Introduction To Psychology PDF July 2022

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1  Learning Outcomes akantung e At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:- a) Define psychology b) Explain the purposes of psychology c) Explain th...

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1  Learning Outcomes akantung e At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:- a) Define psychology b) Explain the purposes of psychology c) Explain the approaches in psychology d) List the basic concepts in psychology e) List the branches of psychology f) Discuss the importance of psychology in life 2  Introduction What is Psychology? Is an ancient Greek word Psyche = is the mind/soul * logy = scientific study - Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes & behavior including thinking, memory, attitudes, emotion, learning & so forth. 3 Activity 1 4 5  Purpose of psychology ▪ To predict behavior. ▪ To describe/explain behavior. ▪ To control & modify behavior ▪ To learn & understand mental problems like schizophrenia 11 ▪ To know how to help people with certain problems. ▪ To identify inefficiencies in society & remove them. Can you give any example related to our daily life ? 6 Psychological Approaches *A otaksaraf a) Neurobiological Jake tigkah b) Behavioral c) Cognitive peminiran d) Psychoanalytic psychology e) Humanistic 7  Neurobiological or Neuroscience Approach In psychology, the(( Neurobiological Approach involves understanding the body & brain creates emotions, memories & sensory experiences. Neurobiologists believe that actions & reactions caused are from nerve cells. Neurobiologists study the physical features of the human body instead of the mind. They focus on perspiration such as tears, sweat & physical movement in reaction to something else (i.e., the sudden standing up of hair when in fright). Sample Issues How do evolution and heredity influence behavior? How are messages transmitted within the body? 8 How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?  Behavioral Approach Founded by John B. Watson & extended by Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner & Edward Thorndike * Focus on observable behavior/responses not mental process. It also focus on how to best study, assess & treat troubled people. Behaviorism was grounded in animal experimentation in the laboratory. phat eleperimen Example : here faham edgaranging. 1. Experiment with dog by Ivan Pavlov. Explain ??? 2. Experiment with little Albert by Watson. Sample Issues How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors? What are the underlying causes of:  Anxiety Disorders  Phobic Disorders 9  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders  Experiment with Dog by Ivan Pavlov In Pavlov classic experiment with dogs, he measured the saliva secreted by the animals when food was given (see Figure 2.1) BeforeCconditioning& Pavlov gave a hungry dog a bowl of food. The dog saw the food & salivated - - Pavlov rang a bell; the dog heard the bell & did not salivate - During conditioning Next, he presented the hungry dog with food & simultaneously rang a bell & the dog salivated - - ~ This action (food & bell ringing) was done at several meals. Every time the dog saw the food, it also heard the bell. ‘Unconditioned’ means unlearned/untaught & ‘Conditioning’ means learned/taught - anying loceny mahanan , , - sebelum , se mass , selapas. After conditioning This time Pavlov rang only the bell at mealtime & did not show any food. Guess what the dog did?...........Right! Over repeated trials, the dog had learned to associate the bell with food. In other words, the dog had been conditioned to salivate when hearing10the bell  Figure 2.1:Experiment with Dog by Ivan Pavlov Ringing bell Ringing Ringing bell bell 11  Experiment with Little Albert by Watson John Watson & his partner Rayner chose Albert from a hospital for this study at the age of 9 months. Little Albert was exposed, briefly & for the first time, to a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, masks with & without hair, cotton wool, burning newspaper. During the baseline, Little Albert showed no fear towards any of these items. The experiment began by placing Albert on a mattress on a table in the middle of a room. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert & he was allowed to play with it. The child showed no fear of the rat. He began to reach out to the rat & gurgle as it roamed around him. - tilus & baby. 12  Watson Experiment with Little Albert Next trial, Watson made a loud sound behind Albert's back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer when the baby touched the rat. Obviously, Little Albert cried & showed fear as he heard the noise. After the trial, Albert was again presented with only the rat. Now, however, he became very distressed as the rat appeared in the room. He cried, turned away from the rat, & tried to move away. The baby boy had learned to fear the white rat because of its association with the loud noise. video clip 13 Watson Experiment with Little Albert 14  Cognitive Approach Psychologists from this approach study cognition which is ‘the mental act @ process by which knowledge is acquired.’ focus on mental process, looking at how we process, store & retrieve information & send it back to the environment. In a simplistic comparison, people, like computers, acquire info from the environmt (through the keyboard/ microphone), store info (in the RAM memory & hard disk), retrieve/recall it (from the hard disk to the monitor) when required. Proposed the ‘Information Processing Model’ Sample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasoning? How do our senses govern the nature of perception? (Is what you see really what you get?) How much do infants “know” when they are born? 15  Information Processing Model (IPM) Memory is the retention of info over time Sensory memory (SM) The SM receives info from various sources & the brain will only focus on info that has been attended to. Info in SM lasts for only about ¼ milliseconds for visual memory & 1-2 seconds for auditory info. Info that you decide to pay attention to is encoded into STM. This means that much of what we are exposed to never even enters STM. Why do we pay attention??? Short term memory 11 (STM) Info that is attended to is encode into STM. Encoding means info is deposited in memory in a certain form or getting info into memory by attention, organization, elaboration, rehearsal/repetition, constructing image & etc Can you relate IPM in your Long term memory (LTM) daily life as a learner? info that is encoded is stored in LTM. Storage is retaining info over time 16 Retrieval @ Recall is taking info out of storage  Information Processing Model (IPM) Response Filter Information attended to Types of info:- is selected Encoding & Storage Visual, Hear, Sensory Short Term Long Term Touch, memory Memory Memory Taste Retrieval Information Forgotten NOT attended to fades away 17  Psychoanalytic Approach E By Sigmund Freud The psychoanalytic approach is based on the belief that - childhood experiences greatly influence the development of minin later personality & understands us from the point of view of our unconscious - j Contributes to: 1. The iceberg theory of unconsciousness ↑ intere 2. ‘id, ego & superego’ theory em 18  Freud’s topographical model represents his ud's Iceberg Model “configuration” of the mind ❖ According to Freud, there are 3 levels of consciousness: - a) conscious(small): this is the part of the mind that holds what you’re aware of. You can verbalize about your conscious experience & you can think about it in a logical fashion. = b) preconscious(small-medium): this is ordinary memory. So although things stored here aren’t in the conscious, they can be readily brought into conscious. - c) unconscious(enormous): this part of the mind was not directly accessible to awareness. In part, it as a dump box for urges, feelings & ideas that are tied to anxiety, conflict & pain. These feelings & thoughts have not disappeared. According to Freud, they are there, exerting influence on our actions & our conscious awareness. This is where most of the19work - of the Id, Ego & Superego take place.  According to Freud, human personality is made up of 3 integrating components:- “id, ego & superego’’. The 1st component of personality is O D id. The id is born at birth. It m allows us to get our basic needs met. It operates according to the pleasure principle, meaning it focuses on gaining pleasure at any - = cost in order to satisfy instinctual needs regardless of moral or logic - reason. Eg: When a child is hungry, the id wants food, & therefore the child - cries. He/She has no care for time, whether his/her parents are - - sleeping, - relaxing - or bathing. - The 2nd component of personality isO ego. As one grows up & interact with parents & others, one learns to balance between - instincts calls & the demands from the environment. The ego is - = based on the reality principle, where it reasons realistically, logically - & formulate plans on how to satisfy needs in socially acceptable - - ways. - The 3rd component of personality - is superego. It consists of learned principles of right & wrong in order to control instinctual gratification & behavior. It includesr a person’s ideal moral/ethical code & strives - emem 20 - m not for pleasure a but for e perfection.  Humanistic Approach Introduced by Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow They believed that ✓ humans are seen as having positive goodness, realistic expectations & trustworthiness. ✓ humans have a desire to become fully functioning, thus able to live as effectively as possible. Rogers proposed ‘The Three Selves” 22  Rogers’ Congruence Theory; The Three Selves / match compatible FIGURE 10.8 Incongruence occurs when there is a mismatch between any of these three entities: ✓ the ideal self (the person you would like to be), ✓ the self-image (the person you think you are), and ✓ the true self (the person you really are). - Self-esteem suffers when there is a large difference between one’s ideal self & self-image. - Anxiety and defensiveness are common when the self-image does not match 23 the true self. WHO AM I?  WHO AM I? The true/real self is the type of person that you are when you are not trying to impress anyone. For example of congruence, your ideal self wants to be a good person, so you behave by doing things that are aligned with that view. In contrast, if your ideal self is to be a good person but you shoplift then the two domains are incongruent.  Study hard Self-image Lazy & sleep in class Pilot True Self Ideal self * 4 basic concepts in psychology ✓ Instinct (Naluri) ✓ Desire (Keperluan/Keinginan) ✓ Urgency (Desakan) ✓ Motivation 27  Educational Psychology Branches of psychology The study of efforts to improve teaching methods & - materials, solve learning problems & measurement of - learning ability & educational progress Physiological Psychology The study of the biological basis of behavior focusing - on neuropsychology, psychobiology, genetics & heredity Experimental Psychology - The study of basic psychological processes involving learning, memory, perception & emotion even - 28  Personality Psychology The study of differences among individuals, development - of personality types & measurements of personality traits - - Social Psychology The study of how people influence one another & group behavior focusing on communication, political behavior & the formation of attitudes Industrial & Organisational Psychology The study of selection & training of personnel, improvement of productivity, working conditions, stress & other worker problems 29  Clinical Psychology Diagnosis, cause & treatment of psychological disorders as well as development of programmes for the prevention of emotional illness Counseling Psychology “Normal” problems of adjustments in life & coping with the problems of daily life Cognitive Psychology - The study of human intelligence & how people think 30  Developmental Psychology The study of the development of the human mind through the life span & seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand & act within the world & how these processes change as they age. This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social/moral development. Abnormal Psychology The study of behavior disorders & disturbed individuals such as the causes of violent of self-destructive behavior or the effectiveness of procedures in treating emotional disturbances 31  Activity CHW) Discuss the importance of psychology in our life. I J J · · Thank you… 32