Introduction to Psychology SLM 6 PDF - LSPU 2023-2024

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) Course BC PSY 1 – Introduction to Psychology Sem/AY First Semester/2023-2024 Module No. 6 Lesson Title LEARNING AND CONDITIONING Week 1 week Duration Date October 16-20, 2023 Description This lesson will discuss the process of having one’s behavior modified, more or less of the permanently through different factors around us. Lesson Learning Outcomes Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes: Learning Demonstrate understanding on how learning is acquired and manifested in human Outcomes behavior. Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Objectives Describe classical conditioning Explain the behavior modification Define the three major laws of learning Differentiate operant and classical conditioning Understand the effect of reward and punishment on shaping behavior Student Learning Strategies Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet (Synchronous/ Schedule: Asynchronous) BSP I-A BSP I-B BSP I-C BSP I-D The link will be available in our Google Classroom and will also be sent in our FB Messenger group chat. Learning Guide Questions for the Online Discussion: 1. Why learning is a process? 2. What is stimulus discrimination? 3. Does learned behavior can be unlearned? LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited The rubric of the recitation is the same as what is written below on the ILO activity part. B. For those who are asynchronous, you may use the video of the discussion I attached in our Google Classroom. Likewise, for those in e-learning offline, please the video included in the CD or flash drive. Note: The insights in the comment section of each posted video in the class Facebook group or google classroom will serve as the graded class participation. Introduction Learning is probably a difficult concept to define. It is any change in behavior that results from experiences. For Munn, learning is a more or less permanent modification of behavior resulting from various activities, special training, observation, and experiences. For Hilgard, learning is a concept describing changes in behavior, which is the result of reinforced practices. Learning is a process that brings about change in the individual’s way of responding to a stimulus as a result of practice and experiences. It is pervasive. The knowledge and skill acquired extend throughout the life of an individual. It is an interactive and developmental – mental process that results from past experiences. Learning is a lifetime process. As long as the individual interacts with forces in the Offline Activities environment, the individual is driven by various motivations instigated by needs. The (e-Learning/Self- learning process is characterized by motivation, goal, readiness, responses, Paced) reinforcement, and generalization. Three major Laws of Learning Edward Lee Thorndike, an American psychologist, and lexicographer hypothesize the law of effect. For him, learning occurs by the establishment of responses to the action. The Law of Readiness. This law emphasizes the need for adequate motivation and preparation of the learner by way of setting the proper mindset and fostering the level of aspiration. a motivational learner acquires what they learn more readiness than one who is not motivated. The law of readiness also asserts that when the individual is set for action, the activity consonant to the set is satisfying: activity inappropriate to the set is annoying or frustrating. The Law of Exercise. The law adheres to the adage that “Practice makes perfect”. The law operates only through the fact that practice permits the law of exercise to operate through repetition of the correct response. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited The Law of Effect. This is characterized by responses that are followed by satisfying after-effects to be learned and repeated. This law states that if the response is rewarded and the reward is satisfying or pleasant, the learning connection is strengthened: and if the effect is unpleasant and annoying the connection is weakened. Types of Learning Classical conditioning The simplest form of learning requires the association of two stimuli, with one gradually acquiring the significance it did not possess before. Ivan Pavlov (1849- 1936) a Russian psychologist and novel prize awardee, was the first to conduct a systematic study on conditioned responses. The basic phenomenon he studied is represented as Before conditioning Stimulus-response Bell (CS) No salivation Meat powder (US) Salivation During conditioning (Repeated pairing) Stimulus-response Bell – Meat powder Salivation After conditioning Stimulus-response Bell Salivation (CR) The unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus comes to elicit a response without the representation of the unconditioned stimulus. As a result of Pavlov’s experiment, psychologists have devised various variations of and came up with the fundamental stages of classical conditioning such as: 1. Acquisition. During this period of the learning stage, repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus (UCS) is said to strengthen or reinforce the association between the two. 2. Stimulus Generalization. This is based on the principle of similarity wherein the individual’s ability to react to new stimuli is similar to a particular conditioned response. 3. Stimulus Discrimination. This is a process complementary to generalization. Discrimination is responding differently as when an organism makes one response to a reinforced stimulus. 4. Extinction. This is eliminating a learned response by arousing but failing to reinforce it. Operant Conditioning LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited The term operant conditioning or instrumental learning indicates that to gain some type of reward (reinforcement) the organism does something to its environment. Burrhus Frederick Skinner emphasizes the fact that the behavior of an organism operates upon the environment to generate consequences. These consequences are the availability of food, water, money, praise, or some other rewards. The response which operates upon the environment is called operant. The term used to represent the reward is reinforcement. B.F. Skinner called all events which strengthen behavior “reinforcement” and all the resulting changes “conditioning”. Kinds of Instrumental/Operant Conditioning 1. Primary reward conditioning. The learned response is instrumental in obtaining a biologically significant reward, such as a pellet of food or a drink of water. 2. Escape conditioning. The learned response is instrumental in getting out of a place one prefers not to be in. 3. Avoidance conditioning. The learned response is instrumental in avoiding a painful experience. 4. Secondary reward conditioning. The instrumental behavior to a stimulus has no biological utility by itself but has in past been associated with the biologically significant stimulus. Reinforcement is any kind of stimulus that will maintain and increase the strength of response. A strong response is very likely to occur every time the stimulus is presented. The strengthen of response is measured or inferred in terms of: Probability of occurrence Number of occurrences during a period Magnitude of response Latency or reaction time of the response Resistance to extinction Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive reinforcement refers to any pleasant or desirable consequence that, if applied after a response, increases the probability of that response. Positive reinforcement focuses on how consequences affect behavior. While negative reinforcement I the process where the termination of aversive or unpleasant stimulus would increase the probability that behavior is likely to occur. It occurs in both escape and avoidance learning. Reward and Punishment As learning and motivation are inseparable, intrinsic or extrinsic rewards are necessary for conditioning learning. Emotional attitudes and factors can have a profound effect on learning efficiency. Learning should be based on reward and positive reinforcement, and that aversive stimulation should be used as little as possible. Four procedures of operant conditioning LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited  Positive Reinforcement: presentation of positive reinforcer following response, with the result that the rate of that response increases  Negative Reinforcement: removal of an aversive stimulus following a response, with the result of that the rate of that response increases  Positive Punishment: presentation of aversive stimulus following a response, with the result that the rate of the response decrease  Negative punishment: removal of positive reinforcer following response, with the result that the rate of that response increases Insightful Learning (Perceptual Learning) the earliest and best-known experiments on insightful learning were done by Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967), a Gestalt Psychologist. In observation to chimpanzees, Kohler saw that animals are capable of acquiring a new response in one burst of insight, wherein the solution of a problem becomes suddenly clear. It is the solution of a problem by a sudden adaptive reorganization of experience. There are three processes of insight learning; 1. Surveying relevant conditions of the presented stimulus and seeking their relationship. 2. Determining the “ instrumental value” of a tool, either object on information, as a means of solving a problem or achieving a goal. 3. “Eureka” Experience (Aha!). Other Types of Learning Sign Learning is may be defined as an acquired expectation that one stimulus will be followed by another if a familiar behavior route is taken. Programmed Learning is a method of self-instruction insisting frames (a series of short steps) and responses. It uses instructional materials where one works at one’s rate, makes active responses to a step-by-step program, and gets immediate knowledge of results. Learning to Learn past experiences with similar problems increases the likelihood that certain relationships will be learned and will apply to the solution. Multiple-Response Learning is acquired by a pattern or sequence of movements or words. It involves more than one identifiable act, with the order of events usually fixed by the demands of the situation. In complex skills, whether verbal or motor, patterns of responses are acquired gradually and become organized. Associative Learning (habit formation) is behavior learned through habit formation or by association D (stimulus) and R (response). This is illustrated in experiments on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, multiple-response learning, and escape and avoidance learning. Rational Learning knowledge is the outcome sought in this type of learning. Rational learning is intellectual and involves the process of abstraction by which concepts are formed. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Motor Learning the outcome sought in this type of learning is a skill, which may be described as the adaptation of movement to stimuli resulting in speed and precision of performance. Associational Learning the outcome sought in this type of learning is the acquisition and retention of facts and information. This involves the development of associative patterns of learning by which ideas and experiences are retained, recalled, and recognized through the process of linking together or establishing the relationship between and among ideas and experiences so that one will serve as the stimulus for the revival and recall of the others previously experienced. Appreciation Learning the outcome sought in this type of learning is appreciation or aesthetic improvement. Appreciation involves both intellectual and emotional elements. It is sensitive awareness to and perception of the importance or utility of information to other fields and in the development of attitudes and tastes. Appreciation learning involves the process of acquiring attitudes, ideas, satisfactions, judgment, and knowledge concerning values as well as the recognition of worth and importance which the learner gains from participating in the learning activities. Performance Tasks ILO Activity/ Assessment: Practice Makes Perfect Using your cellphone or tablet, download the app entitled: Stroop Test-Challenge your Brain (Trufun) with 2.9 MB. You will be given one (1) week to play this app. Before the class starts on the next discussion, you have to pass the screenshot of the highest level that you have reached in the said game. The higher the level, the higher the equivalent points. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Learning Resources Tria, G.E., Gaerlan, J.E. and Limpingco, D.A. (2012). General Psychology. (6th Edition) Ken Inc., 305 T. Morato Ave., Quezon City, Philippines Zulueta, F.M. and Paraso, M.S. (2004). General Psychology (Reprint 2005) National Book Store., Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg. 125 Pioneer Street Madaluyong City 1550, Philippines www.nationalbookstore.com Acero, V.O., Javier, E.S., Castro, H.O.(2004) Human Growth, Development and Learning (first edition). Rex Bookstore ,Inc. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St. 1977 C.M. Recto Avenue, Manila Philipines Plotnik, R. & Kouyoumdjian, H. (2011). Introduction to Psychology (9th Edition). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Feist, J., Feist, G.J., & Roberts, T.-A. (2013) Theories of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY