao – opened the Department of Psychology and Central Guidance Bureau at AdMU.  Virgilio Enriquez – founded the Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino in 1975 LECTURE GUIDE 2 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Human Development is the scientific study the patterns of growth and change that occurs throughout life. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited The Beginning of Life Nature VS. Nurture Heredity or nature is the transmission of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring. It carries the hereditary potentials like physical (height, weight), mental (intelligence, manner of thinking) social (friendliness, shyness), emotion (maturity, feelings) and moral (attitudes, values). Environment or nurture is the sum total of the forces or experiences that a person receives from conception to old age. This includes the family, friends, schools, nutrition and other agencies which one is in contact with. DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES Nature and Nurture The nature-nurture issue involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or by nurture (Cosmides, 2011; Eagly & Wood, 2011). Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. Almost no one today argues that development can be explained by nature or nurture alone. But some (“nature” proponents) claim that the most important influence on development is biological inheritance, and others (“nurture” proponents) claim that environmental experiences are the most important influence According to the nature proponents, the range of environments can be vast, but a genetic blueprint produces commonalities in growth and development (Mader, 2011). We walk before we talk, speak one word before two words, grow rapidly in infancy and less so in early childhood, and experience a rush of sexual hormones in puberty. Extreme environments—those that are psychologically barren or hostile— can stunt development, but nature proponents emphasize the influence of tendencies that are genetically wired into humans. Continuity-Discontinuity issue focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity). For the most part, developmentalists who emphasize nurture usually describe development as a gradual, continuous process, like the seedling’s growth into an oak. Those who emphasize nature often describe development as a series of distinct stages, like the change from caterpillar to butterfly. Early-Later experience issue focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of the child’s development. Th at is, if infants experience harmful circumstances, can those experiences be overcome by later, positive ones? Or are the early experiences so critical—possibly because they are the infant’s first, prototypical experiences—that LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited they cannot be overridden by a later, better environment? These forces that determine one’s behavior and experiences are influenced by the inborn traits. Two Types of Change: 1. Quantitative change refers to physical growth like progress in height or weight. 2. Qualitative change refers to the change of function of an organ, resulting to improve efficiency and accuracy. Aspects of Human Development 1. Physical development - changes in the body structure and motor skills. 2. Perceptual development - development of sensory capacities such as the changes in the seeing and hearing abilities of infants. 3. Cognitive or Intellectual development - change in mental abilities, learning capacity, memory, reasoning thought processes and language. 4. Personality and Social development - changes in self-concept, gender identity and one’s quality of interpersonal relationship. Female at birth has about 400, 000 immature ova in her two ovaries. It is the largest cell of the female human body. Every menstrual cycle the ovary expels one mature ovum to the fallopian tube during ovulation. The sperm is an elongated cell that is shaped like a tadpole. It is the smallest cell in the human body. Life starts from the moment of fertilization – the meeting of the ripe ovum and spermatozoa. The fallopian tube is the passage of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. The fertilized egg cell now known as the zygote contains all the hereditary potentials from the parents. The spermatozoa contains 23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 of which are pairs of X chromosomes and 1 unpaired a Y chromosome. The ovum contains 23 pairs of chromosomes which are all X. Male and female chromosomes contain several thousands of genes – small particles in string-like formation which are the true carrier of hereditary characteristics of the parents. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited DeoxyriboNucleic Acid or DNA is the code of heredity. Maturation is the unfolding of the inherent traits. How twins came about? Identical twins or monozygotic twins happens when two sperm fertilized single ovum and splits into two separate zygotes. Fraternal twins or dizygotic twins happens when the ovary either from the right or left expels two ripe ova penetrated and fertilized by two sperms. *image from google images LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited *image from google images Prenatal Stages of Development 1. Germinal Stage (Fertilization – 2 weeks) - Rapid cell division. By the end of the stage, the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst (size of a pinhead) and plants itself in the wall of the uterus. 