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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Cognitive Psychology?
What is the primary focus of Cognitive Psychology?
Which branch of psychology examines the mental competence of an accused person?
Which branch of psychology examines the mental competence of an accused person?
What method involves observing naturally occurring behavior in a natural setting?
What method involves observing naturally occurring behavior in a natural setting?
Which method traces an individual's behavior from birth to understand the underlying causes?
Which method traces an individual's behavior from birth to understand the underlying causes?
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What does Sport Psychology primarily investigate?
What does Sport Psychology primarily investigate?
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Which of the following is a method used to study components of the mind through self-observation?
Which of the following is a method used to study components of the mind through self-observation?
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Consumer Psychology primarily examines what aspect?
Consumer Psychology primarily examines what aspect?
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What describes Direct Observation in the study of psychology?
What describes Direct Observation in the study of psychology?
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At what age does a child typically begin to walk unaided?
At what age does a child typically begin to walk unaided?
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Which milestone indicates a child is developing proper toilet habits?
Which milestone indicates a child is developing proper toilet habits?
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What is a typical development for a child aged 4 to 5 years?
What is a typical development for a child aged 4 to 5 years?
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What is the primary focus of parents when training a child in understanding good and bad behavior?
What is the primary focus of parents when training a child in understanding good and bad behavior?
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Which activity shows a child's physical development at ages 5 to 6?
Which activity shows a child's physical development at ages 5 to 6?
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During which stage does a child develop a strong attachment to their primary caregiver?
During which stage does a child develop a strong attachment to their primary caregiver?
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What is one sign of moral development in a young child?
What is one sign of moral development in a young child?
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What significant relationship conflict is observed in Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development?
What significant relationship conflict is observed in Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development?
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During which timeframe does a child learn to speak small words?
During which timeframe does a child learn to speak small words?
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In which stage according to Piaget's cognitive development does a child begin to use symbols to represent objects?
In which stage according to Piaget's cognitive development does a child begin to use symbols to represent objects?
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Which of the following is a common behavior of a child aged 5 to 6 years?
Which of the following is a common behavior of a child aged 5 to 6 years?
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Which stage is characterized by boys and girls being hostile to each other?
Which stage is characterized by boys and girls being hostile to each other?
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At what age does a child typically exhibit the ability to recognize shapes and colors?
At what age does a child typically exhibit the ability to recognize shapes and colors?
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What defining feature is present in the Narcissistic Stage of emotional development?
What defining feature is present in the Narcissistic Stage of emotional development?
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During which stage do children demonstrate a preference for same-sex friendships?
During which stage do children demonstrate a preference for same-sex friendships?
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What is the core pathology described in Erikson's psychosocial stages?
What is the core pathology described in Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for carrying messages towards the cell body?
Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for carrying messages towards the cell body?
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What structure in a neuron contains the nucleolus and is essential for protein production?
What structure in a neuron contains the nucleolus and is essential for protein production?
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What is the role of the myelin sheath in nerve cells?
What is the role of the myelin sheath in nerve cells?
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Which classification of neuron carries messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which classification of neuron carries messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
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What is the function of axon terminals in a neuron?
What is the function of axon terminals in a neuron?
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Which of the following best describes a synapse?
Which of the following best describes a synapse?
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What distinguishes sensory neurons from other types of neurons?
What distinguishes sensory neurons from other types of neurons?
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What is the tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another called?
What is the tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another called?
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Endorphins are released in the brain primarily in response to which of the following?
Endorphins are released in the brain primarily in response to which of the following?
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Which part of the brainstem is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?
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The thalamus functions mainly as what type of center in the brain?
The thalamus functions mainly as what type of center in the brain?
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What is the lower brain structure that governs arousal?
What is the lower brain structure that governs arousal?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of endorphins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of endorphins?
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Which option is one of the brain's relay stations for sensory information?
Which option is one of the brain's relay stations for sensory information?
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Which part of the brainstem is NOT involved in the regulation of autonomic functions?
Which part of the brainstem is NOT involved in the regulation of autonomic functions?
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The cerebellum is primarily responsible for which of the following functions?
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for which of the following functions?
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Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in regulating experiences of pleasure and reinforcement?
Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in regulating experiences of pleasure and reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Branches of Psychology
- Personality Psychology: Focuses on the consistent patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that make individuals unique.
- Clinical Psychology: Applies psychological principles to diagnose, treat, and prevent mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
- Cognitive Psychology: Investigates mental processes like thinking, learning, memory, language, and decision-making.
- Forensic Psychology: Examines legal issues related to mental health, including competency to stand trial and criminal profiling.
- Community Psychology: Focuses on improving the mental health of entire communities, addressing issues like aging, substance abuse, and prison rehabilitation.
- Consumer Psychology: Studies consumer behavior and the impact of advertising on purchasing decisions.
- Legal Psychology: Applies psychological principles to legal proceedings, such as jury selection and witness credibility assessment.
- Sport Psychology: Examines the psychological factors that influence athletic performance, motivation, and well-being.
Methods Used in Psychology
- Introspection: A method where individuals are asked to report their thoughts, feelings, and sensations while experiencing specific situations.
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Observation: Involves systematic observation of behavior in natural or controlled settings.
- Field Observation: Observing naturally occurring behavior in a natural setting.
- Free Observation: Observation without specific rules or structure.
- Direct Observation: Observation with defined rules and criteria.
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Biographical Method: Tracing an individual's life to understand their behavior across different stages of development.
- Day Book Method: Used to track childhood development and milestones, similar to a baby book.
- Case History Method: Examining an individual's life from birth to uncover the background and potential causes of their behavior.
Child Development Milestones
- 13 Months to 2.5 Years: Walking freely, speaking basic words, eating independently.
- 2.5 to 4 Years: Walking independently, visiting neighbors, trying to dress themselves, developing toilet training, recognizing colors and shapes, able to state their age and name.
- 4 to 5 Years: Jumping, leaping, speaking clearly, knowing days of the week, identifying basic colors and shapes, recognizing sizes, learning to count on fingers, walking down stairs one step at a time, listening to stories and repeating them.
- 5 to 6 Years: Catching a ball, speaking correctly, distinguishing left from right, understanding concepts like yesterday and tomorrow, differentiating tastes, performing simple tasks with interest, understanding basic rules.
Physical Development Milestones
- 1 Month: Holding head up.
- 2 Months: Smiling with recognition.
- 3 Months: Reaching for objects, rolling over.
- 4 Months: Sitting with support.
- 5 Months: Sitting on lap, grasping objects.
- 6 Months: Sitting in a chair with back support, grasping dangling objects.
- 7 Months: Sitting unaided.
- 8 Months: Attempting to crawl.
- 9 Months: Standing with support.
- 10 Months: Crawling.
- 11 Months: Walking with support.
- 12 Months: Standing unaided.
Moral Development
- The home environment plays a significant role in shaping a child's moral development.
- Parents and other caregivers act as examples for young children in developing their sense of right and wrong.
- It's important to consistently teach a child about appropriate behavior and enforce consequences for misbehavior.
Stages of Emotional Development
- Autoerotic Stage: Infants find pleasure in their own bodies and body processes.
- Narcissistic Stage: The child's primary love object is themselves (the "I, Me, and Mine" stage).
- Parental Stage: The child develops a strong attachment to their primary caregiver (e.g., mother, yaya, grandparents).
- Sexual Latency Stage: A period of reduced sexual interest in this stage, with potential hostility between boys and girls.
- Homosexual Stage: During pre-adolescence, children show affection for their same-sex peers.
- Heterosexual Stage: The stage where romantic attraction towards the opposite sex develops.
Psychosocial Stages of Development (Erik Erikson)
- Erikson viewed each stage of life as involving a conflict between opposing tendencies:
- Syntonic Tendency: Harmonious and positive.
- Dystonic Tendency: Disruptive and negative.
- Each stage offers opportunities for psychological growth and development.
Cognitive Stages of Development (Jean Piaget)
- Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop the ability to use symbols like words and numbers to represent objects.
The Nervous System
- Neuron: A specialized cell that transmits messages throughout the nervous system.
- Cell Body: The central part of a neuron, containing the nucleus and other vital components.
- Dendrites: Branching fibers that receive messages from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.
- Axon: A long, slender extension that carries messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
- Synapse: The junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
- Myelin Sheath: A fatty substance that wraps around the axon, insulating and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.
- Axon Terminals: The endings of the axon that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.
Types of Neurons
- Sensory (Afferent) Neurons: Carry messages from sensory receptors (e.g., eyes, ears, skin) to the spinal cord and brain.
- Motor (Efferent) Neurons: Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, controlling movement and bodily functions.
- Interneurons: Neurons that connect other neurons within the brain and spinal cord, facilitating complex processing and communication.
Understanding Directed Assessment (LSPU)
- A learning module where understanding is measured through assignment completion with specific criteria.
- Evaluation and feedback is provided by instructors through rubrics.
Rubric for Concept Map
- An assessment tool used to evaluate the quality of student-created concept maps.
- Evaluates elements like:
- Structure: The organization and clarity of the map.
- Relationships: The connections and significance between ideas.
- Exploratory: The depth and complexity of the concepts presented.
- Communication: The clarity and effectiveness of the map's communication.
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Description
Explore the various branches of psychology, from personality and clinical psychology to forensic and community psychology. This quiz covers the fundamentals of each branch and their unique focuses on behavior, mental health, and legal issues. Test your knowledge on how these fields contribute to understanding human behavior.
