Module 2 - Rocks and Minerals PDF

ROCKS AND MINERALS  MINERALS ROCKS AND ALL ABOUT SPECIFIC MINERALS TOPICS Properties of minerals Mineral groups ALL ABOUT ROCKS AND...

ROCKS AND MINERALS  MINERALS ROCKS AND ALL ABOUT SPECIFIC MINERALS TOPICS Properties of minerals Mineral groups ALL ABOUT ROCKS AND ROCKS MINERALS IN Types of Rocks THE SOCIETY Rock Cycle Minerals and Rocks with economic value  MINERALS ROCKS AND OBJECTIVES After going through the discussion, the students are expected to: 1. identify the physical and chemical properties of minerals; 2. establish relationships between rock types and their mode of origin and environments of deposition/formation; 3. draw the rock cycle diagram; and 4. understand the importance of the different minerals to the society. PRE TEST  CONTENTS TABLE OF 01 ALL ABOUT MINERALS Properties of Minerals Mineral Group 02 ALL ABOUT ROCKS Types of Rocks Rock Cycle 03 ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE SOCIETY Rocks and minerals with economic use and value 04 THINGS TO DO AT HOME Reminders on module activities 05 CLOSING Generalization on topic discussed Questions MINERALS In Chemistry, mineral is any naturally occurring chemical element or compound, but in mineralogy and geology, minerals are chemical elements or compound that have been formed through inorganic processes. MINERALS To say that something is a mineral, it must have all the following characteristics: 1. It is naturally occurring (not man-made or machine generated) 2. It is inorganic (not a byproduct of living things) 3. It has a definite arrangement of atoms, that is solid with an orderly crystalline structure 4. Its chemical composition can be expressed in terms of chemical formula. MINERALS Water is not a mineral because it is not solid in structure. Despite the fact that pearl is naturally occurring, crystalline solid, and its composition can be expressed in a chemical formula, still it is not a mineral because it is organic, a byproduct of clams. Ice tube and iron nail are both man-made so they’re not considered as a mineral while graphite, snowflakes, salt, Gold, and Silver meets all the requirements to be called a mineral. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS - LUSTER - HARDNESS - COLOR - STREAK - CRYSTAL FORM - CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE - SPECIFIC GRAVITY - OTHER PROPERTIES  LUSTER MAIN TYPES OF LUSTER - Metallic - Non-metallic - Vitreous - Pearly - It is the quality and intensity of reflected light - Silky exhibited by the mineral. - Adamantine - Can also be described as the general appearance of the surface in reflected light - Dull/Earthy - METALLIC TYPES OF LUSTER VITREOUS Minerals reflect light like metals. Metallic luster often tarnishes to a dull luster. (Example: Galena) PEARLY The mineral reflects light like glass. Sometimes glassy luster is used instead of vitreous. (Example: Fluorite) The luster of a pearl or mother of pearl. (Example is Biotite Mica) SILKY TYPES OF LUSTER ADAMANTINE The luster of silk. It occurs in minerals with a fibrous structure. (Example: Satin Spar) DULL/EARTHY The luster of a diamond The mineral does not reflect light and has the same appearance as soil. (Example: Limonite)  HARDNESS - HARDNESS is the measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion. Mohs scale is used to determine the hardness of a mineral. - Mohs Hardness Scale is designed by German geologist/mineralogist, Friedrich Mohs in 1812. The test simply compares the resistance of a mineral relative to the 10 reference minerals with known hardness.  MOHS SCALE OF 1 – TALC HARDNESS 2 - GYPSUM 3 - CALCITE 4 - FLUORITE  MOHS SCALE OF 5 - APATITE HARDNESS 6 – ORTHOCLASE FELDSPAR 7 - QUARTZ 8 - TOPAZ  MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS 9 - CORUNDUM 10 - DIAMOND  COLOR - COLOR – the color of a fresh surface mineral is a clue to their identification. A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic processes like weathering.  STREAK The color of a mineral can be different from its streak. Streak is inherent to almost every mineral. Color maybe unreliable for identification as impurities within the minerals may give the minerals a different color. - STREAK – is the mineral’s color in powdered form. - - obtained by rubbing a mineral on a white unglazed tile or porcelain plate - Examples of streak: pyrite exhibits gold color but has a black or dark gray streak. CRYSTAL FORM The form reflects the supposedly internal structure of the mineral. It is the natural shape of the mineral before the development of any cleavage or fracture. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Cleavage is the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces These planes exist because the bonding of atoms making up the mineral happens to be weak in those areas. Some minerals do not break along cleavage planes but instead it is described as fracture, which is irregular or without any definite pattern or direction.  SPECIFIC GRAVITY Specific gravity is the weight of the mineral compared to the weight of an equal volume of water. Native metals are the heaviest ones.  OTHER PROPERTIES Examples: - Magnetite is strongly magnetic - Sulfur has distinctive smell - Halite is salty - Fluorite has the ability to disperse - Other properties of minerals include ultraviolet rays to visible light magnetism, odor, taste, reaction to acid, - Calcite fizzes with acid as with fluorescence dolomite but in powdered form. - - 1. Silicates - minerals containing 2 of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen. - -Over 90% of the rock-forming minerals belong to this group. Aside from Silicon (46.6 %) and Oxygen (27.7%), the other most common elements that make the Earth’s crust are Al (8.1), Fe (5.0), Ca (3.6), Mg (3.1), Na (2.8) and K 2.6). - 2. Oxides - minerals containing Oxygen anion (O2) combined with one or more metal ions - 3. Sulfates - minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion (SO4) combined with other ions - 4. Sulfides - minerals containing sulfur anion (S2) combined with one or more ions. Some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead and zinc. MINERAL GROUPS - 5. Carbonates - minerals containing the carbonate anion (CO3) combined with other elements - 6. Native Elements - minerals that form as individual elements. - - Metals and Inter-metals – minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead) - - Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity (arsenic, bismuth) - - Nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond) - 7. Halides - minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more elements MINERAL GROUPS  CONTENTS TABLE OF 01 ALL ABOUT MINERALS Properties of Minerals Mineral Group 02 ALL ABOUT ROCKS Types of Rocks Rock Cycle 03 ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE SOCIETY Rocks and minerals with economic use and value 04 THINGS TO DO AT HOME Reminders on module activities 05 CLOSING Generalization on topic discussed Questions ALL ABOUT ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS A rocks are naturally formed, non-living mass of organic and inorganic earth material consisting of one or more minerals that are held together in a firm, solid mass. ROCKS Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock cycle IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS are rocks that form from the cooling of hot molten masses called magma (hot molten mass that can be found beneath the earth’s surface) or lava (hot molten mass on the earth’s surface). IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS Magma can form: When rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C Magma is a mixture of many minerals IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 1. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS - Formed beneath the earth’s surface. Ex: gabbro, granite 2. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS - Formed on the earth’s surface. Ex: andesite, pumice, Basalt IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS Igneous Rocks can also be classified as: Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS Igneous Rocks can also be classified as: Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals  IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS Coarse-Grained Fine-Grained Felsic Granite Rhyolite Mafic Gabbro Basalt  IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock Felsic or Mafic? Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained? Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive? Mafic, fine grained, extrusive SEDIMENTARY TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS are formed by the compaction and cementing together of sediments (materials that settle out of air and water), broken pieces of rock-like gravel, sand, silt, or clay. SEDIMENTARY TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS No heat and pressure involved Strata – layers of rock Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TYPES OF ROCKS SEDIMENTARY TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1. CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Formed from broken bits and pieces of other existing rocks that settle out of water or air. Ex. Conglomerate, sandstone SEDIMENTARY TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 2. NON -CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Chemical - Formed from the materials that precipitated from water. Ex: Gypsum, halite or salt. Biological or organic - Formed from organic sediments that are remains of living organisms such as plants and shells. Ex. Limestone, coal METAMORPHIC TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS are formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure. METAMORPHIC TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS 1. Quartzite - a coarse-grained metamorphic rock derived from sandstone. 2. Marble - a metamorphic rock that comes from metamorphosed limestone or dolomite. METAMORPHIC TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS 3. Slate- formed when shale is subjected to heating magma 4. Gneiss- formed when conglomerate is exposed to heat and pressure THE ROCK CYCLE  CONTENTS TABLE OF 01 ALL ABOUT MINERALS Properties of Minerals Mineral Group 02 ALL ABOUT ROCKS Types of Rocks Rock Cycle 03 ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE SOCIETY Rocks and minerals with economic use and value 04 THINGS TO DO AT HOME Reminders on module activities 05 CLOSING Generalization on topic discussed Questions ROCKS, MINERALS AND SOCIETY ROCKS, MINERALS AND SOCIETY Earth’s crust is the source of a wide variety of minerals, many of which are useful and essential to people. As a matter of fact, all manufactured product contains materials obtained from minerals. ROCKS, MINERALS AND SOCIETY Most people are familiar with the common uses of basic metals, including Aluminum in beverage can, Copper in electrical wires, Gold in jewelry, and Silicon in computer chips. But fewer are aware that pencil Lead does not contain Lead metal but is really made of the soft black mineral called graphite. ROCKS, MINERALS AND SOCIETY The economic uses of rocks and minerals are important to us. Consequently, a basic knowledge of the earth materials is essential to the understanding of all Earth science phenomena.  USES OF SOME MINERALS FELDSPAR - Used to make porcelain, enamel, and as a building stone. MICA- Used for insulation in electrical equipment, wallpaper, and fireproof materials TALC- Used to make powder for cosmetic products CALCITE - Used in manufacturing cement and mortar and for writing on the board  USES OF SOME MINERALS SULFUR- Used in manufacturing sulfuric acid, explosives, dyes, insecticide, and soap SALT - Used as a preservative and additive BORAX - Used in manufacturing soap, enamels, glass, washing powder, and welding APATITE - Used for fertilizer  USES OF SOME MINERALS GRAPHITE - Used as pencil Lead IRON - Used in industry and infrastructure projects ALUMINUM - Used for roofing and in making planes, cars and other transport vehicles MERCURY - Used in thermometers, barometers, and industries  USES OF SOME MINERALS TITANIUM - Used in paint pigments and bulletproof since it was light but very strong GOLD - Used for coins, jewelry, and in coating other ornamental objects. SILVER - Used as conductor, making silverwares, coins, and jewelry COPPER - Used in electrical wirings  USES OF SOME MINERALS DIAMOND - Used in industry and in making jewelry QUARTZ - Used in making optical instruments, radio and electronic equipment because of its electrical properties and in porcelain paints when in powdered form  CONTENTS TABLE OF 01 ALL ABOUT MINERALS Properties of Minerals Mineral Group 02 ALL ABOUT ROCKS Types of Rocks Rock Cycle 03 ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE SOCIETY Rocks and minerals with economic use and value 04 THINGS TO DO AT HOME Reminders on module activities 05 CLOSING Generalization on topic discussed Questions MODULE ACTIVITIES INDEPENDENT ACTIVITIES 01 INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENTS 02 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED 03 WHAT I CAN DO 04 ASSESSMENT 05 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY 06  CONTENTS TABLE OF 01 ALL ABOUT MINERALS Properties of Minerals Mineral Group 02 ALL ABOUT ROCKS Types of Rocks Rock Cycle 03 ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE SOCIETY Rocks and minerals with economic use and value 04 THINGS TO DO AT HOME Reminders on module activities 05 CLOSING Generalization on topic discussed Questions QUESTIONS