2. Embryonic Stage (end of 2 weeks – 2 months) - Major body systems and organs develop. Organism becomes vulnerable to environmental influences. - Most likely occurrences of chromosomal abnormalities. 1st month – Measures quarter of an inch 2nd month – As big as an adult’s smallest toe; back bone formed; legs and arms begin to form; facial features take shape. 3. Fetal Stage (end of 2 months – Birth) 3rd month – 3” ; 25 grams; Assumes human form; large head; starts bone formation (teeth buds, nails); genital becomes more recognizable. 4th month – 13.5 cm.; 120 grams; about the size of a small orange; broad face, eyes widely separated; capable of swallowing and kicking; nails/eyebrows start to grow. 5th month – 7.3”; 440 grams; vital organs developed; more frequent movement. 6th month – 9”; 1.75 lbs.; large head, lean body; with skin wrinkles; skin pink in color; fine downy hair (lanugo) cover the body; eye brows, eye lashes visible. 7th month – 10.6”; 1.36 kg.; can open eyes; can stretch and kick; skin is red and wrinkled. 8th month – 12.2”; 5lbs.; fat begins to store in the body; lungs fully developed; head/body are proportionate; assume position for delivery. 9th month – 14.2” ; 7lbs.; redness and wrinkles fade; downy hair disappears. Developmental Stages Prenatal Stage. It starts from conception to birth which lasts for a period of 280 days or 9 months or 40 weeks or 10 lunar months. During the prenatal period the accessory apparatus develops. 1. Placenta – source of nourishment from the mother. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited 2. Umbilical cord – carries the nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the child. 3. Amniotic sac - a thin membrane that houses the fetus and protects it from injury. Infancy. From birth to the second week. It is the shortest and most dangerous period.  Period of Partunate. From 15-30 minutes after birth which begins when the fetus has emerged from the mother’s body and lasts until the umbilical cord is cut and tied.  Period of the Neonate. From the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord to the end of the week two. Babyhood. From two weeks to two years. It is the true foundation age because the patterns of behavior, attitudes and habit laid at this stage will determine the individual’s development and adjustment in the later years. Childhood. From second year to ten/twelve years of life. It is the formative years in values, habits, attitudes and behavior as well as mastering and development of skills are important. Puberty. A short period that covers the late childhood and early adolescence. This is a time of rapid growth and change, It is also known as Age of Manhood. Adolescence. The teen years from thirteen to nineteen. At this period, the individual is now considered a young adult – a period of search of identity. Adulthood. The longest stage that covers nineteen years to forty years. Middle Age. This period starts from 40-60 years and a period of transition from healthy adults to a change of patterns of life. Old Age. It covers sixty years of age to senescence or end of life. This is a time of decline, physically, emotionally, mentally and socially. Motor Development Generally, motor development depends of maturation, training and exercises. Some abilities develop at almost the same age while some at an early or later years. Physical Development Physical development is the physical growth from birth to adulthood and the development of both gross (eg. Walking) and fine motor (eg. Finger movement) control of the body. Physical development means the progress of a child's control over his body. This includes control over muscles, physical coordination, ability to sit and stand. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited The age from the birth to 2 ½ years is that of immense physical development in a child. The child has to cross his milestones at regular intervals to be healthy. Between 13 months to 2 ½ years the child learns to walk freely, talk small words and eat on his own. Child from 21/2 to 4 yrs :walks around on his own, visits neighbours. Can walk on tiptoe. Tries to dress and undress alone. Acquires proper toilet habits. Recognizes colours, shapes etc. Can state his name and age and related things. Listens to stories and asks questions. 4 - 5 yrs: Leaps, jumps and swings, speaks clearly, can tell the days of the week, months of a year, is curious to learn more, can recognize basic colours, shapes and can differentiate sizes, protests vigourously when prevented form doing what he wants, learns to count on fingers, can walk down stairs taking one step at a time, listens to stories and can repeat them, is curious about activities of adults. 5 - 6 yrs: can catch a ball thrown from a distance of 1 metre, speaks correctly but in childish language, begins to distinguish right from left, yesterday from tomorrow etc, distinguishes tastes, detests authority imposed on him and carries out orders slowly, performs simple tasks with interest, takes interest in activities of home, can understand rules and regulations, can dance, climb, hop etc. Physical Development MILESTONES: At 1 month – hold head up 2 months – smiles with recognition 3 months – reaches out for objects but misses, rolls over 4 months – sits up with support 5 months – sits on lap and grasps given objects 6 months – sits in chair with back rest and grasps dangling objects 7 months – sits unaided 8 months – tries to crawl 9 months – stands using furniture or some support 10 months – crawls 11 months – walks with support 12 months – stands unaided Moral Development The home is the strongest influence in the moral development of the child. The correct patterns of behavior, attitude and habit displayed by parents and other significant people, will be acquired by the young child. Training the child in knowing what is good and bad should be consistent. Parents should make the child understand that good behavior is rewarded and bad action is reprimanded or punished. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Stages of Emotional Development Autoerotic Stage. At the very early life, infants find interest in his body and body processes. Narcissistic Stage. The child’s love object is the self. This is the “I, Me and Mine Stage”. It is an egocentric stage. Parental Stage. The child has strong attachments on the mother or the primary care provider. (e.g. yaya or lolo and lola) Sexual latency Stage. There is no prominent affection during this stage, in fact boys and girls are hostile to each other. Homosexual Stage. During pre-adolescence, boys and girls shows affection for their own sex and enjoy the companies of the same sex. (Barkada time) Heterosexual Stage. Stage when affection for opposite sex develops. Psychosocial Stages of Development - Erik Erikson In every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites – that is, a conflict between:  syntonic tendency (harmonious) element  dystonic tendency (disruptive) element  ego quality – basic strength  core pathology – too little basic strength Cognitive Stages of Development - Jean Piaget Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Develops the ability to use symbols, such as numbers and words, to represent objects. Egocentric: understands the world only from his own perspective. On top of object permanence, ability for symbolic thinking emerges; seen from the child’s use of symbolic play and use of language. Use of language/words as symbol for things particularly has critical importance. Implications for play: better to let child play with unstructured materials to help facilitate his/her symbolic thinking. Child has still several limitations: Ego-centrism – inability to consider another person’s point of view. Animism – all things are living or animated and capable of intentions, feelings and consciousness. Inability to decenter – inability to focus on simultaneous thoughts at the same time. Inability for conservation concepts – inability to follow transformations mentally. ❑ Concrete Operational Thought (7 years to early adolescence) Can use logic and reasoning Cannot accurately consider the hypothetical. Less egocentric: can now imagine other person’s point of view; now aware that events outside the self have causes outside the self. Thinking begins to be more logical but still limited to concrete experience, i.e., can make logical judgments based on stimuli that are present to the sense. Can perform more operations, e.g. counting, classifying and thus can better understand the principles of conservation. Formal Operational Thought (Adolescence and beyond) Thinks abstractly and deals with the hypothetical and speculation. hypothetical deductive reasoning develops; can now reason logically and deal with abstractions, not just concrete things. Capacity for abstractions enables person to use and understand, for instance, algebraic signs and metaphorical speech. Able to consider all variables and possibilities simultaneously, make hypotheses, and solve problems by tackling these possibilities systematically. Use of the pendulum problem to test formal operational thinking. Moral Stages of Development - Lawrence Kohlberg I. Pre Conventional Morality Stage 1: Punishment at Obedience Orientation Primary Motivation: The Primary motive for action is the avoidance of punishment Typical Moral Reasoning: A person must be obedient to powerful authority because of fear of punishment. Ex. The girl must not lie to her mother because she will be punished. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Stage 2: Reward Orientation Primary Motivation: Actions are motivated by the desire for rewards. Typical Moral Reasoning: The act is moral if it satisfied an important need of the person or some family member. Ex. If you do your assignment, you will be rewarded a big stuffed toy. II. Conventional Morality Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Orientation Primary Motivation: The child strives to avoid the disapproval of others (As distinct from avoidance of punishment) Typical Moral Reasoning: A moral action is one that causes others cause to approve. Ex. A student stays after school to clean all the chalkboards for theteacher. Stage 4: Authority Orientation / Authority- Maintaining Morality Primary Motivation: An act is always wrong if it violates a rule or does harm to others. Typical Moral Reasoning: Moral people are those who do their duty in order to maintain the social order. Ex. "Wear appropriate shoes on the gym floor". III. Post Conventional Morality Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation / Morality of Contract and Democracy Primary Motivation: The individual is able to recognize that laws are subjective, that they are not worshipped in themselves but are relative to the group. Laws exist only because we agree about them (The Aspect of Social Contract). Inasmuch as the person respects the rules of the other group, however, he or she still steps in if what at stakes is a non-negotiable value (Life and Liberty) Typical Moral Reasoning: Society has rules and both the individual and society must fulfill their parts of the contract. Ex. Before you say that stealing is wrong, you should consider that the law should not allow the druggist to keep secret a life-saving formula. In this case, it seems reasonable for him to steal the drug. Stage 6: Ethical Principle Orientation / Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience Primary Motivation: Individuals are concerned with upholding their personal principles, and the person no longer makes an appeal to society. Morality is just a matter of the person’s conscience regardless of what the society says. Hence, the person may sometimes feel it necessary to deviate from rules when the rules conflict with moral principles. Typical Moral Reasoning: Society’s rules are arbitrary. Different people may interpret them in different ways. The ultimate judge of whether something is moral is a person’s own conscience. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Ex. He must steal the medicine because if his wife died he could never forgive himself. When a choice must be made between disobeying a law and saving a life. The higher principle of saving a life must prevail. Disorders during the Early Process of Development Sex Chromosome Disorder Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY). Occurs when a genetic male has an extra x chromosome. Abnormal testes, no sperm production, reduced testosterone production. Tall, poor muscular development, enlarged breasts. Turner’s Syndrome (XO). There is a missing chromosome. Short, no menstruation. Sexually underdeveloped females. Superfemale Syndrome (XXX). Intellectually deficit females. Appears quite normal Supermale Syndrome (XYY). Taller than normal males. Below average intelligence Down’s Syndrome (trisomy 21). An extra sex chromosome appeared in the 21st pair of autosomes. Sloping forehead, protruding tongue, short limbs, flattened nose, oriental in appearance. Edward’s Syndrome (trisomy 18). An extra sex chromosome appeared in the 18th pair of autosomes. Abnormally small mouth, malformed ears, elongated skull, clenched hand, short breast bone. With congenital heart disease. Patau’s Syndrome (trisomy 13). An extra sex chromosome appeared in the 13th pair of autosomes. Defects of eye, nose, lips, ears and forebrain. Having one eye at extreme cases. Has more that the normal number of fingers or toes. Environmental forces that hinder the healthy development of an unborn child are called teratogens. Rubella (German Measles) – Blindness, deafness, heart abnormalities. Syphilis – mental retardation, physical deformities, maternal miscarriage. Addictive drugs – low birth weight, addiction to the drug, possible death from withdrawal. Smoking - premature birth, low birth weight and length. Alcohol – mental retardation, low weight, small head, limb deformities. Radiation from X-rays – Physical deformities, mental retardation. Inadequate diet – reduced brain growths, low weight and length. Being your than 18 – premature birth, increased incidence of Down syndrome. Being older than 35 - increased incidence of Down syndrome. LECTURE GUIDE 3 Biological Psychology Nervous System 1. The system in the body that controls internal functions of the body and LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited receives, interprets, and responds to stimuli. 2. It is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, the nerves, and the sense organs, such as the eye and ear. 3. It is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. *image from google images LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Forebrain Cerebrum – the largest of the brain mass Cerebral Cortex - seat of higher mental process, abstract reasoning, planning and higher order of thinking. Thalamus - forebrain structure receive information from the senses and relay these information to the cerebral cortex for processing. Hypothalamus - serve as the integrating center of many kinds of physiological activities such as eating, drinking, maintaining body temperature and sex. It is also involve in emotional responses and homeostasis. Midbrain This part of the brain serves as the connecting link between the hindbrain and forebrain. Part of it has important role in visual and auditory activities. The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. Hindbrain Medulla Oblongata - connecting link between the spinal cord and the brain proper. It plays important functions in the essential physiological processes, like respiration, heartbeat, breathing and blood circulation. Pons - lies in the brain stem above the medulla oblongata; serve as the connection center; involved in the motor coordination and equilibrium. Cerebellum - located under the back of cerebrum serve to maintain posture, smooth out complex muscular coordination like walking, writing and even dancing. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a large rope-like segments of nerve tissues running along the spine carrying message between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Dorsal root – carries sensory nerve fibers. Ventral root – carries motor nerve fibers. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited *photos from google images Amygdala A small almond structure located directly in front of the hippocampus which is vital in processing emotional information which is related to fear (fight or flight response). Hippocampus Structure that wraps itself around the thalamus. It is involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions. Peripheral Nervous System Branch out from the spinal cord and the brain, and extend to the extremities of the body. It allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body, which allows us to react to stimuli in our environment. Somatic Division Specializes in the control of voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles, and the communication of the information to and from the sense organs. Example: Accidentally touching a hot pan. Autonomic Division Concerned with the parts of the body that makes it alive – the heart, blood vessels, glands, lungs and other organs that function involuntarily without one’s awareness. Sympathetic – prepares the body to respond to stressful emergency situations. Parasympathetic – acts to calm and relax the body after the emergency situations is resolved. Both are important in maintaining homeostasis or state of equilibrium in our body. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited *photos from google images Neurons Specialized cells that are the basic structural unit of the nervous system which transmit messages. Cell body - the cell body is found in the protoplasm which is the living part of the neuron. Dendrites - the dendrites are cluster of nerve fibers which carry messages towards the cell body. The nerve fibers look like twisted branch. Axon - a long slim, tube like extension which carries message away from the cell body. Synapse - point of connection between the dendrites of some neurons and the axon of others. Nucleus - an oval shaped membrane-bound structure found in the body of the neuron LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited (soma). It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell. Myelin sheath - wraps around the fibers that are the long threadlike part of a nerve cell. Axon terminals - part of a nerve cell that make synaptic connections with another nerve cell. Classifications of Neurons Sensory or afferent neurons - carry messages from the receptors such as eyes, ears, tongue, skin to the spinal cord and brain. Motor or efferent neurons - carry messages from the brain and the spinal cord and send them to the motor organs like the muscles (contraction) and the glands (secrete) and trigger a response, creating a movement. Connector neurons – allows the sensory and motor neurons to communicate. These can be found in the brain and spinal cord. In the process of connection between neurons, synapses are formed. These are junctions between dendrites of some neuron and the axon of others. There are gaps between the axon and dendrites wherein the chemical messages called neurotransmitters are communicated (synaptic connections). Neurotransmitters are type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a chemical synapse, from one neuron to another. Types of Neurotransmitters 4. Inhibitory - neurotransmitter which forces the neuron to fire less. Example: As a neurotransmitter, glycine both stimulates and inhibits cells in the brain and central nervous system, affecting cognition, mood, appetite and digestion, immune function, pain perception, and sleep. Some neurons absorb this and it slows down electrical activity in the nervous system. The primary sources are protein-rich foods including meat, fish, dairy, and legumes. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited 5. Excitatory - neurotransmitter which forces the neuron to fire more. Example: As a neurotransmitter, glutamate a powerful excitatory, is an amino acid, found in all protein-containing foods such as meat, fish, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and nuts. It plays an important role in learning and memory. High concentrations the increased cellular activity caused by glutamate results in over-excitation of nerve cells, which eventually leads to cell death. *image from google images Examples of Neurotransmitters Glutamate – most prominent neurotransmitter in the body, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter, being present in over 50% of nervous tissue. Important in memory formation, learning, and regulation. Dopamine – a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them. Serotonin –is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. It is also key to mood regulation; pain perception; gastrointestinal function, including perception of hunger and satiety; and other physical functions. Gamma-Amino Butyric acid (GABA) – an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It inhibits nerve transmission in the brain, calming nervous activity. As a supplement it is sold and promoted for these neurotransmitter effects as a natural tranquilizer. Low GABA is linked to insomnia and disrupted sleep. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Epinephrine –commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. Norepinephrine – also called noradrenaline, substance that is released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibers and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction and the rate and force of contraction of the heart. These are vital to the fight-or-flight response, whereby the body prepares to react to or retreat from an acute threat. Too low levels of norepinephrine may lead to low blood pressure. Histamine – an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching. Drugs and their Effects Stimulants – (referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Examples: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine Depressants - drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system. By decreasing the electrical activity in the brain, depressants produce a calming effect in the body and slow down the brain's normal functioning. Depressants can decrease your level of awareness, lower your pulse and heart rate, and reduce breathing. For these reasons, depressants are also referred to as 'downers'. Examples: alcohol, sedatives, anesthesia, cannabis Opioids – class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant. Some prescriptions are made from the plant directly, and others are made by scientists in labs using the same chemical structure. These are often used as medicines because they contain chemicals that relax the body and can relieve pain. Examples: morphine and heroin Hallucinogen – a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness. Examples: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), PCP (phencyclidine), magic mushrooms (psilocybin). Effects may include sleeplessness, trembling, increased heart rate, Engaging Activity 1 How would you have defined psychology before and after taking this class? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Engaging Activity 2 1. Discuss the identity crisis of adolescence which Erikson considered the most significant crisis of human psychosocial development. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Engaging Activity 3 1. Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Performance Tasks A. Which from the schools of psychology is most interesting to you? What was it attracted your attention to that idea? B. What findings in psychology support the idea of stability in personality across lifespan? C. Answer the activity below 1. The primary job of most brain cells is a. transmitting messages c. thinking and reasoning b. picking up sensations from the environment d. providing the brain with nutrients 2. The neuron’s “senders” are the a. myelin sheaths b. dendrites c. axon terminal buttons d. pons 3. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is MOST likely to be activated when you are LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited a. sleeping b. frightened c. studying d. dreaming 4. The association are of the cortex, which seems to play a role in planning and problem solving is located in the a. amygdala b. frontal lobes c. temporal lobes d. occipital lobes 5. The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity. The word autonomic means a. calming b. voluntary c. self-regulating d. arousing 6. The tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another is called the a. axon terminal b. branching fiber c. synaptic gap d. threshold 7. Endorphins are released in the brain in response to a. morphine or heroin c. the all-or-none response b. pain or vigorous exercise d. all of the above 8. The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the a. cerebellum b. medulla c. cortex d. thalamus 9. The thalamus functions like a a. memory bank b. balance center c. breathing regulator d. sensory control center 10. The lower brain structure that governs arousal is the a. spinal cord b. cerebellum c. reticular formation d. medulla Understanding Directed Assess LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Rubric for Concept Map Criteria Excellent Good Adequate Marginal No Credit; is unacceptable to review (4) (3) (2) (1) (0) Structure non-linear non-linear non-linear non-linear inappropriate structure that structure that structure that structure that structure provides a very provides a provides a shows some complete picture complete picture picture of your relationships of your ideas of your ideas ideas between ideas Relationships relative relative relative importance is no differentiation importance of importance of importance of evident but not between ideas; ideas is indicated ideas is indicated ideas is indicated; very distinctive; no evidence of and both simple and relationships relationships are relations are meaningful and complex are very mapped somewhat clear relationships relationships are effectively but lacking very effectively mapped mapped Exploratory map shows map shows map shows map shows some thinking process complex thinking effective thinking definite thinking thinking about is not clear about the about the about relationships meaningful meaningful relationships between ideas, relationship relationships between ideas, themes, and the between ideas, between ideas, themes, and the framework themes, and the themes, and the framework framework framework Communication information is information is information is information is information is presented clearly presented clearly presented clearly presented and not clear, very and allows for a and allows for a and allows for a some difficult to high level of good level of basic level of understanding understand understanding understanding understanding can be gained University of Minnesota digital media center. (2004). Concept map [assessment rubric]. Retrieved on December 20, 2007, from http://dmc.umn.edu/activities/mindmap/assessment.pdf LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Rubric: Engaging Activity Score Completion Accuracy Comprehension Organization Conventions Content Content is well- No major grammatical All information demonstrates a deep organized and easy to The answer is or spelling errors. 5 provided is understanding of, read. complete. No more than two accurate. and engagements, Points follow a logical minor errors. the text(s). progression. Content Content is well- No major grammatical The answer is All information demonstrates organized and easy to or spelling errors. 4 missing slight provided is understanding of, read. Points follow a No more than five details. accurate. and engagement logical progression. minor errors. with, the text(s). Content Content is organized Some major and minor The answer is Most information demonstrates basic and easy to read. errors that don’t 3 missing multiple provided is understanding of the Points follow a mostly necessarily impair details. accurate. text(s). logical progression. communication. Content may be Major and minor Content unorganized and errors significantly Content suggests Some information demonstrates less difficult to read. weaken quality of 2 lack of preparation provided is than basic Points do not follow a communication, or comprehension. accurate. understanding of the solidly logical although still text(s). progression. compensable. Content only Content Communication A small amount of Content is marginally related demonstrates a lack seriously impaired by 1 the information is unorganized, illogical, to the question/ of understanding of multitude of spelling/ accurate. and difficult to read. prompt. the text(s). grammatical errors. Category Exceeds the Standard Meet the Standard Does not Meet the Standard The analysis clearly compares The analysis compares and The analysis mostly compares and contrasts points that are contrast points clearly but the and contrasts points clearly but Purpose sophisticated, offers to specific supporting information is general, the supporting information is and examples to illustrate the and/ or the points are basic. The incomplete or missing, and/ or Supporting Details comparison and includes only paper includes only the may include information that is the important information information relevant to the not relevant to the comparison. relevant to the comparison. comparison. The paper breaks the The paper breaks the information Organizational pattern not information into point-by-point Organization into point-by-point structure or identifiable. or block-by-block structure. and block-by-block but may not follow Some details are not in a logical or It follows a consistent order Structure a consistent order when expected order and this distracts when discussing the discussing the comparison. the reader. comparison. The paper moves smoothly The paper moves from one ideas Transitions may be missing; from one idea to the next and to the next but lack or misuse Transitions connections between ideas are uses subtle transitions to show transition words to show fuzzy or illogical. relationships between ideas. relationships between ideas. Writer makes no errors in Grammar Writer makes one – two errors in Writer makes several errors in grammar or spelling that and grammar or spelling that distract grammar or spelling that distracts distracts the reader from the Spelling the reader from the content. the reader from the content. content. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Learning Resources Rathus, S. (2009). PSYCH. Cengage Learning Myers, D., Dewall, N. (2014) 3rd edition. Psychology in Everyday. Worth Publishers Coaley, K. (2010). PSYCH A new Approach to Learning Intro to Psychology. CengageLearning Gurung, R. et.al. (2016). General Pychology: An Introduction. Noba Project Series Diener Education Fund Publishers Additional Material: Video (Intro to Psychology - Crash course ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M Intellectual Property This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which states, “The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an infringement of copyright.” The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination of this module without joint consent of the authors is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including appropriate administrative sanctions, civil, and criminal. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY