Module 2.0 - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology.pdf

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Module 2.0 What is Anatomy? A branch of biology and medicine From two ancient Greek words “ἀνά (aná or ana)” meaning “up” τέμνω (témnō or tome) meaning "I cut" Refers to both internal and external structures of the body and their physica...

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Module 2.0 What is Anatomy? A branch of biology and medicine From two ancient Greek words “ἀνά (aná or ana)” meaning “up” τέμνω (témnō or tome) meaning "I cut" Refers to both internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships What is Physiology? Also a branch of biology and medicine From two ancient Greek words “φύσις (phúsis)” meaning “nature, origin” “-λογία (-logía)” meaning “study of” Scientific study on how the body works – functions and activities of living organisms Examples of Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Examples of Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Basic Anatomical Terminologies Standard Anatomical Position – neutral anatomical position of the human body Standing upright Arms at the sides of torso Elbows extended Palms face forward Fingers extended Thumbs away from body Feet slightly parallel Toes oriented to the front Basic Anatomical Terminologies Directional Terms – location of body parts relative to each other Body Planes - sections of the body wherein a 2-dimensional plane passes through Standard Anatomical Position  Directional Terms Anatomical Terminology Definition Example Anterior (or Ventral) The front or direction The toes are anterior to toward the front of the the foot body Posterior (or Dorsal) The back or direction The popliteus is posterior toward the back of the to the patella body  Directional Terms Anatomical Terminology Definition Example Superior (or Cranial) Above or higher than The orbits are superior to another part of the body the oris proper Inferior (or Caudal) Below or lower than The pelvis is inferior to another part of the body the abdomen proper; Near or toward the tail (coccyx in humans)  Directional Terms Anatomical Terminology Definition Example Lateral The side or away from the The pollex is lateral to the midline of the body digits Medial The middle or towards The torso is medial to the the midline of the body arms  Directional Terms Anatomical Terminology Definition Example Proximal A position in a limb that is The brachium is proximal nearer to the point of to the antebrachium attachment or the trunk of the body Distal A position in a limb that is The crus is distal to the farther from the point of femur attachment or the trunk of the body  Directional Terms Anatomical Terminology Definition Example Superficial Closer to the surface of The skin is superficial to the body the bones Deep Farther from the surface The brain is deep to the of the body skull Anatomical Planes Dividing the human body or organs into sections by passing a 2-dimensional plane through it Anatomical Planes Sagittal Plane Divides the body or organ vertically Left side or right side If middle of body – midsagittal/median plane If not middle of body – parasagittal/longitudinal plane Anatomical Planes Frontal Plane Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior Also called coronal plane Anatomical Planes Transverse Plane Divides the body or organ horizontally Super and inferior sections This plane produces images referred to as cross sections Basic Anatomical Regions of the Human Body Entire human body divided into regions Regional anatomy – 5 regions 1. Head and 2. Neck, 3. Trunk, 4. Upper Limb, and 5. Lower Limb Chest/Breast (pectoral) Sternum or Breastbone or center chest (sternal) Clavicle or Collarbone (clavicular) Scapula or Shoulder blade (scapular) Sexual organs (genital) Perinium or between genitals and anus (perineal) Spine (vertebral) Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology End of Module 2.0