II - CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION.pdf

https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/media/xg5acziu/cardiovascular_system_1000x667.jpg?width=960&height=540&format=webp&qu ality=80&bgcolor=Whit e&v=1d8db1ffdb50e00 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY L...

https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/media/xg5acziu/cardiovascular_system_1000x667.jpg?width=960&height=540&format=webp&qu ality=80&bgcolor=Whit e&v=1d8db1ffdb50e00 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE Instructor: Mr. Crismar O. Debil, RPh Debil, RPh | 2023 UNIT II CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Debil, RPh | 2023 OBJECTIVES Introducing the significance of cellular level of organization to anatomy and physiology. Introduce the fundamental concepts of chemistry. Discuss the common elements in the human body. Discuss chemical bonding. Introduce inorganic compounds. Introduce organic compounds. Debil, RPh | 2023 TOPIC OUTLINE CHAPTER 5 OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Chemical Reactions 5.3. Inorganic Compounds 5.4. Organic Compounds Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Common Elements in the Human Body Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Atomic Structure Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Atomic Structure Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Atomic Structure Element – simplest type of matter; unique chemical properties Atom – smallest particle of an element; composed of subatomic particles i. Neutrons – no electrical charge ii. Protons – positively charged iii. Electrons – negatively charged Atomic number – number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass number – sum of protons and neutrons Isotopes – atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons; different mass numbers Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Atomic Structure Source: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Ions, Molecules, Compounds Ion – atom with positive or negative charge; unequal numbers of protons and electrons; gives up or gains electrons. Molecule – result of sharing of electrons between two or more atoms; chemically combine, form a structure, acts as an independent unit; some are composed of the same type of atoms; more typically composed of two or more different atoms. Compound – composed of atoms of two or more different elements; chemical combination of two or more different type of atoms. Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Ionic Bonding Transfer of electrons. Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Ionic Bonding Transfer of electrons. Metal + Nonmetal Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Important Ions in the Human Body Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Covalent Bonding Transfer of electrons. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Covalent Bonding Polar covalent bond – unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons Nonpolar covalent bond – equal sharing of electrons between atoms Polar molecules – with asymmetrical electrical charge Nonpolar molecules – with symmetrical electrical charge Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Hydrogen Bonds Positive end of the polar molecules can be weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule. Not a chemical bond; electrons are not transferred or shared between atoms of different polar molecules. Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Introduction Comparing Bonds Source: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Chemical Reaction Formation or breaking of chemical bonds Reactants – substances involved into a chemical reaction Products – substances produced from the chemical reaction Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Classification of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Decomposition Reactions Exchange Reactions Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions When 2 or more reactants combine; for larger, more complex product. Anabolism – synthesis reactions that take place in the body; growth, maintenance, repair Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Decomposition Reactions Reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products Catabolism – decomposition reactions that take place in the body; digestion of food molecules in the intestine, breakdown of fat stores, breakdown of foreign matter and microorganisms. Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Exchange Reactions Combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction. Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Energy and Chemical Reactions Energy – capacity to do work Potential energy – stored energy Kinetic energy – caused by the movement of an object Chemical energy of a substance is a type of potential energy stored in chemical bonds Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Factors affecting Rate of Chemical Reactions Reactants Concentration – the greater the concentration of reactants, the greater the rate of chemical reaction Temperature – Rate of chemical reactions is partially dependent on temperature Catalysts – increase the rate of chemical reaction without being permanently changed or depleted. Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Chemical Reactions Factors affecting Rate of Chemical Reactions Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds Water H2O Inorganic molecule Importance: i. Stabilization of body temperature ii. Protection iii. Facilitating chemical reactions iv. Transporting substances Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds Oxygen O2 Small, nonpolar, inorganic molecules 2 oxygen atoms bound by a double covalent bond Required in humans in the final step of series of chemical reactions in which energy is extracted from food molecules. Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds Carbon dioxide CO2 Produced when food molecules (ex: glucose) are metabolized within the cells of the body; once produced, it is eliminated from the cell as a metabolic by-product, transferred to the lungs by blood, exhaled during respiration Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds Acids and Bases Acid – proton donor, releases H+ ions in water Base – proton acceptor pH scale: i. Basic/Alkaline solution: pH > 7.0 ii. Neutral solution: pH = 7.0 iii. Acidic solution: pH < 7.0 Normal pH range for human blood: 7.35 – 7.45 Acidosis – blood pH drops below 7.35; nervous system is depressed, leads to disorientation and possible comatose Alkalosis – blood pH rises above 7.45; nervous system becomes overexcitable, individual can be extremely nervous or have convulsions Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds pH Scale Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds Salts Cation + Anion Formed by the reaction of an acid and a base Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Inorganic Compounds Buffer Resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer. Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Carbohydrates CnH2nOn Called carbohydrates because each carbon is combines with the same atoms that form water (hydrated) Monosaccharides – smallest carbohydrates; simple sugars; Glucose (blood sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) are important monosaccharide energy sources for body’s cells Disaccharides – composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond; Ex: Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) Polysaccharides – composed of many monosaccharides bound in long chains Glycogen – animal starch; polysaccharide of glucose Starch – polysaccharide of glucose; can be ingested and broken down into glucose Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Lipids Can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents (alcohol or acetone), but not in polar solvents (water) Examples: fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids Fats – important energy-storage molecules; pad and insulate the body; building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids Phospholipids – important structural components of cell membranes Eicosanoids – important regulatory molecules; plays a role in the response of tissues to injuries Steroids – Ex: cholesterol Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Lipids Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Lipids Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Lipids Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Lipids Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Proteins C, H, O, N, and most have some sulfur Amino acids – building blocks of proteins; there are 20 basic types of amino acids, 12 of them can be synthesized by humans, 8 of them must be obtained in the diet Functions: - Enzymes regulate the rate of chemical reactions - Structural proteins provide the framework for many of the body’s tissues - Muscles contain proteins responsible for muscle contraction Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Proteins Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Proteins Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Proteins Enzyme – protein catalyst; increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – genetic material of cells; contains two strands of nucleotides, double helix structure Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – single strand Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  V. OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL LEVEL Organic Compounds Sources: Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology. Debil, RPh | 2023  REFERENCES Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, physiology, & disease. McGraw Hill LLC. Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy and physiology (14th ed.). United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A.. (2016). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology (9th ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A.. (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy and physiology (10th ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education. Debil, RPh | 2023